急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿呼吸道合胞病毒感染分析

目的了解急性下呼吸道感染（acutelowerrespiratoryinfection，ALRI）住院患儿呼吸道合胞病毒（respiratorysyncytialviruS，RSV）感染的情况。方法对2010年1月至2013年3月2625例ALRJ住院患儿采用直接免疫荧光法检测其鼻咽分泌物中的RSV抗原。结果送检标本2625例，RSV阳性534例（20．34％）。〈1岁组RSV阳性检出率24．30％（399／1642），一3岁组15．83％（114／720），〉3岁组7．98％（21／263），〈1岁与～3岁组比较（x2=21．102，P〈0．01），-3岁与〉3岁组比较（X2=10．016，P〈0．01），差异均有统计学意义。男性患儿RSV阳性检出率21．49％（331／1540），女性18．71％（203／1085），男性检出率高于女性（x2=4．579，P〈0．05）。不同年度RSV阳性检出率差异无统计学意义。RSV检出率高峰从每年的10月开始，至次年的4月结束。结论ALRI住院患儿RSV阳性检出率以1岁以内婴儿最高，年龄越小，RSV感染率越高，男性RSV感染高于女性，冬春季为流行高峰。     

北京地区住院急性呼吸道感染患儿的病毒病原检测分析

目的了解北京地区住院急性呼吸道感染(ARI)患儿的病毒病原情况。方法取1260例年龄14岁以下住院ARI患儿的鼻咽深部分泌物,用间接免疫荧光及病毒分离法检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、流感病毒A、B型、副流感病毒1、2、3型及腺病毒等7种常见呼吸道病毒。用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)法对其中490例患儿标本进行肠道病毒(EV)检测。结果1.ARI1260例中,43.33%检测到了病毒病原,7种常见呼吸道病毒检出率36.19%,RSV阳性率最高(23.97%),以冬春季为著,88.08%的RSV阳性为3岁以下小儿。2.EV阳性率16.33%。3.19例存在2种病毒混合感染,均出现在冬春季,16例为RSV并EV感染。4.入选的510例急性呼气性喘息患儿中,3岁以下RSV阳性率最高(43.20%),3岁以上EV阳性率最高(36.11%)。结论1.RSV是北京地区冬春季婴幼儿ARI的主要病原。2.冬春季EV可并RSV等其他呼吸道病毒感染。3.RSV及EV是引起小儿急性喘息性疾病的主要病毒病原。     

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目的 了解昆明地区呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)在小儿急性下呼吸道感染中的发生率和临床特征.方法 对昆明市儿童医院2006年4月至2007年4月临床诊断为急性下呼吸道感染的住院患儿1112例行痰间接免役荧光法检测呼吸道合胞病毒抗原.结果 1112例标本中,阳性276例,阳性率24.82%,其中男190例(17.09%),女86例(7.73%),男女发病比例为2.21∶1.全年均可检出RSV,发生率最高的是10～12月份(30.15%),最低的是4～6月份(10.93%).RSV感染多见于3岁以下,尤以6个月以下患儿感染率最高(36.22%).结论 呼吸道合胞病毒是引起昆明地区小儿急性下呼吸道感染的主要病原,特别是婴幼儿感染率最高.     

618例儿童呼吸道感染的病毒病原学分析

目的 了解儿童常见呼吸道病毒感染的发生率,比较不同年龄段儿童呼吸道感染的病毒检出情况,并分析儿童喘息症状与病毒感染的关系.方法 以618例呼吸道感染住院患儿为研究对象,取其鼻咽分泌物进行七项呼吸道病毒抗原检测并分析其结果,包括呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、甲型流感病毒(IFA)、乙型流感病毒(IFB)、副流感病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ(PIVⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ).结果 (1)618例送检标本中,166例阳性,总阳性率为26.86％,其中RSV最高,阳性率为17.96％,其余依次为PIVⅢ(5.99％),IFA(1.62％),ADV(0.81％),PIVⅠ (0.49％);混合感染1例,阳性率为0.16％,为RSV与PIVⅠ混合感染.(2)14d～ ＜1岁、1岁～＜3岁、3岁～＜6岁及≥6岁不同年龄组病毒检出阳性率依次为35.04％、18.25％、17.11％、9.26％.(3)不同呼吸道感染性疾病病毒检出率不同,以毛细支气管炎检出率最高,为47.37％.(4)所检测呼吸道感染患儿中婴幼儿更易出现喘鸣体征,喘息患儿中以RSV检出阳性率最高,为42.17％.结论 RSV和PIVⅢ是儿童呼吸道感染的最常见病毒;呼吸道感染的儿童年龄越小,越容易发生病毒感染;喘息患儿中RSV感染率最高.     

粤东地区住院小儿急性下呼吸道感染病毒病原学研究

目的：了解2007年粤东地区住院小儿下呼吸道感染患儿的病毒病原现状并比较各个年龄组、不同季节、不同病种的病毒检出情况。方法：选择因急性下呼吸道感染住院治疗的小儿345例,取其鼻咽抽吸物采用多重PCR方法以筛查呼吸道合胞病毒,腺病毒,流感病毒A型、B型,副流感病毒1型、3型,鼻病毒,博卡病毒及人类偏肺病毒。结果：①病毒总检出率为51.6%(178/345),其中呼吸道合胞病毒占首位,病毒检出率为19.3%（66/345）,而人类偏肺病毒为3.2%(11/345),博卡病毒为3.2%(11/345)。②1～3月份(阳性率为61.9%)、毛细支气管炎患儿(阳性率为72.6%)、1～6个月婴幼儿(阳性率为71.3%)病毒检出率较高,4～6月份(阳性率为40.2%)、3岁以上儿童(阳性率为19.0%)病毒检出率较低,呼吸道感染病毒病原的总阳性率与性别无关。结论：粤东地区小儿下呼吸道感染的主要病毒病原为呼吸道合胞病毒等常见病毒,此外博卡病毒及人类偏肺病毒等也是重要的病原体;年龄越小,阳性率越高,不同季节的呼吸道病毒检出率不同,毛细支气管炎患儿的病毒总检出率最高。［中国当代儿科杂志,2009,11（3）：203-206］     

2009—2010年苏州地区博卡病毒感染住院患儿临床特征分析

目的探讨苏州地区因急性呼吸道感染住院患儿中人类博卡病毒(human bocavirus,HBoV)感染的临床特征。方法收集2009年1月—2010年12月因急性呼吸道感染住院的3 826例患儿的痰标本,应用实时PCR检测HBoV DNA,直接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道合胞病毒、流感病毒(A、B)、副流感病毒(1～3)和腺病毒,同时采用逆转录PCR检测人偏肺病毒RNA,并进行细菌培养及荧光定量PCR检测支原体DNA,分析HBoV感染的临床特点及流行病学特征,并与呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)进行比较。结果 3 816份标本共检测到HBoV 272例(7.13%),仅次于RSV;HBoV单独感染率为32.7%,与其他呼吸道病毒的合并感染率为18.38%,高于RSV和其他病毒的合并感染率(P<0.05)。HBoV感染全年均有发生,夏季最多;6～18月龄婴幼儿检出率最高,占48.17%。在住院患儿中,HBoV主要引起支气管肺炎(85.39%),临床症状主要表现为咳嗽(96.63%)、喘息(46.07%)、发热(56.18%)。与RSV相比,HBoV感染患儿的白细胞、中性粒细胞比例、CRP均高于RSV,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 HBoV是苏州地区小儿呼吸道感染的重要病原体之一,有单独的致病性,与RSV相比,在年龄、季节分布、临床症状、实验室指标等方面有明显差异。     

呼吸道感染呼吸道合胞病毒检测的临床研究

目的探讨小儿呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)感染和临床特征.方法用生物素-链霉亲和素-过氧化物酶法检测113例急性下呼吸道感染患儿的鼻咽部脱落细胞中RSV抗原,并对47例RSV阳性病例的临床特征进行分析.结果 RSV抗原阳性率为41.6%,临床典型和可疑病例抗原检出率分别为47.9%和44.9%,临床不典型者阳性率12.5%,x2=7.9 P＜0.05.下呼吸道感染的喘息型组RSV阳性率51.9%,非喘息型组RSV阳性率32.2%,x2=4.48,P＜0.05.47例RSV阳性中3 a内喘息率67.6%(25/37例),明显高于3 a以上组30.0%(3/10例),x2=5.17 P＜0.05.不同年龄、病期、临床诊断组RSV抗原阳性率差异无统计学意义.结论小儿下呼吸道感染约40%可有RSV引起,各年龄组小儿均对RSV易感,在喘息型下呼吸道感染中RSV所致多见,年龄越小发生喘息越多.     

上海地区儿童急性下呼吸道常见病毒及鼻病毒感染的临床研究

目的了解上海地区急性下呼吸道感染(ALRTI)患儿病毒感染病原体的现状。方法收集2005年1月至12月住院确诊为ALRTI的342例患儿深部鼻咽分泌物(NPS)标本,建立套式RT-PCR的方法测定NPS中的鼻病毒(HRV)基因,用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)检测NPS中的呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、流感病毒(IFV)、副流感病毒(PIV)、腺病毒(ADV)抗原,对各种病毒在小儿ALRTI中的流行特点及临床特征进行分析。结果342例ALRTI患儿NPS标本中,检测到HRV阳性46例(13.45%)。HRV阳性患儿中,3岁以下婴幼儿38例(82.6%),1岁以下27例(58.7%)。HRV致ALRTI全年可见,3到5月份为最高峰。RSV阳性64例(18.70%),1岁以下46例(71.88%)。1岁以下与1岁以上患儿RSV的检出率比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.03,P<0.05)。RSV的检出阳性率从2月份起逐渐下降,6到7月份达到最低,8月份起检出率逐渐升高,至12月份达到最高。ADV感染9例(2.63%),PIV感染8例(2.30%),IFV感染7例(2.0%)。本组患儿病毒混合感染共4例。130例病毒性ALRTI患儿诊断支气管肺炎122例,体温正常42例、低热34例、中度热50例、高热仅4例,以中度发热以下为主,末梢血白细胞<10×109/L93例(71.5%),中性粒细胞<50?例(72.3%),CRP<8mg/L99例(76.2%),均符合病毒性肺炎的特点。64例RSV感染病例中有30例合并喘息(46.9%),36例HRV感染病例中24例合并喘息(52.2%)。结论病毒病原在上海地区小儿ALRTI中占有重要地位,小儿病毒性ALRTI以RSV及HRV为主,ADV、PIV及IFV相对少见,混合性病毒感染少见。HRV所致小儿ALRTI以3岁以下儿童多见,尤以1岁以下为多。上海地区HRV感染主要集中于春秋两季。RSV所致小儿ALRTI以1岁以下为主,以秋、冬、春气温较低的季节多发。除RSV外,HRV也是导致ALRTI患儿喘息的重要病原。     

771例小儿下呼吸道感染的病毒病原检测分析

目的 通过检测和分析下呼吸道感染住院患儿的病毒病原学,掌握,小儿病毒感染的病原学特点.方法 对临床诊断为下呼吸道感染的771例住院患儿下呼吸道分泌物采用直接免疫荧光法进行常见的七种呼吸道病毒抗原检测.结果 771例患儿中共有243例病毒检测阳性,总阳性率占31.52%.呼吸道病毒感染与年龄和季节有明显的相关性.哮喘急性发作患儿病毒检出率最高(72.73%);其次为毛细支气管炎,病毒检出率达58.80%,主要病原为呼吸道合胞病毒;第三位是喘息性支气管炎患儿,病毒检出率为35.56%.结论 小儿在不同年龄、不同季节存在不同的病毒感染率.婴幼儿感染率明显高于其他年龄儿童.呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒Ⅲ是小儿下呼吸道感染的主要病毒.病毒感染是喘息的主要原因.     

2013~2018年重庆地区2 066例急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿呼吸道合胞病毒流行特征分析

目的 研究急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）检出率、流行规律及临床特征。方法 收集2013年6月至2018年5月于重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸中心住院的2岁以下急性下呼吸道感染（ALRI）患儿鼻咽抽吸物,采用多重PCR检测16种常见呼吸道病毒,分析RSV流行特征。结果 共纳入2 066例ALRI住院患儿,病毒检出阳性1 595份（77.20%）。其中RSV阳性检出826份（39.98%）。RSV阳性样本中,RSV-A阳性410份（49.6%）,RSV-B阳性414份（50.1%）,RSV-A与RSV-B均阳性2份（0.2%）。2013~2014年、2016~2017年主导流行亚型为RSV-B,2014~2015年、2017~2018年以RSV-A为主要检出亚型,2015~2016年为RSV-A与RSV-B共同流行。冬季检出率最高。RSV合并人鼻病毒为最常见的2种病毒混合检出组合（123份）。该组患儿较单一RSV检出患儿更易出现喘息（P=0.030）。在2 066例患儿中,单一RSV检出298份,RSV混合其他病毒检出148份,其他病毒检出389份,病毒检出阴性241份。RSV单一检出组较其他病毒检出组和病毒检出阴性组月龄更小,更易发生呼吸困难、呼吸衰竭及重症下呼吸道感染（P < 0.0083）。RSV-A阳性患儿中的男性比例高于RSV-B阳性患儿（P=0.004）,而临床表现二者未见显著差异。结论 2013~2018年重庆地区RSV-A与RSV-B既可分别主导流行,也可共同流行;RSV为急性下呼吸道感染住院患儿最主要病毒病原,易导致重症下呼吸道感染;RSV-A和RSV-B感染患儿临床表现无差异,但RSV-A更易感染男性患儿。     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.