超说明书用药认识问题及管理对策研究

目的:厘清超说明书用药的现状和认识误区,为制订超说明书用药的管理措施提供参考依据。方法:采用文献综述及与68位医师、药师调查访谈的方法,分析超说明书用药认识误区的形成原因及其存在的合理性与必要性,并对超说明书用药的管理提出对策和建议。结果:超说明书用药在临床治疗中广泛存在,其中符合疾病治疗规范的超说明书用药应属于合理用药,需要加强用药管理。结论:应采取制订超说明书用药的指导原则或指南、建立有效的医患沟通机制、加强临床药师的监督作用等措施,减少不合理用药,降低超说明书用药风险。     

精神科超说明书用药现状分析与探讨

目的:了解精神科超说明书用药现状,为制订精神科超说明书用药的管理措施提供参考。方法:分析北京回龙观医院(以下简称"我院")精神科超说明书用药存在的合理性与必要性,对我院精神科超说明书用药的管理提出对策和建议。结果:我院精神科超说明书用药在临床治疗中有其存在的合理性与必要性,但需加强合理用药管理。结论:应通过监管部门建立有效的管理办法、医疗机构建立有效的医患沟通机制、加强临床药师的监督与指导作用等措施,减少不合理用药,降低超说明书用药风险。     

新疆某三甲医院儿科门诊及住院超药品说明书用药情况对比分析

目的：调查某三甲医院儿科门诊及住院超说明书用药情况,为促进我国儿科安全合理用药提供有效数据。方法：通过随机抽取儿科门诊及住院一年内的用药医嘱,依据药品说明书内容,对比判断存在的超说明书用药行为,对具体超说明书用药类型、患儿不同年龄段及各类药品之间的关系进行综合分析。结果：随机抽取儿科门诊处方2 400张、住院病历864份,按用药医嘱条数计,超说明书用药发生率分别为40.84%、46.94%;按超说明书用药类型不同,主要集中在超给药频次、超给药剂量及超适应证方面,发生率合计高达90%以上,该院超说明书用药主要发生在婴儿、幼儿及儿童年龄段;医师职称越高,超说明书用药发生率可能越高;儿科使用中成药比率最高,超说明书用药情况在各类药品中都普遍存在。结论：该院儿科门诊及住院患儿中超说明书用药现象较为普遍。临床医师应当慎重考虑“超说明书用药”,加强自身素养,做好患儿知情同意,与临床药师及相关行政管理部门全力配合,一方面保障患儿用药安全,另一方面避免医疗风险。     

临床上超说明书用药的分析及对策

目的为规范医院超说明书用药管理提供建议。方法分析超说明书用药这一现象存在的客观原因及其可能为临床用药带来的隐患;查找国际已有的药事管理经验并进行描述性分析。结果药品说明书存在自身漏洞和不全面性,其内容更新明显滞后,导致了超说明书用药的客观存在。但超说明书用药可能增加患者的用药风险和医师的执业风险,从而应由国家干预管理。国际已有的管理经验包括：规定超说明书用药应有的循证依据,鼓励企业及时更新说明书,设立药品信息的独立机构等。结论超说明书用药具有合理性和必要性。国家应尽快立法明确超说明书用药的合法性并规范责任范围;临床上超说明书用药时应遵循相应原则;各相关部门应提供积极和及时的信息支持;加强宣传和教育。     

基于超说明书用药潜在安全隐患的思考及管理对策

目的：加强超说明书用药管理以确保用药安全.方法：结合具体实例,对临床上超说明书用药存在的安全隐患进行分析与思考.结果：超说明书用药有时会引发医疗纠纷,医师应做到有章可循.结论：医院应建立严格的超说明书用药管理制度,以保障病人用药安全.     

我国临床超说明书用药现状和风险防范建议

目的:为规范临床超说明书用药提供参考。方法:通过对临床超说明书用药问题进行分析,探讨存在问题的原因并提出风险防范建议。结果与结论:临床超说明书用药问题既是临床常见问题又是亟待规范解决的问题。要加强临床规范化和制度化管理,建立临床超说明书用药的规范和患者知情同意管理流程,促进临床合理用药。     

儿科超说明书用药现状与对策分析

摘 要通过归纳总结国内外儿科超说明书用药现状、原因及管理政策,提出规范我国儿科超说明书用药的对策。目前,世界发达国家基本上都对药品超说明书使用进行立法或实行相应政策,而我国对超说明书用药尚缺乏国家层面上的统一管理。儿科超说明书用药风险高,我国应针对超说明书用药原因,借鉴发达国家的管理方式,通过制定使用原则、分级管理、鼓励临床试验完善说明书信息等政策,降低儿科超说书用药风险,保障儿童用药安全。     

某三甲医院超说明书用药问卷调查分析

目的：调查某三甲医院临床医师对超药品说明书用药行为的认知情况和专业管理需求,为促进临床合理用药提出相关建议。方法：对全院临床医师进行抽样问卷调查,将资料构成比作为指标进行描述,采用χ²检验进行统计分析。结果：本次发放问卷有效回收率为94.5%。临床医师职称越高,超说明书用药可能性越高;不同职称临床医师均认为自身药学知识储备不足,并希望行政主管部门发挥作用,约束超说明书用药行为。结论：超药品说明书用药行为与临床医师对其的认知情况有着直接的关系,超说明书用药情况普遍存在且不可避免,临床医师应当慎重考虑"超说明书用药",加强自身素养,与临床药师及相关行政管理部门全力配合,一方面保障患者用药安全,另一方面避免医疗风险。     

我国医师对超说明书用药认知情况的调查分析

目的:了解医师对超说明书用药的认知情况,促进对超说明书用药的管理。方法:通过网络问卷调查平台,用描述性调查研究的方法,对全国范围内的医院临床医师进行超说明书用药认知情况调查,并用SPSS 19.0软件对调查结果进行统计分析。结果:回收有效问卷332份。受访医师中认为超说明书用药具有一定合理性的占82.23%,认为缺乏科学依据是超说明书用药存在的问题的占53.23%,认为可以在限定条件下实施超说明书用药的占65.00%以上,认为应该制定相应的法律法规和医院制度规范超说明书用药管理的占79.52%。结论:超说明书用药情况与医师对其认知有着直接的关系。应加强对医师的合理用药教育和对超说明书用药的管理,促进超说明书用药向科学、合理和规范的方向发展。     

基于法国经验探讨完善我国超说明书用药监管

目的：分析我国超说明书用药监管存在的问题,为完善监管体系提供可行建议,以期降低超说明书用药风险,提高合理用药水平。方法：通过查阅文献资料和法规条款,分析法国超说明书用药的监管框架和核心机制,对比研究我国超说明书用药监管存在的问题和完善路径。结果：法国在法律层面建立了完善的监管框架,并通过多重评估、患者保护、持续监测评估和信息公开机制保证了超说明书用药的监管和使用安全。结论：我国的超说明书用药监管体系尚不完善,缺少法规层面的实施规范,建议我国在法律体系、患者保护、信息公开方面加强建设,明确超说明书用药的使用要求和规范,从而降低超说明书用药的风险,保护医生和患者的合法权益。     

Risk/Protective Factors Associated with Substance Use Among Runaway/Homeless Youth Utilizing Emergency Shelter Services Nationwide

Abstract

Rates of alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use among runaway/homeless youth are substantially higher than found among American high school students. To understand the risk and protective factors associated with substance use, this study (1) assessed cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use among a national sample of runaway/homeless youth, (2) identified risk/protective factors associated with lifetime substance use, and (3) examined risk/protective factors associated with six month frequency of substance use. Unduplicated cases (n = 11,841) from the 1997 Runaway/Homeless Youth Management Information System (RHY MIS) were analyzed. Results showed that substance use levels are greater than previously reported for this population. Predictors of cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use and frequency were predominately individual youth risk factors and demographics rather than family risk factors. Providers in emergency youth shelters are in a prime position to assess substance use behaviors, as well as the associated risk factors. Provision of appropriate screening and referral to other services is essential to meet the needs of these youth.     

Web Site Review of World Health Organization,Mental Health and Substance Dependence Department

The major studies investigating substance use among Spanish university students are reviewed, their results and limitations noted, and current and future substance use trends are discussed.     

HEPATITIS C AMONG NONINJECTING DRUG USERS: A REPORT

Objectives: This report documents the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among self-reported noninjecting drug users recruited from two New York City neighborhoods. Methods: Participants were recruited in separate studies from East Harlem and the Lower East Side of Manhattan and were administered structured questionnaires and tested for HCV. Results: HCV prevalence rates among those reporting no history of injecting drugs ranged from 5% to 29%, according to age, gender, and study location. Conclusions: Our results suggest that more research is needed to elucidate potential noninjecting routes of HCV transmission among drug users. Moreover, policies that rely predominantly on injector status as the only drug-related risk factor for HCV screening need to be reassessed in light of these findings.     

实行临床用药督导的成效及396份药历分析

目的通过实行临床用药督导制度了解我院抗菌药物应用情况。方法采取随机抽样，对我院2001年6月至12月期间医院临床用药督导专家组督导药历进行分析。结果共调查396份药历，合理应用抗菌药物药历258份(65．15％)，基本合理99份(25％)，不合理39份(9．85％)，与2000年相比，抗菌药物使用率下降了8％，医院每床日药费下降了3．34％，医院药品收入占总收入比例下降3．25％。结论临床用药督导促进了抗菌药物合理应用。     

浅谈临床用药的合理性评估

不合理用药现象屡禁不止,最主要的原因是我国目前尚无相应的法律法规对临床用药进行有效的制约。应用规章制度对医师的处方行为进行监管,缺乏强有力的技术支持和行政干预措施。开展合理用药评估是有效制约其处方权的办法之一,本文对评估标准、如何开展评估工作等作了研究。     

High enhancer,downer, withdrawal helper: Multifunctional nonmedical benzodiazepine use among young adult opioid users in New York City

BackgroundBenzodiazepines are a widely prescribed psychoactive drug; in the U.S., both medical and nonmedical use of benzodiazepines has increased markedly in the past 15 years. Long-term use can lead to tolerance and dependence, and abrupt withdrawal can cause seizures or other life-threatening symptoms. Benzodiazepines are often used nonmedically in conjunction with other drugs, and with opioids in particular—a combination that can increase the risk for fatal and non-fatal overdose. This mixed-methods study examines nonmedical use of benzodiazepines among young adults in New York City and its relationship with opioid use.MethodsFor qualitative analysis, 46 90-minute semi-structured interviews were conducted with young adult opioid users (ages 18–32). Interviews were transcribed and coded for key themes. For quantitative analysis, 464 young adult opioid users (ages 18–29) were recruited using Respondent-Driven Sampling and completed structured interviews. Benzodiazepine use was assessed via a self-report questionnaire that included measures related to nonmedical benzodiazepine and opioid use.ResultsParticipants reported using benzodiazepines nonmedically for a wide variety of reasons, including: to increase the high of other drugs; to lessen withdrawal symptoms; and to come down from other drugs. Benzodiazepines were described as readily available and cheap. There was a high prevalence (93%) of nonmedical benzodiazepine use among nonmedical opioid users, with 57% reporting regular nonmedical use. In bivariate analyses, drug-related risk behaviours such as polysubstance use, drug binging, heroin injection and overdose were strongly associated with regular nonmedical benzodiazepine use. In multivariate analysis, growing up in a middle-income household (earning between $51,000 and $100,000 annually), lifetime overdose experience, having ever used cocaine regularly, having ever been prescribed benzodiazepines, recent drug binging, and encouraging fellow drug users to use benzodiazepines to cope with opioid withdrawal were consistently strong predictors of regular nonmedical benzodiazepine use.ConclusionNonmedical benzodiazepine use may be common among nonmedical opioid users due to its drug-related multi-functionality. Harm reduction messages should account for the multiple functions benzodiazepines serve in a drug-using context, and encourage drug users to tailor their endorsement of benzodiazepines to peers to include safer alternatives.     

Correlates of Risky Alcohol and Methamphetamine Use Among Currently Homeless Male Parolees

Homeless men on parole are a hard-to-reach population with significant community reintegration challenges. This cross-sectional study describes sociodemographic, cognitive, psychosocial, and drug-related correlates of alcohol and methamphetamine use in 157 homeless male parolees (age range 18–60) enrolled in a substance abuse treatment center in Los Angeles, California. Logistic regression results revealed that being African American and older were negatively related to methamphetamine use, whereas being older and more hostile were related to riskier alcohol abuse. Findings from this study provide a greater understanding of correlates of methamphetamine and alcohol—-two of the most detrimental forms of substances abused among currently homeless parolees.     

Associations between polysubstance use and psychiatric problems in a criminal justice population in Sweden

Background

Polysubstance use is common in substance users, and may complicate their clinical course. This study, in a criminal justice setting in Sweden, examines the association between the number of concurrently used substance types and psychiatric symptoms during 30 days before incarceration, while controlling for background variables such as family history (drug and alcohol problems, psychiatric problems, criminality), demographic data and history of emotional, physical or sexual abuse.

Methods

The data material comprised 5659 criminal justice clients reporting a substance use problem, examined with the Addiction Severity Index. Variables were compared in a multinomial regression analysis, comparing clients reporting one (n = 1877), two (n = 1408), three (n = 956), four (n = 443) and five or more (n = 167) substance types.

Results

The 30-day prevalence of most psychiatric symptoms included in the study (depression, anxiety, cognitive problems, hallucinations, difficulty controlling violent behaviour, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts) was higher in individuals with a higher number of concurrent substance types used. In multinomial regression analysis, while controlling for background variables, these associations remained for concurrent suicidal ideation, cognitive problems, hallucinations and violent behaviour, with the latter two being associated with the higher numbers of substance types. Binge alcohol drinking, tranquilizers, opioids and the number of substance types reported were associated with several of the psychiatric symptoms.

Conclusions

In the present criminal justice setting in Sweden, the use of multiple substance types and concurrent psychiatric symptoms appear to be associated, and a sub-group reporting particularly high numbers of concurrent substance types are particularly likely to report potentially severe psychiatric problems.     

Psychological Risk Factors for Alcohol,Cannabis, and Various Tobacco Use among Young Adults: A Longitudinal Analysis

Background: Alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use are prevalent in young adults and may be differentially related to psychological symptoms characterized as externalizing or internalizing. Objectives: This study examined the use of alcohol, cannabis, and various tobacco products in relation to externalizing (ADHD) versus internalizing factors (depression, anxiety), hypothesizing alcohol and cannabis use are associated with externalizing factors whereas tobacco use is related to internalizing factors. Methods: Data from a 2-year longitudinal study of 2,397?US college students (aged 18–25) launched in 2014 were analyzed. Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 item (assessing depressive symptoms), and the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores were examined in relation to subsequent past 30-day use of alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco products (cigarettes, little cigars/cigarillos, smokeless tobacco, e-cigarettes, hookah), as well as nicotine dependence per the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist. Results: Participants were 20.49 (SD = 1.93) years old, 64.7% female, and 65.5% White. In multivariable analyses, greater ADHD symptoms predicted alcohol and cannabis use (p = .042 and p = .019, respectively). Cigarette and little cigar/cigarillo use were predicted by greater depressive (p = .001 and p = .002, respectively), and anxiety symptoms (p = .020 and p = .027, respectively). Nicotine dependence was correlated with greater anxiety symptoms (p = .026). Counter to hypotheses, smokeless tobacco use was predicted by greater ADHD symptoms (p = .050); neither e-cigarette nor hookah use were predicted by these psychological symptoms. Conclusions/Importance: Research examining risk factors for tobacco use must distinguish among the various tobacco products. Moreover, interventions may need to differentially target use of distinct substances, including among the range of tobacco products.