流感疫苗与心血管疾病

接种流感疫苗能减少心血管疾病患者发生流感并发症的危险,并降低住院率及死亡率,但目前注射流感疫苗在心血管疾病患者中的覆盖水平仍低,心血管专业人士应予大力推广.     

流感疫苗接种对心力衰竭患者结局影响的Meta分析

目的:采用Meta分析方法评价流感疫苗接种对心力衰竭患者全因死亡和住院的影响。方法:计算机检索PubMed、EMbase、The Cochrane Library、CBM、CNKI、WanFang Data和VIP数据库,搜集流感疫苗接种对心力衰竭患者全因死亡和住院影响的观察性队列研究,检索时限均为建库至2019年2月1日。由两名研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料并评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用Review Manager 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入7个研究,包括156 544例患者。流感疫苗接种降低心力衰竭患者的全因死亡风险[RR=0.72,95%CI(0.63,0.83),P0.001],但未降低其住院风险[RR=0.98,95%CI(0.83,1.14),P=0.77]。亚组分析结果显示:①流感疫苗接种降低心力衰竭患者流感季、非流感季、1年随访期间和长期随访期间(最长4年)全因死亡风险[RR流=0.52,95%CI(0.39,0.69),P0.001;RR非流=0.80,95%CI(0.70,0.90),P0.001;RR1年=0.76,95%CI(0.63,0.92),P0.001;RR长期=0.82,95%CI(0.81,0.83),P0.001];②流感疫苗接种降低心力衰竭患者流感季心血管(CV)住院风险[RR=0.84,95%CI(0.76,0.93),P0.001],但未降低非流感季CV住院和长期随访期间(中位随访时间27个月)全因住院风险[RR非流=1.04,95%CI(0.91,1.19),P=0.56;RR长期=1.07,95%CI(0.97,1.18),P=0.17]。结论:流感疫苗接种可降低心力衰竭患者不同季节全因死亡风险和流感季CV住院风险。     

流感与心房颤动关系的研究进展

<正>心房颤动是最常见的持续性心律失常之一,卒中和心力衰竭的风险分别增加5倍和3倍,死亡风险增加40%～90%~([1-2])。据估计,中国至少有1 000万人患有心房颤动~([3]),其诊治消耗大量社会资源,同时也给患者带来了极大的经济负担。季节性流感在全世界也有相当严重的疾病负担,并且导致显著的发病率和死亡率。而流感疫苗接种是预防季节性流感和降低流感相关死亡率和发病率的最有效措施。目前,越来越多研究表明,流感与心房颤动的发生相关,而流感疫苗可以降低心房颤动及其并发症的发病风险。本文主要对该方面研究的进展进行总结。     

免疫检查点抑制剂相关动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病研究进展

近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂的出现改变了多种恶性肿瘤的治疗方式,但其常造成包括心血管系统在内的免疫相关不良事件。诸多对免疫检查点抑制剂治疗相关心血管不良事件的研究主要局限在心肌炎,而最近一些临床研究表明,免疫检查点抑制剂与动脉粥样硬化的发展和恶化可能相关。现就免疫检查点抑制剂相关动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病可能的病理机制及临床意义进行综述,以期提高临床医生对动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病的意识并警惕其发生。     

北京60岁以上心房颤动患者流感疫苗知信行调查

目的:本研究旨在评估北京市老年心房颤动患者对流感及流感疫苗的认知、态度和行为,探究影响流感疫苗接种的因素,为提高心血管疾病患者(流感高危人群)疫苗接种率提供参考依据.方法:从中国心房颤动注册研究(CAFR)的非瓣膜性心房颤动患者中纳入北京户籍、年龄≥60岁患者,通过CAFR数据库收集一般资料,在随访时进行"改良KAP问...     

临床研究及相关指南对血管紧张素受体拮抗剂在高血压伴冠状动脉性心脏病治疗地位的评价

大量研究证明:肾素血管紧张素醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system,RAAS)的过度持续激活是多种心血管疾病发生、发展的病理机制,贯穿整个心血管事件链。所以,抑制RAAS成为干预心血管事件链的重要治疗策略。随着研究的积累,指南对两类RAAS抑制剂血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂     

辣椒素受体在血压调节中的研究进展

综述辣椒素受体(TRPV1)介导血压调节的潜在机制及最新研究进展。高血压是导致心肌缺血、心肌梗死、中风、心功能衰竭等不良心血管事件的主要危险因素,大量证据表明支配心血管系统的交感神经和感觉神经在调节水钠稳态、血压方面起着关键作用,目前交感神经系统的作用机制相对明确,但感觉神经对血压调节的影响仍有诸多未知,越来越多的研究揭示TRPV1在调节心血管功能方面发挥重要作用,TRPV1信号通路损伤可能是高血压、心力衰竭、动脉粥样硬化、心肌缺血、中风等疾病的发病机制之一。鉴于高血压及其相关疾病的广泛流行,TRPV1有希望成为心血管疾病治疗的靶点。     

应高度关注新型冠状病毒肺炎合并的心血管系统损伤

新型冠状病毒感染引起的疫情已成为全球性重大突发公共卫生事件,其典型临床表现以呼吸系统症状为主,但对心血管系统造成的危害已有报道,不容忽视。该病毒感染可引起哪些心血管损伤?机制是什么?如何防治这种病毒感染所带来的心血管损伤?如何对心血管疾病合并新型冠状病毒感染患者规范心血管药物的使用?这些问题亟待深入研究。本刊从这一期开始连续两期开辟"新型冠状病毒感染及心血管损伤专栏",特邀相关领域专家对这些问题进行阐述和临床观察报告,旨在加深对新型冠状病毒病及其心血管损伤的认识,提高防治水平。     

新型炎症标志物在动脉粥样硬化中的研究进展

炎症和氧化应激是动脉粥样硬化发生和发展的重要机制。流行病学和临床研究一致显示,心血管事件和血浆炎症标志物强烈相关,因此通过对血浆炎症标志物定量来判断动脉粥样硬化严重程度将有助于识别心血管事件高危个体,但目前临床检测的炎症标志物的特异性和灵敏度均不强。本文旨在总结近年来新的动脉粥样硬化炎症标志物,以便于早期识别心血管事件高危个体,并提供动脉粥样硬化抗炎治疗的靶点。     

口服降糖药物对2型糖尿病患者心血管结局的影响

改善血糖控制可减少糖尿病患者的心血管并发症,不同药物的作用机制不同,其对心血管结局的影响不同.此外,继2007年对罗格列酮潜在心血管风险的认识之后,陆续开展了大量的前瞻性、随机、对照研究,评估降糖药物对糖尿病患者的心血管系统的影响.传统药物中二甲双胍及噻唑烷二酮类药物对糖尿病患者的心血管系统具有保护作用,但必须警惕噻唑烷二酮类药物可增加心力衰竭的风险;第二代及第三代磺脲类促泌剂及非磺脲类促泌剂并不增加患者心血管事件的发生风险.新型药物中并没有看到二肽基肽酶4抑制剂对心血管系统具有有利或不良影响,是否增加心力衰竭风险目前结果并不统一.而胰高血糖糖素样肽-1受体激动剂及钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2可减少糖尿病患者的心血管疾病风险并降低死亡率;但由于数据有限,仍需要更广泛的研究加以证实.     

The cardiovascular manifestations of influenza: A systematic review

Influenza accounts for 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and up to 300,000 deaths annually, presenting a considerable burden to healthcare services. A spectrum of cardiovascular complications has been reported in association with influenza infection. This can occur through direct effects of the virus on the myocardium or through exacerbation of existing cardiovascular disease. Direct myocardial involvement presenting as myocarditis is not uncommon during influenza infection. Clinical presentation may vary from asymptomatic to fulminant myocarditis resulting in cardiogenic shock and death. Cardiovascular mortality is also increased during influenza epidemics in patients with pre-existing coronary artery disease. Rates of myocardial infarction have been shown to increase following influenza outbreaks, whilst decreases in cardiovascular mortality have been demonstrated following influenza vaccination in high risk patients. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of cardiovascular complications, their presentation, clinical course and the management options available following influenza infection.     

Cardiovascular manifestations associated with influenza virus infection

Influenza accounts for 3 to 5 million cases of severe illness and up to 300,000 deaths annually. Cardiovascular involvement in acute influenza infection can occur through direct effects of the virus on the myocardium or through exacerbation of existing cardiovascular disease. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between influenza epidemics and cardiovascular mortality and a decrease in cardiovascular mortality in high risk patients has been demonstrated following vaccination with influenza vaccine. Influenza is a recognised cause of myocarditis which can lead to significant impairment of cardiac function and mortality. With recent concerns regarding another potential global pandemic of influenza the huge potential for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality is discussed.     

Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccine in Hemodialyzed Patients: A Retrospective Study

Infection is one of the leading causes of mortality in dialysis patients, second only to cardiovascular disease. This retrospective study assessed the efficacy and clinical outcomes of influenza vaccination among hemodialysis (HD) patients. In the 2014–2015 season, 104 of 164 (63.6%) HD patients were vaccinated for influenza by the outpatient community health system facilities. Significantly more patients, 159 of 170 (93.8%), were vaccinated in 2015–2016 by the hospital dialysis unit staff during an inpatient HD session (P <0.001). A trend toward fewer complications from influenza infection was observed in vaccinated patients. Among HD patients with diabetes (who comprised 56% of the study population), the incidence of influenza was 17% among nonvaccinated patients vs. 6.3% among those who were vaccinated (P =0.026). The inpatient vaccination policy resulted in a greater rate of vaccination. HD patients with diabetes benefit from influenza vaccination, with a significantly lower incidence of influenza infection.     

Influenza epidemics and acute respiratory disease activity are associated with a surge in autopsy-confirmed coronary heart disease death: results from 8 years of autopsies in 34,892 subjects.

AIMS: To determine whether influenza can trigger heart attacks, we investigated the impact of influenza epidemics on autopsy-proven coronary deaths. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied weekly death due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and chronic ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in autopsies conducted in 1993 to 2000 in St Petersburg, Russia. We plotted the weekly acute respiratory disease (ARD) counts and influenza epidemics against AMI and chronic IHD deaths. There were 11,892 subjects dying of AMI and 23 000 subjects dying of chronic IHD. Median age was 75 for women and 65 for men. In every year, a peak of AMI and chronic IHD deaths were present and coincided with the influenza epidemic and peak ARD activity. A similar pattern was seen for each subgroup of men, women, subjects 50 years or older, and subjects 70 years or older. When comparing the average influenza epidemic weeks to average off-season weeks, the odds for AMI and chronic IHD death increased by 1.30 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-1.56) and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.97-1.26), respectively. CONCLUSION: Influenza epidemics are associated with a rise in autopsy-confirmed coronary deaths. Influenza vaccination should be advocated for patients at high risk of developing cardiovascular events.     

Influenza Vaccination for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in the Americas: Consensus document of the Inter-American Society of Cardiology and the Word Heart Federation

Background:Cardiovascular mortality is decreasing but remains the leading cause of death world-wide. Respiratory infections such as influenza significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. Despite of proven benefits, influenza vaccination is not fully implemented, especially in Latin America.Objective:The aim was to develop a regional consensus with recommendations regarding influenza vaccination and cardiovascular disease.Methods:A multidisciplinary team composed by experts in the management and prevention of cardiovascular disease from the Americas, convened by the Inter-American Society of Cardiology (IASC) and the World Heart Federation (WHF), participated in the process and the formulation of statements. The modified RAND/UCLA methodology was used. This document was supported by a grant from the WHF.Results:An extensive literature search was divided into seven questions, and a total of 23 conclusions and 29 recommendations were achieved. There was no disagreement among experts in the conclusions or recommendations.Conclusions:There is a strong correlation between influenza and cardiovascular events. Influenza vaccination is not only safe and a proven strategy to reduce cardiovascular events, but it is also cost saving. We found several barriers for its global implementation and potential strategies to overcome them.     

Disappearance of summer influenza in the Okinawa prefecture during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic

Since the Okinawan islands are located in the southernmost part of Japan, where the climate is subtropical, several episodes of influenza epidemics occur during the summer season. More recently, we have demonstrated that summer influenza epidemics occur every year. After the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in January 2020, measures to avoid disease transmission have been widely promoted in Japan, such as the use of masks, handwashing, remote work, and cancellation of large events. These measures might also have reduced the spread of other infectious diseases, such as the seasonal influenza. Based on this background, we evaluated weekly influenza activity in the 2019/2020 season. After the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the summer influenza in the Okinawa prefecture disappeared in 2020. The reasons for the disappearance of summer influenza in Okinawa are discussed herein.     

Safety and tolerability of intradermal influenza vaccination in patients with cardiovascular disease

Background It is well-established that influenza vaccination reduces adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with cardiovascular diseases （CVD）, however, the vaccine coverage rate in most countries remains low. The concern about the local adverse effects of intramus-cular injection, particularly in CVD patients receiving antithrombotic therapy, is one of the important impediments. This study was con-ducted to assess the safety, side effects and tolerability of intradermal influenza vaccine in CVD patients. Methods This was an observa-tional study in adult CVD patients who had undergone vaccination against seasonal influenza by intradermal vaccination between May 16th and May 30th, 2012 at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital. The medical history, patients＇ acceptability and adverse effects were collected using a written questionnaire completed by the patient immediately following vaccination and by a telephone survey eight days later. Results Among 169 patients, 52.1%were women and the mean age was 63 ＆#177; 12 years. Coronary artery disease, valvular heart disease and dilated cardiomyopathy were present in 121 （71.6%）, 40 （23.7%） and 8 （4.7%）, respectively. Antithrombotics were used in 89.3%. After vaccination, the pain score was 0, 1 or 2 （out of 10） in 44.4%, 15.1%, and 27.6%of the patients, respectively. Eight days after vaccination, the common adverse reactions were itching 19 （11.9%）, swelling 9 （5.7%） and fatigue （4.7%）. No hematoma or bruising was reported. Conclusions The intradermal influenza vaccination is safe and well tolerates with high rates of satisfaction in CVD patients. This technique should be useful in expanding influenza vaccine coverage.     

Influenza vaccination in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis: efficacy and safety

Please cite this paper as: Tavana et al. (2011) Influenza vaccination in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis: efficacy and safety. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses DOI: 10.1111/j.1750‐2659.2011.00290.x. Background  Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory, granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology. The role of cellular and humoral immune systems in this disease is unclear, whereas dysregulation of the immune system is suggested. Patients with sarcoidosis show diverse responses while exposed to various antigens. Although influenza vaccination is recommended in pulmonary sarcoidosis, its efficacy and safety has not been investigated. Objectives  To evaluate safety and immunogenicity of influenza vaccine in patients with sarcoidosis. Patients/Methods  Influenza vaccination was performed in 23 eligible patients with sarcoidosis (SP) and 26 healthy controls (HC). Antibody titers against H1N1, H3N2, and B influenza virus antigens were evaluated just before and 1 month after vaccination. Patients were followed for 6 months to assess vaccine safety. Results  Serological response and magnitude of changes in antibody titers against influenza vaccine antigens were comparable between SPs and HCs. Women showed a better serological response against B antigen (P = 0·034) than men. Twenty‐four‐hour urine calcium was associated with antibody response against H1N1 [correlation coefficient (CC) = 0·477, P = 0·003] and H3N2 (CC = 0·352, P = 0·028) antigens. Serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme correlated negatively with antibody response against B antigen (CC = −0·331, P = 0·040). Higher residual volume was associated with fewer rises in antibody titer against H3N2 antigen (CC = −0·377, P = 0·035). No major adverse events or disease flare‐up was observed during follow‐up. Conclusions  In this study, influenza vaccination did not cause any major adverse event in SPs, and their serological response was equal to HCs. Studies with larger sample size and a broader selection of subjects could help validate the results of this study.     

Factors associated with severe illness in pandemic 2009 influenza a (H1N1) infection: implications for triage in primary and secondary care

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus (pH1N1/09) infection spread rapidly around the globe, leading to a phase 6 pandemic level of alert declared in June 2009. The WHO declared the end of the pandemic in August 2010. Although for the majority of infected patients, it manifest as a mild, self-limiting illness, a proportion appeared to follow an adverse clinical course, requiring higher level care and aggressive management strategies. Experience with previous pandemics suggests that H1N1 will continue to circulate for many years. The aim of this review is to evaluate data from published case series reporting patients with pH1N1/09 influenza to identify clinical markers of severe disease. Comorbid illnesses including chronic lung disease, obesity and pregnancy have been shown to confer increased risk of severe infection. Admission vital signs, laboratory investigations and chest radiographic features can guide admitting clinicians to stratify patients’ risk of severe disease, however, the currently available severity scoring tools have only a limited role in risk assessment. Knowledge of high risk parameters remains important for clinicians triaging patients with suspected pH1N1/09 influenza and to inform strategies for future pandemics.     

Influenza and respiratory disease surveillance: the US military’s global laboratory‐based network

Please cite this paper as: Jeremy Sueker et al. (2010) Influenza and respiratory disease surveillance: the US military’s global laboratory‐based network. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(3), 155–161.The US Department of Defense influenza surveillance system now spans nearly 500 sites in 75 countries, including active duty US military and dependent populations as well as host‐country civilian and military personnel. This system represents a major part of the US Government’s contributions to the World Health Organization’s Global Influenza Surveillance Network and addresses Presidential Directive NSTC‐7 to expand global surveillance, training, research and response to emerging infectious disease threats. Since 2006, the system has expanded significantly in response to rising pandemic influenza concerns. The expanded system has played a critical role in the detection and monitoring of ongoing H5N1 outbreaks worldwide as well as in the initial detection of, and response to, the current (H1N1) 2009 influenza pandemic. This article describes the system, details its contributions and the critical gaps that it is filling, and discusses future plans.