分析聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗慢性丙型肝炎的临床治疗效果

目的分析聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗慢性丙型肝炎的临床治疗效果。方法选择我院2011年1月至2014年1月收治的慢性丙型肝炎患者80例,按照随机原则将全部患者分成对照组和实验组各40例,对照组患者采用普通干扰素α-2b联合利巴韦林治疗,实验组患者则采用聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗。结果实验组患者的获得EVR、SVR率显著高于对照组患者(P<0.05);而两组患者获得RVR率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。另外,两组患者的不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在对慢性丙型肝炎患者进行治疗时,聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗具有比较显著的临床疗效,而且安全可靠,值得临床推广和应用。     

聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a治疗慢性丙型肝炎68例临床观察

目的观察聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a治疗慢性丙型肝炎的疗效。方法选择采用聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a治疗的慢性丙型肝炎患者68例作为观察组,同时选择同期采用普通干扰素α-2a治疗的60例慢性丙型肝炎患者作为对照组。所有患者均治疗1年,治疗结束后随访3～6个月,观察2组患者治疗前与治疗后病毒应答及生物化学应答情况。结果观察组早期病毒应答(EVR)、完全应答(ETVR)、持续应答(SVR)率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组治疗3个月、随访3个月生物化学应答率高于对照组,复发率明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a可长时间维持有效血药浓度,并可长时间持续抑制病毒的复制,值得临床推广应用。     

聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗代偿期丙肝后肝硬化的临床体会

目的分析研究聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗代偿期丙型肝炎(丙肝)后肝硬化的临床效果。方法随机数字抽样选取我院收治的33例慢性丙肝后肝硬化患者为肝硬化组,以及同期接受治疗的33例慢性丙型肝炎患者为肝炎组,均给予患者采用聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗,比较两组患者病毒学应答率以及不良反应情况。结果两组RVR、EVR、ETVR比较无明显差异,SVR比较差异显著,肝硬化组的骨髓抑制以及贫血发生率明显高于肝炎组,P<0.05比较差异有统计学意义。结论代偿期丙肝后肝硬化患者,采用聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗,其早期应答效果良好,治疗效果显著。     

聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a注射液联合利巴韦林治疗慢性丙肝的疗效和安全性分析

目的：评价聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a注射液联合利巴韦林治疗慢性丙肝的疗效和安全性。方法2012年1月～2013年10月收治共60例慢性丙型肝炎病例,随机分为常规干扰素治疗组、观察组（聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a注射液组）,每组各30例,对比两组的治疗效果、不良反应。结果常规干扰素组的治疗有效率显著低于观察组,且观察组的应答率高于常规干扰素组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,两组不良反应差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论应用聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a注射液联合利巴韦林治疗慢性丙型肝炎,可以明显提高患者的预后效果。     

两种聚乙二醇干扰素分别联合利巴韦林治疗丙型病毒性肝炎疗效分析

目的探讨聚乙二醇α-2a干扰素联合利巴韦林及聚乙二醇α-2b干扰素联合利巴韦林治疗丙型肝炎的疗效。方法选取本院收治的丙型肝炎病例120例,分为派罗欣组及佩乐能组,每组60例,派罗新组给予聚乙二醇α-2a干扰素联合利巴韦林治疗,佩乐能组给予聚乙二醇α-2b干扰素联合利巴韦林治疗,对两组患者病毒学应答及副作用进行统计分析。结果派罗欣组患者RVR率71.67%,EVR率91.67%,SVR率91.67%,流感样症状83.33%,腹泻21.67%,粒细胞下降68.33%,脱发11.67%,甲状腺功能异常18.33%。佩乐能组患者RVR率73.33%,EVR率90.00%,SVR率90.00%,流感样症状68.33%,腹泻23.33%,粒细胞下降66.7%,脱发13.33%,甲状腺功能异常16.67%。两组患者RVR、EVR、SVR率无统计学差异,而流感样症状佩乐能相对较少,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),腹泻、粒细胞下降、脱发及甲状腺功能异常,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论派罗欣及佩乐能联合利巴韦林治疗丙型肝炎疗效等同。目前两种长效干扰素分别联合利巴韦林仍然可以作为丙型肝炎治疗的首选方法之一。     

干扰素联合利巴韦林治疗不同病毒基因型慢性丙型肝炎患者的疗效

目的 观察干扰素联合利巴韦林治疗不同病毒基因型慢性丙型肝炎的疗效.方法 选择120例慢性丙型肝炎患者,采用特异性探针杂交法进行丙型肝炎病毒基因分型,根据基因分型结果将患者分为丙型肝炎病毒1b型感染的长效干扰素组(皮下注射聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a,180 μg/次,1次/周)和非1b型感染的普通干扰素组(皮下注射普通干扰素α-2b,5 mIU/次,隔日1次),2组患者均口服利巴韦林.治疗前后和随访中检测患者血浆丙型肝炎病毒RNA和ALT水平作为疗效评价的指标.比较治疗结束后2组患者肝功能异常率的差异.结果 长效干扰素组与普通干扰素组获得持续病毒学应答者分别为30例(46.2％)和41例(74.5％),组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).长效干扰素组肝功能异常者10例(15.4％),普通干扰素组有8例(14.5％),2组患者肝功能异常率比较差异无统计学意义(x2=0.01,P＞0.05).结论 聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗丙型肝炎病毒1b型感染患者的疗效不理想,丙型肝炎病毒基因型主要影响治疗的难易程度.     

聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗老年慢性丙型肝炎的疗效和安全性

目的分析探讨应用聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗老年慢性丙型肝炎的疗效和安全性。方法选择我院2013年11月至2014年10月收治的46例老年慢性丙型肝炎患者作为观察对象,随机分为治疗组和对照组各23例,对照组患者应用聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a;治疗组患者给予聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a与利巴韦林进行治疗,以48周作为1个疗程,测定患者丙型肝炎病毒RNA转阴率,同时观察对比两组患者不良反应发生情况。结果治疗48周之后,治疗组患者的丙型肝炎病毒RNA转阴率显著高于对照组,组间差异结果具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者的ALT复常率高于对照组,差异同样具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者在治疗期间均出现了感冒样症状、血常规异常等疾病,但是组间差异无显著性(P<0.05),最终完成治疗。结论联合应用聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a与利巴韦林治疗老年慢性丙型肝炎的效果较好,及时发现并处理患者的不良反应之后能够保证患者完成治疗,确保治疗效果。     

聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a与利巴韦林联合方案治疗慢性丙型肝炎的疗效分析

目的观察聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a与利巴韦林联合方案治疗慢性丙型肝炎的疗效。方法选择2008年10月至2011年2月就治于我科的慢性丙型肝炎患者144例为研究对象,随机进行分组,实验组(聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a与利巴韦林联合方案治疗组)73例,对照组(单纯聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a组)71例,观察治疗效果。结果实验组持续应答率为53.4%,明显比对照组高,经χ2检验,P<0.05,差异明显;并发症发生率为12.3%,与对照组比较差异不明显,经χ2检验,P>0.05。结论聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a与利巴韦林联合方案治疗慢性丙型肝炎的疗效优于单纯应用聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a的患者,同时两药合用并未增加药物不良反应的发生率,是目前治疗慢性丙型肝炎的最佳方案。     

聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗慢性丙型肝炎的临床疗效

目的:分析探讨慢性丙型肝炎治疗中采用聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗的临床疗效。方法:选取某院2012年6月~2013年6月收治的90例慢性丙型肝炎作为研究对象,随机分为对照组和治疗组,各组45例,治疗组采取聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗,对照组采取重组人干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗,观察比较两组临床疗效。结果:两组HCV-RNA转阴率和ALT复常率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组慢性丙型肝炎患者在治疗期间均未发现有药物不良反应的发生。结论:聚乙二醇干扰素α-2a联合利巴韦林治疗慢性丙型肝炎的临床疗效确切,安全有效,值得临床推广应用。     

干扰素联合利巴韦林治疗血友病合并慢性丙型肝炎的疗效及安全性分析

目的:观察聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b联合利巴韦林治疗血友病合并慢性丙型肝炎的疗效及安全性。方法:血友病合并慢性丙型肝炎患者52例分为两组,治疗组29例患者予聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b联合利巴韦林,对照组23例患者予重组人干扰素α-2b联合利巴韦林,观察病毒学应答、白细胞、血小板数量变化及出血情况。结果:治疗组患者快速病毒学应答(RVR)、早期病毒学应答(EVR)、治疗结束时病毒学应答(ETVR)、第24周时持续病毒学应答(SVR24)、分别为57.1%、64.2%、64.2%、57.1%。对照组患者RVR、EVR、ETVR、SVR24分别为54.5%、68.2%、63.6%、54.5%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不良反应中,治疗组白细胞下降、血小板下降、出血发生率、严重出血发生率分别为68.9%、24.1%、51.7%、3.4%,对照组为65.2%、26.1%、56.5%、4.3%,治疗组白细胞下降、血小板下降、出血发生率、严重出血发生率与对照组相当,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:对于血友病合并慢性丙型肝炎患者,聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b联合利巴韦林与普通干扰素α-2b联合利巴韦林治疗的疗效和安全性相当,但需要严密监控患者出血情况,并及时处理。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.