陕西省农村留守妇女家庭亲密度与适应性和抑郁、社会支持的相关性

目的:了解陕西省农村留守妇女的家庭亲密度与适应性和抑郁、社会支持的相关性。方法:采用家庭亲密度与适应性量表(Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale,second edition,Chinese version,FACESIICV)、Beck抑郁问卷(Beck Depression Inventory,BDI)和肖水源社会支持评定量表(Social support rating scale,SSRS)对陕西省农村留守妇女共计198例进行调查。结果:农村留守妇女的BDI得分平均为(7.16±5.94)分,约65.7%的留守妇女有轻到重度的抑郁。在相关性方面,社会支持与实际家庭亲密度(r=0.326,P0.001)、理想家庭亲密度(r=0.160,P=0.024)、实际家庭适应性(r=0.261,P0.001)和理想家庭适应性(r=0.221,P=0.009)之间呈显著正相关,抑郁得分和实际家庭亲密度(r=-0.281,P0.001)、实际家庭适应性(r=-0.241,P=0.001)、社会支持得分(r=-0.484,P0.001)之间呈显著负相关。经多重线性回归分析可见,需养育的孩子数(t=2.296,P=0.023)、需赡养的老人数(t=3.869,P0.001)、年龄(t=1.997,P=0.047)、社会支持得分(t=-5.611,P0.001)可以成为影响留守妇女抑郁的影响因素。结论:陕西省农村留守妇女的抑郁得分较高,且家庭亲密度和适应性与抑郁、社会支持有显著的相关性。     

大学生主观幸福感与家庭亲密度和适应性的关系

目的探讨大学生主观幸福感与家庭亲密度和适应性的关系。方法采用中文修订版家庭亲密度和适应性量表(FACESⅡ-CV)与总体幸福感量表(SWB),对唐山某高校110名学生的情况进行调查,并据此分析大学生主观幸福感与其家庭亲密度、家庭适应性之间的关系。结果①大学生主观幸福感在性别(t=1.721,P=0.088)、家庭所在地(t=1.547,P=0.125)、是否为独生子女(t=-1.095,P=0.264)、是否为单亲家庭(t=-1.123,P=0.276)上均无显著性差异;但不同年级的学生的主观幸福感情况有显著性差异(t=-4.095,P=0.000);②大学生的主观幸福感高于常模;③大学生家庭亲密度在性别(t=0.506,P=0.614)、家庭所在地(t=1.265,P=0.209)、是否为独生子女(t=0.912,P=0.359)、是否为单亲家庭(t=0.331,P=0.742)上无显著性差异;同样,其家庭适应性在性别(t=1.432,P=0.155)、家庭所在地(t=0.972,P=0.334)、是否为独生子女(t=0.440,P=0.661)、是否为单亲家庭(t=1.731,P=0.087)上也无显著性差异;④大学生的主观幸福感与其家庭亲密度和适应性呈显著正相关(r=0.496,0.447)。结论大学生主观幸福感略高于一般人群;其主观幸福感和家庭亲密度、家庭适应性呈正相关;三者不受年龄、家庭所在地、是否为独生子女、是否为单亲家庭等因素影响。     

大学生家庭亲密度与孤独感:应对方式的中介效应

目的:研究应对方式在大学生家庭亲密度与孤独感之间的中介作用。方法:采用简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)、家庭亲密度和适应性量表(FACESⅡ-CV)、孤独量表(UCLA)对菏泽学院500名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果:①大学生孤独感状况不容乐观,孤独感总得分为(42.12±8.291)分,高分组占64.1%,中间组占20.1%,低分组占15.8%;②大学生家庭亲密度与孤独感显著负相关(r=-0.423,P0.001)、与消极应对方式显著负相关(r=-0.137,P0.01),大学生家庭亲密度与积极应对方式显著正相关(r=0.470,P0.001);③应对方式在大学生家庭亲密度、孤独感之间起着部分中介效应,积极应对方式解释量为29.66%、消极应对方式解释量为2.947%。结论:家庭亲密度对孤独感产生显著影响,其中家庭亲密度对孤独感的预测是部分通过应对方式来完成的。     

城乡结合部初中生网络成瘾与家庭亲密度和适应性

目的:了解城乡结合部初中生网络成瘾的现状及其与家庭亲密度和适应性之间的关系。方法:采用家庭亲密度和适应性量表(FACES II-CV)中文版和中学生网络成瘾诊断量表对某城乡结合部初级中学的320名在校初中生进行问卷调查。结果:城乡结合部初中生网络成瘾检出率介于已有研究范围之内(检出率为5.6%),性别差异明显(t=3.18,P=0.002),年级间无差异(F=2.15,P=0.118),成瘾程度与网龄、周上网次数和每次上网时长高度相关(r=0.127~0.415,P0.05)。家庭亲密度和适应性与初中生网络成瘾程度显著负相关(r=-0.281,-0.295;P0.05),家庭适应性可以预测网络成瘾(F=30.262,P=0.000)。结论 :对于城乡结合部的初中生而言,家庭亲密度和家庭适应性越好,网络成瘾程度越低。家庭适应性,而非家庭亲密度可以解释初中生网络成瘾。     

抑郁障碍患者与家属家庭亲密度适应性和情绪状况的研究

目的探讨抑郁障碍患者与家属的家庭亲密度适应性和情绪状况,为抑郁障碍患者的健康教育及家庭干预提供科学有效的理论依据。方法选择2006年6～9月在北京大学第六医院就诊的抑郁障碍患者95例及共同陪伴的直系家属95例为调查对象。采用家庭亲密度和适应性量表中文版(FACES-CV)、Zung氏焦虑自评量表和Zung氏抑郁自评量表。结果1患者的家庭亲密度得分与国内常模一致(P>0.05),但适应性得分低于国内常模(P<0.01);焦虑、抑郁得分高于国内常模(P<0.01)。家属的家庭亲密度得分高于国内常模(P<0.01),适应性得分低于国内常模(P<0.01)。家属的焦虑得分与国内常模一致(P>0.05),但抑郁得分高于国内常模(P<0.05)。2家庭模式分型构成比:中间型47.9%,平衡性26.3%,极端型25.8%。患者的家庭"拱极模式"以"僵硬—松散型"居多,家属则以"自由—缠结型"居多。3家庭亲密度与患者的家属的文程化度有关,相关系数范围(r=0.21～0.26,P<0.05)、与家庭人数呈负相关(r=-0.21,P<0.01);与患者及家属的焦虑、抑郁情绪呈显著负相关,相关系数范围(r=-0.30～0.37,P<0.01);家庭适应性与患者的年龄(r=0.28,P<0.01)、文化程度(r=0.34,P<0.01)有关。与家属的年龄(r=0.26,P<0.05)文化程度(r=0.22,P<0.05)有关。与患者和家属的焦虑、抑郁情绪呈显著负相关,相关系数范围(r=-0.30～-0.42,P<0.01)。结论家庭亲密度适应性与患者和家属的文化程度、焦虑、抑郁情绪有关,家庭亲密度与患者的家庭人数有关,家庭适应性与患者和家属的年龄有关。     

大学生情绪智力与情绪稳定性关系的探讨

目的探讨大学生情绪智力与情绪稳定性的关系。方法采用情绪智力量表(Emotional Skills and Competence Ques-tionnaire,ESCQ)和情绪稳定性诊断量表对大一至大四231名学生进行问卷调查。结果 1单因素分析结果显示,ESCQ的情绪认知(F=3.3,P0.05,4年级3年级)和情绪稳定性的焦虑(F=5.37,P0.01,4年级2年级)在年级差异上存在统计学意义,ESCQ的情绪调节(独生子女33.94±5.25,非独生子女35.81±4.86;t=2.79,P0.01)和情绪稳定性的自主性(独生子女17.24±3.85,非独生子女18.48±3.79;t=2.43,P0.05)在独生子女与否差异上存在统计学意义;2相关分析结果显示,ESCQ的各维度和总分与情绪稳定性的抑郁性(r=-0.18~-0.28,P0.05~P0.001)和焦虑(r=-0.20~-0.29,P0.01,P0.001)之间呈负相关,与自主性(r=0.37~0.44,均为P0.001)之间呈正相关;3多元回归分析结果显示,ESCQ的情绪认知对抑郁性有负向(β=-0.28,t=-4.43,P0.001)预测作用,ESCQ总分对焦虑有负向(β=-0.31,t=-5.02,P0.001)、ESCQ的情绪调节对自主性有正向(β=0.74,t=5.56,P0.001)预测作用。结论大学生情绪智力对形成情绪稳定有一定的影响作用。     

大学生依恋类型和恋爱幸福感:亲密度的中介

目的:调查大学生的依恋类型、恋爱关系亲密度和恋爱幸福感特点,并探讨三者之间的关系。方法:采用关系问卷、实际亲密度量表、大学生恋爱幸福感问卷对243名恋爱中的在校大学生开展问卷调查。结果:男性大学生在恋爱幸福感的性态度维度得分高于女性大学生(t=3.688,P0.001);独生子女在依恋类型的轻视型维度得分高于非独生子女(t=2.199,P0.05);只有1次恋爱经历的大学生在恋爱幸福感的恋人间共同兴趣爱好维度得分显著高于3次及以上(P0.05);家庭经济状况中等和一般的大学生在依恋类型的轻视型维度得分(P0.05)和恋爱幸福感的恋人间共同兴趣爱好维度得分(P0.05)高于家庭经济困难的大学生。大学生安全型依恋与亲密度和恋爱幸福感呈正相关(r=0.371,0.426;P0.01),轻视型依恋、害怕型依恋与亲密度和恋爱幸福感呈负相关(-0.271≤r≤-0.417,P0.01)。亲密度在安全型依恋和恋爱幸福感之间具有部分中介作用(F=179.469,P0.001),中介效应占总效应的比例为60.61%;亲密度在轻视型依恋和恋爱幸福感之间为完全中介作用(F=163.781,P0.001),中介效应占总效应的比例为80.36%;亲密度在害怕型依恋和恋爱幸福感之间具有完全中介作用(F=164.949,P0.001),中介效应占总效应的比例为81.83%。结论:大学生依恋类型的安全型、轻视型、害怕型维度通过恋人间的亲密度影响了恋爱幸福感。     

大学生中庸思维与焦虑的关系:认知情绪调节与攻击性的链式中介效应

目的:探讨认知情绪调节与攻击性在大学生中庸思维与焦虑间的中介作用.方法:采用中庸思维量表、贝克焦虑量表、认知情绪调节问卷与攻击性问卷,测量了 2251名大学生.结果:①中庸思维与消极认知情绪调节(r=-0.08,P＜0.001)、攻击性(r=-0.13,P＜O.001)、焦虑得分(r=-0.18,P＜0.001)之间呈显著负相关;消极认知情绪调节与攻击性(r=0.44,PP＜0.001)、焦虑得分(r=0.39,P＜0.001)之间呈显著正相关;攻击性与焦虑得分之间呈显著正相关(r=0.48,P＜0.001).②Bootstrap中介效应检验表明,消极认知情绪调节和攻击性以及两者的链式中介作用的95％的置信区间分别为[-0.148,-0.032]、[-0.326,-0.081]、[-0.104,-0.024].结论:中庸思维不仅直接影响个体焦虑程度,还通过消极认知情绪调节与攻击性的链式中介作用间接影响焦虑.     

青少年抑郁、焦虑情绪与其相关因素

目的 探讨青少年抑郁、焦虑情绪与其相关影响因素之间的关系.方法 采用抑郁、焦虑自评量表、青少年生活事件量表、领悟社会支持量表、认知情绪调节量表对1180名中学生进行调查.结果 青少年抑郁和焦虑情绪的发生率分别是73.2％和36.7％,两种情绪有显著相关性(r=0.436,P＜0.001);抑郁和焦虑情绪与生活事件、领悟社会支持以及认知情绪调节量表中的部分因子均有相关性(r=-0.406～0.630,P＜0.01或P＜0.05);进一步回归分析发现积极重评、学习压力、人际关系、积极调整对抑郁具有一定的预测作用(t=5.189,3.710,3.423;P＜0.001;t=2.065,P＜0.05),灾难化、学习压力、人际关系、责难自己对焦虑情绪有一定的预测作用(t=7.397,8.032;P＜0.001;t=3.043,P＜0.01;t=2.399,P＜0.05).结论 生活事件、领悟社会支持、认知情绪调节方法中部分因素会导致青少年抑郁、焦虑情绪,并对其有一定的预测作用.     

生活事件、自尊和抑郁对大学生自杀意念的影响

目的:探讨生活事件、自尊和抑郁对大学生自杀意念的影响,为大学生自杀预防提供依据。方法:采用青少年生活事件量表、自尊量表、症状自评量表—抑郁分量表、贝克抑郁自评量表—"自杀想法"条目对2802名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:自杀意念检出率为16.95%,有自杀意念组的生活事件各因素得分及总分、抑郁总分显著高于无自杀意念组,人际关系(t=-17.039,P0.001)、学习压力(t=-13.000,P0.001)、受惩罚(t=-11.000,P0.001)、丧失(t=-8.800,P0.001)、健康适应(t=-15.631,P0.001)、其他(t=-12.240,P0.001)、生活事件总分(t=-16.060,P0.001)、抑郁总分(t=-29.821,P0.001),有自杀意念组的自尊总分(t=-3.92,P0.001)显著低于无自杀意念组;生活事件、抑郁与自杀意念呈显著正相关(r=0.179,0.638,P0.01),自尊与自杀意念呈显著负相关(r=-0.259,P0.01);生活事件通过自尊和抑郁的中介效应间接影响自杀意念(中介效应值分别为0.054和0.255),生活事件通过自尊作用于抑郁,又通过抑郁间接影响自杀意念(中介效应值为0.112)。结论:减少负性生活事件,消除抑郁情绪,提高自尊水平,能够有效降低大学生自杀意念的发生率。     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.