管电流自动调节技术在儿童腹部CT中的应用

目的探讨64排螺旋CT管电流自动调节扫描和传统方法扫描在儿童腹部检查中的应用价值。方法将60例接受腹部扫描的患儿分为管电流自动调节扫描组(管电压120kV,管电流采用预设噪声指数为10的自动管电流,A组,n=30)和传统方法扫描组(管电压120kV,管电流150mAs,B组,n=30)。对两组的腹部图像进行定量评价,并对比两组的CT辐射剂量。结果 A、B两组腹部图像中腹主动脉、竖脊肌、肝实质、脾、肾实质的CT值,噪声及SNR差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。A组的容积CT剂量指数(CTDIvol)为(4.59±0.81)mGy,剂量长度乘积(DLP)为(147.58±35.77)mGy·cm,有效剂量(ED)为(4.42±1.07)mSv;B组的CTDIvol、DLP及ED分别为(6.70±0.001)mGy、(214.24±21.65)mGy·cm及(6.41±0.64)mSv。两组间差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.01)。结论 64排螺旋CT儿童腹部检查中采用管电流自动调节扫描方法,有利于在满足诊断需求的前提下有效减低辐射剂量。     

多层CT低管电压对胸痛三联检查图像质量及辐射剂量的影响

研究多层CT低管电压对胸痛三联征排查图像质量及辐射剂量的影响,探讨这种扫描方法的可行性。选择2014年1月~2016年1月清远市中医院因急性胸痛就诊并拟行64层螺旋CT回顾性心电门控胸痛三联扫描的50例患者,随机分为观察组(100KV)与对照组(120KV),采用4分法评价主动脉、肺动脉及冠状动脉图像质量(包括CT值,图像噪声N、信噪比SNR、对比噪声比CNR),记录剂量长度乘积(DLP),计算有效剂量(ED),并对比分析两组扫描长度、图像质量与ED。观察组患者的图像质量、扫描长度、图像噪声N、信噪比SNR及对比噪声比CNR与对照组无差异(P0.05),而主动脉CT值、肺动脉CT值及冠状动脉CT值与对照组相比较,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组患者的辐射剂量为(6.87±1.48)mSv,对照组的为(12.13±3.24)mSv,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多层CT低管电压对胸痛三联征排查的图像能够满足诊断要求,且辐射量较低,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

胸部低剂量CT在继发性肺结核中的诊断效果

目的:探讨胸部低剂量CT在继发性肺结核中的诊断效果。方法:选取2019年12月—2021年11月运城市盐湖区医院收治的80例疑似继发性肺结核患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法将其分为常规剂量组(常规剂量螺旋CT检查,3～5mSv)和低剂量组(低剂量螺旋CT检查,1 mSv),各40例。所有患者均经痰液细菌学检查,比较两组患者CT值、噪声(SD)、容积剂量指数(CTDIvol)、CT征象、诊断效能、CT图像质量。结果:低剂量组患者的SD、CTDIvol辐射剂量均明显低于常规剂量组相应指标水平,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。两组患者的CT值、CT征象(树芽征、肺结节、空洞、胸膜增厚、肺实变及毛玻璃、条索影、网状影、钙化、胸腔积液、纵隔淋巴结)检出情况、诊断效能(准确率、灵敏度、特异度)以及CT图像质量比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。结论:胸部低剂量CT检查在继发性肺结核中的诊断效果、图像质量与常规剂量螺旋CT检查的效果基本一致,具有诊断价值,且其辐射较小,值得临床进一步推广。     

肝脓肿的CT征象分析

目的探讨肝脓肿的CT表现特征。方法回顾性分析38例经皮穿刺确诊的肝脓肿的临床资料和CT征象,均行CT平扫及增强扫描。结果25例肝脓肿CT平扫呈不均匀低密度病灶,边缘欠清晰,增强显示环靶征,部分呈多房簇集征和脓肿内气体。13例不典型肝脓肿多为早期肝脓肿,CT平扫无特征,增强扫描见花瓣征及持续强化征等。结论肝脓肿不同阶段具有不同CT表现,结合CT表现和临床表现有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

多层螺旋CT动态增强扫描诊断早期细菌性肝脓肿30例分析

目的:探讨多层螺旋CT四期增强扫描对早期细菌性肝脓肿的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析30例早期细菌性肝脓肿的病例资料,行CT平扫及四期增强扫描或五期增强扫描。结果:早期细菌性肝脓肿多见于细菌性肝脓肿的化脓性炎症期或脓肿形成初期,平扫呈多房性低密度肿块,边界多不清晰,增强后可见典型征象。结论:早期细菌性肝脓肿多层螺旋CT动态四期增强后可显示特征性表现,大大提高了早期细菌性肝脓肿的诊断准确性。     

肝脓肿CT诊断及鉴别诊断的探讨

目的:探讨肝脓肿的CT征象及其特征性表现,提高肝脓肿诊断的正确率。材料与方法:回顾性分析经手术或临床证实的细菌性肝脓肿32例的CT表现;所收集病例均行CT平扫和动态增强扫描。结果:32例CT平扫病灶均表现为低密度,增强扫描脓肿壁表现为双环强化征18例,三环强化征3例,表现为分隔强化8例;表现边缘强化征19例。结论:CT扫描尤其是动态增强扫描对肝脓肿具有较高的诊断价值,CT扫描能准确显示肝脓肿的部位,且其CT表现具有一定的特征性,结合临床有助于肝脓肿的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

不典型肝脓肿的CT表现及误诊分析

目的研究不典型肝脓肿的CT表现。方法回顾性分析13例不典型肝脓肿的CT表现及临床资料。结果不典型肝脓肿多见于肝脓肿的化脓性炎症期或脓肿形成初期,CT平扫多表现为低密度肿块,增强扫描可见:①肿块缩小征;②"蜂窝征";③"花瓣征";④周围充血征;⑤延时强化征。结论不典型肝脓肿的CT平扫无特征性,增强扫描尤其是动态增强扫描和延时扫描有一定特征性,多征象综合分析并结合临床,多能作出正确诊断,积极抗炎治疗观察对鉴别诊断有临床价值。     

64排螺旋CT低剂量扫描在HIE诊断中的应用分析

目的分析64排螺旋CT低剂量扫描在新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病(HIE)诊断中的应用效果。方法选取我院在2017年1月～2019年2月期间收治的120例HIE患儿,按随机数字表法分为常规剂量组与低剂量组各60例。在行64排螺旋CT诊断时,分别采取100mAs、120mAs剂量扫描,比较两组诊断图像质量、辐射剂量及HIE检出率。结果常规剂量组HIE检出率和图像质量优良率与低剂量组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);低剂量组CT剂量容积、剂量长度乘积、CT权重剂量指数及最大有效辐射剂量均低于常规剂量组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对新生儿缺血缺氧性脑病CT诊断中,采取低剂量扫描,可获得理想的图像质量,降低扫描辐射剂量,应用价值高,值得推广应用。     

不同代320排螺旋CT机全肝灌注成像辐射剂量及灌注参数的比较

目的:回顾性分析第1代320排螺旋CT机和第2代320排螺旋CT机全肝CT灌注成像(CTPI)辐射剂量的差异及对灌注参数的影响。方法:随机抽取行全肝CTPI的78例患者的影像学资料,其中采用第1代320排螺旋CT机者42例(第1代组),第2代320排螺旋CT机者36例(第2代组)。比较两组间正常肝脏实质的灌注参数,包括肝动脉血流量(hepatic arterial flow,HAF)、门静脉血流量(portal venous flow,PVF)及灌注指数(perfusion index,PI)。比较两组辐射剂量,包括容积CT剂量指数(volume CT dose index,CTDIvol)、剂量长度乘积(dose length product,DLP)和有效辐射剂量(effective radiation dose,ED)。结果:两组灌注参数HAF、PVF及PI值差异无统计学意义。第2代组辐射剂量参数(CTDIvol、DLP、ED)值较第1代组明显减小(P0.01),减小幅度均约46%。结论:第2代320排螺旋CT机能降低全肝CTPI的辐射剂量,同时对灌注参数值无显著影响。     

64层容积CT尿路造影延迟扫描诊断泌尿系统疾病的临床研究

目的:研究泌尿系统疾病应用64层容积CT尿路造影延迟扫描诊断的临床价值。方法:选择2016年1月-2017年12月本院泌尿系统疾病患者89例纳入研究,均接受64层容积CT尿路造影延迟扫描诊断,分析结果。结果:延迟扫描开始前CTU检查辐射剂量平均为13. 43mSv,延迟扫描辐射剂量平均为2. 89mSv。延迟扫描后诊断符合率均明显高于延迟扫描前,P 0. 05。结论:64层容积CT尿路造影延迟扫描诊断泌尿系统疾病准确率高,值得临床推广。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.