多烯鱼油对高脂模型大鼠血脂水平影响的研究

[目的]研究多烯鱼油对大鼠血脂水平的影响。[方法]将雄性大鼠按血清总胆固醇（TC）水平随机分为对照组、低、中、高剂量组,喂饲高脂饲料,同时给与不同剂量的多烯鱼油灌胃45 d,结束时测TC、甘油三脂（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平。[结果]多烯鱼油0.333 g/kg.BW和1.00 g/kg.BW剂量组可使大鼠血清TC、TG值降低,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。[结论]多烯鱼油具有降血脂的作用。     

天门冬对氟中毒大鼠学习记忆能力干预作用

目的 探讨天门冬对氟中毒致大鼠学习记忆能力障碍干预作用。方法 60只SD大鼠随机分为5组,每组12只,分别为对照组、染氟组、天门冬低、中、高剂量组（3、6、12 g/kg）,于染氟90 d 处死大鼠;观察染氟期间大鼠氟斑牙情况,采用氟离子选择电极法检测大鼠尿氟和骨氟含量,Morris水迷宫和跳台实验检测大鼠学习记忆能力。结果 染氟组大鼠氟斑牙发生率、尿氟和骨氟含量明显高于对照组;与染氟组比较,各剂量天门冬组大鼠中、重度氟斑牙发生率、骨氟含量明显降低,尿氟含量明显升高,呈剂量效应关系。与对照组比较,染氟组大鼠逃避潜伏期明显延长[（31.67±8.80）s]（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,中、高剂量天门冬组大鼠逃避潜伏期[分别为（17.67±6.62）、（14.33±4.13）s]明显缩短（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,染氟组大鼠穿越平台次数[（1.33±1.03）次]下降（P<0.05）;与染氟组比较,中、高剂量天门冬组穿越平台次数[分别为（2.67±2.16）、（4.17±1.47）次]明显增加（P<0.05）。与对照组比较,染氟组大鼠跳台实验反应时间[（101.33±22.47）s]明显延长,潜伏时间[（104.33±30.22）s]明显缩短（P<0.05）;与染氟组比较,中、高剂量天门冬组大鼠跳台实验反应时间[分别为（74.67±18.83）、（55.33±12.47）s]明显缩短,潜伏时间[分别为（135.33±26.55）、（156.67±28.35）s]明显延长（P<0.05）。结论 氟中毒可影响大鼠学习记忆能力,给予不同剂量天门冬干预,可改善大鼠学习记忆能力。     

复合膳食纤维对大鼠急性胰腺炎时肠粘膜屏障的保护研究

目的 探讨复合膳食纤维（dietary fiber complex,DFC）在大鼠急性胰腺炎（acute pancreatitis,AP）时对肠粘膜屏障功能的作用.方法 采用5％的牛黄胆酸钠（0.1mL/100mg）逆行注射入胰胆管法制备AP模型,44只大鼠随机分为4组,单纯模型组（A组）,肠内营养剂（能全素）组（B组）,能全素＋复合膳食纤维[可溶性膳食纤维（SDF）∶不可溶性膳食纤维（IDF）=1∶3]（C组）,能全素＋复合膳食纤维[SDF∶ IDF=3∶1]（D组）,分别于造模后12、24、48h时取门静脉及腹主动脉血并比较各时段各组大鼠血清中内毒素、D-乳酸的变化.结果 C组和D组血清内毒素和D-乳酸的释放低于A组和B组（P＜0.05）,B组血清内毒素和D-乳酸释放低于A组（P＜0.05）,C组内毒素和D-乳酸低于D组,但没有统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 复合膳食纤维对急性胰腺炎大鼠肠黏膜屏障功能有一定的保护作用.     

复方中药组分对糖尿病大鼠肾脏保护作用

目的 探讨复方中药组分防治糖尿病及糖尿病肾病的有效性及其作用机制。方法 应用链尿菌素复制大鼠糖尿病模型,实验设模型组、复方中药高、中、低剂量组和阳性对照组（二甲双胍）,观察肾功能相关的指标改变。结果 与模型组比较,复方中药高剂量组大鼠血糖[（6.68±2.39）mmol/L]、血清尿素氮[（10.47±2.09）mmol/L]、血浆肌酐[（57.24±11.53）μmol/L]、尿蛋白[（33.51±12.11）mg/d]明显下降,肾脏Caspase-3 表达降低,肾脏中钠钾ATP酶活性升高。结论 复方中药组分可降低糖尿病大鼠血糖、改善肾脏功能,对糖尿病大鼠肾脏具有一定保护作用。     

反复低温暴露对大鼠血压影响机制的研究

[目的]通过观察低温暴露后大鼠血压的变化，探讨肾素-血管紧张素系统（renin-angiotensin system．RAS）在其中的作用。[方法]选择6-7周龄体重200-250g雄性SD大鼠18只，适应性饲养1周后随机分为对照组（25℃、相对湿度45％）、低温组（4℃、相对湿度45％）和低温高湿组（4℃、相对湿度80％），分别暴露于相应环境中4h/d，持续14d。每天监测大鼠体重、血压、心率的变化。实验暴露14d后，应用放射免疫分析法测定大鼠血浆和下丘脑血管紧张素Ⅱ（angiotensinⅡ，AngⅡ）水平，下丘脑肾素活性（renin activity，RA）以及血浆醛固酮（aldosterone，ALD）水平。[结果]实验暴露14d后，低温组和低温高湿组大鼠血压较对照组明显升高，且差异有显著性（P〈0．05）；低温组和低温高湿组下丘脑AngⅡ水平高于对照组，且差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。[结论]低温导致大鼠血压升高，可能与循环和脑RAS活性增强有关。     

早期给予膳食纤维对重型颅脑损伤患者肠黏膜通透性及血浆二胺氧化酶影响

目的 探讨早期给予膳食纤维对重型颅脑损伤患者肠黏膜屏障的保护作用.方法 68例重型颅脑损伤患者按随机数字表法分为常规肠内营养组和肠内营养＋膳食纤维组,每组34例.两组分别给予肠内营养和肠内营养＋膳食纤维治疗9 d,于治疗后第1,5,9天分别测定尿乳果糖排泄率、血浆二胺氧化酶水平,并进行比较.结果 两组治疗后尿乳果糖排泄率及血浆二胺氧化酶水平均逐渐下降.肠内营养＋膳食纤维组治疗后第5,9天尿中乳果糖排泄率低于常规肠内营养组[（31±14）％比（40±13）％、（27±17）％比（35±6）％],血浆二胺氧化酶水平同样低于常规肠内营养组[（2.12±0.90） kU/L比（2.83±1.20） kU/L、（1.27±0.90） kU/L比（2.08±1.12） kU/L],差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 重型颅脑损伤患者早期应用膳食纤维能降低肠黏膜的通透性,膳食纤维对肠黏膜具有保护作用.     

成人碘营养状况评价以及与甲状腺结节的相关性

目的　调查成人尿碘水平和膳食碘摄入情况,分析尿碘、膳食碘摄入与甲状腺结节的相关性。方法　前瞻性招募2015年1月至3月上海地区健康营养专业人员30名,在自然饮食和生活状态下以“称重法”连续记录3 d膳食情况,于膳食第2、3天收集空腹及三餐后2 h清洁中段尿(n=240),检测尿碘含量并计算膳食碘摄入量。完成近3个月食物频率表和甲状腺超声检查。结果　空腹及三餐后2 h尿碘中位数为137.56 μg/L（91.4~211.5 μg/L),碘缺乏、碘充足、碘超足量或过量者分别为20.0%、56.7%和23.3%。个体间尿碘中位数差异较大36.31～359.20 μg/L,但空腹与三餐后2 h尿碘值无显著性差异（P=0.389）。膳食碘摄入量平均值为（197.2±74.2）μg/d,其中食盐和饮用水所提供的碘元素所占比例分别为70.2%和5.4%。膳食碘摄入量与当天尿碘值中位数之间呈显著正相关（r=0.426,P=0.019）。甲状腺结节检出组尿碘均值明显高于未检出组［（194.0±101.5）μg/L比（135.7±72.9）μg/L,P＜0.001）］。结论　在自然饮食和生活状态下,不同个体碘营养状况差异明显。尿碘值升高与甲状腺结节的发生有关。重复随机尿碘检测结合膳食记录能够减少单一尿碘检测产生的误差,适用个体碘营养状况评价。     

亮氨酸对高脂大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝病影响

目的 观察亮氨酸对高脂大鼠非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）的影响及机制。方法 40只SD大鼠（60%高脂饲料喂养）随机分为4组,高脂组及1.5%、3.0%、4.5%亮氨酸组,连续干预16周,检测血清丙氨酸转移酶（ALT）,门冬氨酸转移酶（AST）和总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）水平,取肝脏观察病理改变,检测肝组织总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、总超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）、丙二醛（MDA）水平。结果 高脂组大鼠肝脏呈现明显脂肪变性;与高脂组比较,亮氨酸各剂量组大鼠ALT、AST的水平明显降低（P<0.01）;与高脂组比较,3.0%、4.5%亮氨酸组大鼠血清TC水平[分别为（2.35±0.30）、（2.60±0.57）mmol/L]明显下降,肝脏T-SOD[分别为（285.99±53.53）、（272.47±65.02）U/mgprot]和GSH-Px[分别为（506.02±140.34）、（483.44±131.44）U/mgprot]活性明显升高（P<0.01）,4.5%亮氨酸组大鼠肝脏MDA含量[（0.47±0.14）nmol/mgprot]明显降低（P<0.01）。结论 亮氨酸能够改善高脂膳食诱导的大鼠NAFLD,其机制可能与改善脂代谢、增强机体抗氧化能力有关。     

镍及其合金植入大鼠体内后镍的代谢变化

[目的]观察大鼠体内长期植入镍（Nickel,Ni）和镍钛形状记忆合金（NiTi SMA）后机体内Ni元素的代谢状况。[方法]在大鼠后肢肌肉内植入Ni及NiTi SMA后饲养60 d,收集粪、尿,并取血、肾脏,火焰法原子吸收分光光度仪（SPAA）检测其中Ni含量。[结果]Ni组大鼠血、肾、尿、粪中Ni含量均高于对照组（P﹤0.01）;NiTi组大鼠血Ni和尿Ni增高与对照组相比有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）;粪和尿中Ni含量之间存在正相关（r=0.457,P﹤0.01）。Ni组大鼠肾脏在光镜下可见病理性改变。[结论]金属Ni和NiTi SMA长期植入大鼠体内均可导致机体内Ni含量增高,Ni主要经肾脏排出,部分由消化道排出,Ni在肾脏蓄积,并能导致肾结构和功能的破坏。     

利尿剂在三聚氰胺及三聚氰酸致大鼠急性肾损伤中的治疗作用

目的 联合三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸灌胃造成大鼠急性肾损伤,观察利尿剂呋塞米的治疗作用.方法 将36只成年雄性SD大鼠随机平均分为3组,分别为A组（正常对照组）,灌胃2 ml蒸馏水,B组（模型组）,灌胃三聚氰胺（100 mg/kg）与三聚氰酸（100 mg/kg）,连续4 d,4 d后改为灌胃2ml蒸馏水,C组（治疗组）：前4 d与B组一样,4 d后为呋塞米（20 mg/kg）;第4天、第11天后各处死6只大鼠,观察大鼠肾脏病理,肾内结晶沉积评分情况、大鼠血和尿多项生化指标的变化.结果 在第4天时,B组和C组分别出现大鼠少尿[（3.39±1.02）ml、（3.20±0.86）ml]、高血肌酐[（153.54±27.08）μmol/L、（160.11±19.55）μmol/L]等急性肾损伤表现,并在肾内观察到三聚氰胺氰尿酸盐晶体.第11天与第4天时肾内结晶评分相比,B组减少了9.52%（P〉0.05）.C组减少了63.63%（P〈0.05）,第11天时,B组尿量[（8.57±1.66）m1]和C组尿量[（25.96±5.97）ml]分别较第4天时尿量[（3.39±1.02）ml、（3.20±0.86）ml]显著增加（P〈0.05）,其中C组[（25.96±5.97）ml]较B组[（8.57±1.66）ml]增加更明显（P〈0.05）;B组和C组血清肌酐[（106.10±5.53）μmol/L、（67.17±12.80）μmol/L]分别较第4天时[（153.54±27.08）μmol/L、（160.11±19.55）μmol/L]显著减低（P〈0.05）,但B组高于A组和C组（P〈0.05）.结论 呋塞米对三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸所致急性肾损伤起一定保护作用.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.