父母教养方式与自我妨碍的关系:人格特质的中介作用

目的:探究父母教养方式与自我妨碍的关系,及人格特质的中介作用。方法:以180名大学生为被试,施测父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、埃森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)、自我妨碍量表(SHS)。结果:1父母干涉惩罚拒绝与自我妨碍存在显著正相关(r=0.437,P0.01);2在父母干涉惩罚拒绝与自我妨碍之间,存在神经质的部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的30.2%;3在父母干涉惩罚拒绝与自我妨碍之间,存在着精神质的部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的5.9%。结论:父母干涉惩罚拒绝可以预测自我妨碍,其中神经质和精神质发挥着部分中介作用。     

母亲依恋状况、教养方式与幼儿焦虑的关系

目的:考察母亲的依恋状况、教养方式与幼儿焦虑的关系。方法:以学前儿童焦虑量表、亲密关系经历量表和父母教养行为问卷为研究工具,对182名幼儿及其母亲进行测查。结果:①母亲的依恋焦虑、依恋回避与专制教养方式呈显著正相关,专制教养方式与幼儿分离焦虑、社交恐惧、广泛性焦虑和焦虑总分呈显著正相关;②母亲的依恋焦虑与幼儿焦虑总分呈显著正相关,依恋回避与幼儿焦虑总分相关不显著,但与幼儿的躯体伤害恐惧、广泛性焦虑呈显著正相关;③专制教养方式在母亲依恋焦虑和幼儿焦虑总分之间起部分中介作用,在母亲依恋回避和幼儿广泛性焦虑之间起完全中介作用。结论:母亲的依恋状况、教养方式显著影响幼儿焦虑,并且专制教养方式在母亲依恋状况与幼儿焦虑之间起到中介作用。     

消极完美主义在父母教养方式与心理健康关系中的作用

目的考察完美主义在父母教养方式与心理健康关系中的作用。方法以355名大学生为被试,采用Frost多维完美主义量表（FMPS）、父母教养方式评价量表（EMBU）和症状自评量表（SCL-90）进行测量。结果积极完美主义与心理健康之间不存在显著相关（r=0.05～0.18）,但消极完美主义与父母教养方式、心理健康之间存在着普遍的显著相关（r=0.09～0.38,P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,并且父亲惩罚/严厉、过分干涉、偏爱被试、拒绝/否认、过度保护和母亲拒绝/否认对心理健康具有显著的预测作用。回归分析发现消极完美主义对父亲过分干涉、过分保护、母亲拒绝/否认与心理健康间具有部分中介效应;Sobel检验发现消极完美主义对父亲偏爱被试与心理健康间也具有部分中介效应（ZF4=1.03,P〈0.05）。结论父母教养方式以消极完美主义为中介,对心理健康具有预测作用。     

大学生父母教养方式与成人依恋的关系研究

目的探讨大学生父母教养方式与成人依恋的关系。方法随机抽取120名大学生,采用父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）和亲密关系经历量表（ECR—C）进行调查。结果①）父母教养方式与成人依恋回避维度相关不显著;父母教养方式中父亲过度保护,母亲情感温暖、理解和母亲惩罚、严厉与成人依恋焦虑维度显著相关;②父母教养方式因子中父亲过度保护对成人依恋的焦虑有正向预测作用,母亲情感温暖、理解对焦虑有负向预测作用。结论父母教养方式对于女的成人依恋有较小影响。     

父母教养方式与青少年边缘型人格障碍症状的关系：同伴关系和拒绝敏感性的中介作用

目的：探讨父母教养方式、同伴关系和拒绝敏感性对青少年边缘型人格障碍症状的影响机制。方法：以600名青少年为被试,采用简式父母教养方式问卷、同伴关系量表、拒绝敏感性问卷和人格诊断问卷中边缘型人格障碍分量表进行调查。结果：(1)父母拒绝、父母情感温暖、父母过度保护、同伴关系、拒绝敏感性和青少年边缘型人格障碍症状之间两两显著相关;(2)父母拒绝显著正向预测青少年边缘型人格障碍症状;(3)在控制了年龄后,父母拒绝、情感温暖和过度保护均可以通过同伴关系和拒绝敏感性的并行中介作用影响青少年边缘型人格障碍症状。结论：同伴关系和拒绝敏感性是父母教养方式影响青少年边缘型人格障碍症状的重要中介变量。     

高中生抑郁症状与父母教养方式:感恩的中介作用北大核心CSCDCSSCI

目的:探讨感恩在父母教养方式与高中生抑郁症状之间的中介作用。方法:选取汶川地震后18个月都江堰地区1087名高中生幸存者,采用儿童抑郁障碍自评量表、父母教养方式量表、青少年感恩量表进行施测。结果:高中生抑郁症状检出率为32.4%;感恩在父母冷漠、自主性的教养方式与抑郁症状之间存在部分中介效应,中介效应占总效应的比例分别为25.4%和37.0%;感恩在父母过度保护的教养方式与抑郁症状之间存在完全中介效应。结论:父母对孩子较少的冷漠和较多的自主性有利于培养青少年的感恩,感恩对震后抑郁症状具有保护作用。     

父母教养方式、依恋和大学生抑郁关系的实证研究

目的探讨父母教养方式、依恋和大学生抑郁间的关系。方法采用父母教养方式量表、亲密关系体验量表和抑郁自评量表对639名本科生进行施测。结果①父母教养方式和依恋焦虑显著相关(r=0.223,P=0.000),父母教养方式、依恋焦虑及依恋回避与抑郁显著相关(r=0.084,P=0.034;r=0.221,P=0.000;r=0.237,P=0.000);②依恋焦虑在父母教养方式和抑郁之间起完全中介作用。结论父母教养方式和依恋是抑郁的重要影响因素,了解三者之间的关系,有利于充实抑郁的病因内容,进而为大学生的预防和干预提供理论指导。     

自我控制对大学生网络成瘾的影响:调节的中介模型

目的:探讨自我控制与大学生网络成瘾之间的关系,同时考察社交焦虑的中介作用以及拒绝敏感性是否在此中介过程中发挥调节作用。方法:采用自我控制量表、拒绝敏感性问卷、交往焦虑量表、网络成瘾量表对725名大学生进行调查。结果:①相关分析表明,自我控制与拒绝敏感性(r=-0.42,P0.001)、社交焦虑(r=-0.66,P0.001)及网络成瘾(r=-0.64,P0.001)均呈显著负相关;社交焦虑与拒绝敏感性(r=0.59,P0.001)、网络成瘾(r=0.43,P0.001)均呈显著正相关;拒绝敏感性与网络成瘾呈显著正相关(r=0.17,P0.001);②自我控制显著负向预测网络成瘾(t=-22.60,P0.001),拒绝敏感性与自我控制的交互项对网络成瘾的预测作用不显著(t=-0.11,P0.05);拒绝敏感性对社交焦虑的预测作用显著(t=15.35,P0.001),拒绝敏感性与自我控制的交互项对社交焦虑预测作用显著(t=7.90,P0.001);社交焦虑对网络成瘾的预测作用显著(t=2.87,P0.01),拒绝敏感性与社交焦虑的交互项对网络成瘾的预测作用显著(t=1.84,P0.05)。结论:拒绝敏感性、自我控制、社交焦虑和网络成瘾四者之间构成了一个有调节的中介模型,社交焦虑在自我控制与网络成瘾之间起部分中介作用,拒绝敏感性在这一中介过程的前半条和后半条路径上起调节作用。     

父母的成人依恋、应对方式与教养方式的关系

目的探讨父母的成人依恋、应对方式与教养方式的关系。方法采用关系问卷、亲密关系经历量表、应对方式量表和教养方式问卷测查某企业233名已为人父母的员工。结果1不同依恋类型的父母在教养方式的过分干涉[F(3,224)=5.09,P0.01]、拒绝和否认[F(3,224)=5.47,P0.01]、惩罚和严厉[F(3,224)=4.54,P0.01]、偏爱孩子[F(3,224)=4.78,P0.01]维度上差异显著,且安全型父母的得分低于不安全型父母;2经回归分析发现,成人依恋和应对方式对教养方式的5个维度有不同的预测作用。结论父母的成人依恋、应付方式对教养方式有一定的影响。     

父母教养方式和高二学生社交焦虑的关系研究

目的考察父母教养方式和高二学生社交焦虑之间的关系。方法对200名高二学生施测交往焦虑量表和父母养育方式评价量表。结果①高二学生的社交焦虑总体状况不容乐观；②除过度保护因子和情感温暖因子，其它七个因子与社交焦虑相关显著；③父亲的过分干涉，情感温暖和理解，拒绝与否认因子，母亲的惩罚与严厉因子对社交焦虑的预测效果较大。结论父母教养方式对高二学生的社交焦虑有显著影响。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.