Embryonic rationale for the primary correction of classical congenital clefts of the lip and palate.

Primary correction of congenital clefts of the lip and palate should be designed to carry the interrupted embryonic process to normal completion. This is best accomplished by maxillary alignment with presurgical orthodontics, stabilisation of the maxillary alignment, obliteration of the alveolar cleft and construction of the nasal floor with periosteoplasty. This allows early construction of the lip by rotation and advancement and correction of the nose with columella lengthening, alar cartilage positioning and alar base cinching. This can be accomplished before school age.     

Nasal Deformities and their Treatment in Secondary Repair of Cleft Lip Patients:A Clinical Study of 175 Cases

The author reports his own experience in 175 cases of secondary repair of cleft lip nose deformities. In spite of the great variability of these cases a relatively simple strategy has been defined, based on a precise study of the lesions. In unilateral cases the nose is deviated entirely to the normal side, not only because of nasal bone deviation but also and mainly because of septal deviation. The nasal tip is distorted because of the alar cartilage displacement which results from bone deviation. Rhinoplasty is usually performed by a submucosal approach through a vertical incision in the columella. It includes septal straightening, nasal osteotomies, and sharp dissection and reduction of the triangular cartilages and alar cartilages to allow of their suturing in the normal position. In bilateral cleft lip cases the main deformity of the nose is shortness of the columella. Here, two techniques have been utilized. In those rare cases where the lip was correct in height and width, a V—Y plasty on the nasal tip was performed with good results. In most cases the Abbe-Estlander flap was the procedure of choice. These rhinoplasties were carried out on patients between 15 and 20 years of age, and were always considered to be the last stage of secondary cleft lip repair, particularly after the maxillary bone defects had been corrected.     

Aesthetic camouflage of bilateral cleft lip scars: Technical revisions

We have attempted to change the two scar lines of bilateral cleft lip repair into one zigzag scar line. The prolabium is used to push up the columella and the nasal tip. The donor site of the prolabium is closed by transposition of the nasolabial flap. The postoperative scar shows one zigzag line at the center of the lip. This method has many advantages including an inconspicuous scar, repair of the short columella and flat nasal tip, repair of a wide nose, and repair of the whistling deformity.Complications of this method are maxillary retardation, long lip deformity, and keloid formation. However, these can be avoided by modifying the method.     

婴幼儿先天性唇裂早期修复同期行鼻畸形矫正初步报告

目的 探讨婴幼儿先天性唇裂早期修复,同期矫正鼻畸形,以避免唇裂术后继发鼻畸形而再次手术的可行性。方法,采用Millard I式或II式唇裂修复法修复唇裂,同期矫正鼻畸形,使移位的鼻翼软骨,鼻中隔软骨复位,以恢复正常的解剖关系,结果 1998－1999共矫治30例,年龄3个月至3岁,单侧唇裂24例,双侧唇裂6例,随诊最长18个月,效果良好。结论 唇裂患儿幼小时组织比较薄膜,畸形易于矫正,早期修复唇裂,同期矫正鼻畸形,使畸形的鼻翼软骨,鼻中隔恢复到正常的解剖学位置并在此位置 生长发育,鼻畸形可望明显改善。     

改良Millard术式对双侧完全性唇裂患儿鼻唇畸形的修复效果研究

目的:探究改良Millard术式对双侧完全性唇裂患儿鼻唇畸形的修复效果。方法:将42例双侧完全性唇裂患儿作为观察组,使用改良Millard术式进行治疗;同时收集同年龄段体检正常的42例儿童作为对照组。术后24个月,比较两组研究对象的唇高、唇长、鼻底宽度、鼻小柱高度及家属心理状态。结果:术后,观察组两侧唇高均降低、唇长增加、鼻底宽度缩短、鼻小柱高度增加,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组研究对象的唇长、鼻底宽度比较,均无统计学差异(P>0.05),但两组间唇高、鼻小柱高度比较具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。术后与术前比较,患儿家属的精神病性、躯体化、偏执、强迫症、恐怖、人际关系、敌对症、焦虑评分均降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:改良Millard术式对双侧完全性唇裂患儿鼻唇畸形可有效复位、重建鼻唇部解剖亚单位,同时降低家属心理负担,值得临床推广应用。     

Correction of cleft lip nasal deformity in Orientals using a refined reverse-U incision and V-Y plasty.

A total of 45 patients with cleft lip nasal deformities were operated on between September 1997 and December 1999. We reviewed 35 of them. Out of these, 31 patients had unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities and four patients had bilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. The age range of the patients was from 3 years to 56 years. A reverse-U incision with V-Y plasty was used in 20 patients with mild to moderate unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. An open rhinoplasty incision combined with the reverse-U incision and V-Y plasty was used in 11 patients with severe unilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. A bilateral reverse-U incision and a trans-columellar incision were used in the four patients with bilateral cleft lip nasal deformities. After advancement of the mucochondrial flap, alar transfixion sutures were used to ensure firm contact between the nasal skin and the redraped reverse-U flap. A composite graft for columellar lengthening was used in six cases of severe unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity and the four cases of bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity. Ancillary procedures included correction of a lateral displacement of the alar base, lip scar revision, a cartilage graft for tip augmentation, iliac bone grafting for correction of hypoplasia of the maxilla or for an alveolar cleft and corrective rhinoplasty. A self-made nasal retainer was applied for 6 months in all patients to maintain the corrected contour of the nostril. The follow-up period ranged from 11 months to 26 months, with an average of 18 months. The final results were evaluated based on the degree of symmetry of the nostrils, the redraping of the alar-columellar web and the exposure of the nostrils. Good results were obtained in 29 patients where alar-columellar web deformities were either absent or minimal and a satisfactory symmetry of the nostrils was achieved. Four patients had fair results and two patients had poor results. In conclusion, we suggest that the reverse-U incision with V-Y plasty is a useful method for achieving symmetry of the nostrils in cleft lip nasal deformities in Orientals. In addition, this technique provides ample advancement and repositioning of the mucochondrial flap and simultaneous correction of the nasal vestibular web.     

单侧唇裂术后继发鼻畸形分级和术式选择

目的 探讨患者鼻底凹陷的分级,为修复唇裂鼻畸形术后鼻底高度不足的手术方式选择提供参考. 方法 对2008年7月至2009年2月收治的26例单侧唇裂继发鼻畸形的患者,通过三维CT测量上颌骨,结合手术前后鼻部软组织的测量,探讨鼻翼基部软组织和上颌骨的关系,结合患者满意度对鼻畸形进行分级. 结果 鼻翼基部的位置与梨状孔的形态不具有相关性,但鼻翼基部骨缺损与患者的满意度相关,当双侧鼻翼基部凹陷程度＜4.5 mm为1级,仅通过软组织整复即可获得满意的鼻部形态;2级为鼻翼基部凹陷程度介于4.5～5.0 mm,此时可仅进行软组织修复或使用假体充填,具体病例需结合患者要求与临床实际来判断;3级为鼻翼基部凹陷程度＞5 mm,需要联合自体骨或假体的植入或牙槽突裂的整复才能得到满意的效果. 结论 在唇裂术后继发鼻畸形患者中,上颌骨的凹陷并不一定会导致术后鼻翼基部的凹陷,鼻翼基部可以通过手术调整到一个很好的位置.在鼻畸形矫正术前需要结合患者鼻部的测量来选择手术方式,以得到满意的效果.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the classification of alar base depression,so as to provide the reference for the surgical management of secondary nasal deformity of unilateral cleft lip. Methods From Jul.2008 to Feb.2009,26 cases with sceondary deformity of unilateral cleft lip were treated.All the patients underwent 3-dimensional CT for maxillary measurement.The nasal soft tissue measurement was performed pre-and post-operatively.The relationship between the maxillary and soft tissue at alar base was analyzed.The nasal deformity was classified. Results The location of alar base was not related to the form of piriform aperture,but the bony defect at the alar base was correlated to the patient satisfactory.The nasal deformity was graded as Ⅰ when the depression at alar base was less than 4.5 mm in depth,as Ⅱ when it was 4.5-5.0 mm in depth,and as Ⅲ when it was more than 5 mm in depth.The deformity could be corrected with only soft tissue plasty for grade Ⅰ,with soft tissue plasty or artificial implants for grade Ⅱ,with combined bone autograft or alveolar cleft repair for grade Ⅲ. Conclusions The depression at maxillary does not necessarily result in alar base depression.The alar base can be adjust to proper position through operation.The operation should be designed based on the preoperative nasal measurement.     

Centripetal rotation-advancement for cleft lip nasal deformities

A technique for reconstruction of the bilateral cleft lip nose is described. The literature for bilateral cleft lip nasal repair and the use of autogenous cartilage grafts is reviewed.     

Primary unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and nose in an older population

A one-stage procedure to reconstruct complete and incomplete unilateral/bilateral cleft lip and nose deformities is presented. Emphasis was made on closure of the lip muscles, correction of the nostril floor, correction of the alveolar cleft as well as reconstruction of the nose through an intranasal approach, with a supported suture technique for nasal correction. No dental or orthodontic treatment was available or performed in this older population. Emphasis was on primary closure of the muscles, using the rotation advancement principle. The repair that was performed was near anatomical, reconstructing the labial sulcus, the nostril floor, the alveolar cleft and the nasal deformity all in one stage. There was a high level of satisfaction both from the patient’s and surgeon’s point of view.     

Repair of the unilateral cleft lip/nose deformity

Successful surgical repair of the unilateral cleft lip and nose deformity, defined as normal orbicularis oris function and near-perfect symmetry of the repaired lip and nose, demands that the surgeon possess complete understanding of the embryology and anatomy of the midfacial defects. The surgical approach to repair of the unilateral cleft lip/nose should place great emphasis on achieving symmetry, not only with the lip segments but also perhaps even more importantly with the nasal tip. The reconstruction should recreate an intact fully functional orbicularis oris muscle across the cleft and camouflage the scar optimally. We have found that modification of the Millard rotation-advancement flap technique, with particular attention to the primary nasal repair, provides the best outcomes. In patients who have undergone primary repair of the lip and/or nose deformity, secondary rhinoplasty is generally required, regardless of the technique used at the primary repair. The degree of nasal deformity, however, is less severe following primary repair of the asymmetric nasal tip. We have found that the sliding flap cheliorhinoplasty, Wang's modification of the Vissarionov technique, provides excellent results for most secondary cleft rhinoplasties.     

Long-term outcome of simultaneous repair of bilateral cleft lip and nose (a 15 year experience).

We have performed primary repair of bilateral cleft lip and nose on 169 patients in the past 15 years. During the first eight years, we used a small triangular flap skin design for the lip and for the nose correction, we used a corrective nasal cartilage lifting suture through rim incisions in order to bring the nasal dome cartilage toward the center and create the columella. The small triangular flap at the columella base was rotated 90 degrees posteriorly to emphasize the contour of the nasolabial angle. In the subsequent 7-year period, the lip design was changed to the straight line method, and an inverted trapezoid suture was placed between the alar and nasal dorsum at four points. By this procedure displaced cartilages are moved into correct position and the alar groove became more distinct.Long-term observations showed a favorable configuration of the nose, and eliminated the bilateral cleft nose stigma with only minimum degree of growth disturbance. The remaining problem is the somewhat superior faced nasal tip. To leave the bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity uncorrected for a long period places great psychosocial burden on the patient and the family. We believe that it is desirable to conduct early lip and nose repair synchronously in a minimally invasive manner, as a collaborative effort between plastic surgeons with specialized training in cleft lip repair and an interdisciplinary team.     

Cleft lip,maxilla and palate treatment by Dr. Talmant's team in Nantes

Over the last 30 years, our private cleft lip and palate team has developed an increasing activity based on the Victor Veau's concept: "All the structures are present and only deformed". Our goal is to achieve an anatomical and fully functional repair in every fields with the first operation. A few recent refinements have improved our primary procedures: intravelar veloplasty; simultaneous lengthening of the columella and primary lip repair in bilateral clefts; nasal retainer for the 3 or 4 first postoperative months allowing the establishment of a nasal breathing mode at once. Our timing has been the same over the last 21 years if we except that we currently perform the gingivoperiosteoplasty between 4 and 5 years of age so that the width and the relationships of the maxillary arch are normal at the time of the mixed dentition. The timing is the same in uni and bilateral clefts. No preoperative orthopedics. At 6 months of age, nasolabial repair and closure of the soft palate with intravelar veloplasty. At 18 months of age, anatomical closure of the residual cleft of the bony palate in two planes without vomer flap or denuded bone. Between 4 and 5 years of age, after a short orthopedic treatment, closure of the alveolar cleft by a gingivoperiosteoplasty with iliac bone graft. From 6 years of age we start the orthodontic treatment. The current evolution allows to think that only few late corrections will be necessary.     

下鼻甲粘骨膜瓣在完全性唇裂鼻底修复中的应用体会

目的:探讨裂隙较宽的完全性唇裂整复术中鼻底修复的方法改进。方法:设计蒂在下的下鼻甲粘骨膜瓣,唇部切口按长庚法设计,制作下鼻甲粘骨膜瓣,患侧颊粘膜瓣及健侧唇"C"粘膜肌瓣共同修复完全裂开的鼻底。结果:127例完全性唇裂患者中,98例为单侧,29例为双侧,术后创口均甲级愈合,鼻底封闭良好,鼻外形矫正到位,左右基本对称。讨论:下鼻甲粘骨膜瓣制作简单,损伤小,能促使裂侧鼻翼外角自由内收,术后无异常并发症,是完全性唇裂鼻底良好修复的一种有效方法。     

A comparative study of maxillary growth following rotation-advancement and triangular flap unilateral cleft lip repairs: an experimental study in rabbits

The present study was designed to investigate 2 features of maxillary growth following Millard rotation-advancement and Tennison triangular flap cleft lip repairs in rabbits with surgically created defects simulating unilateral cleft lip and cleft alveolus. Sixty purebred New Zealand rabbits were used in this experiment. The animals were divided into 4 groups: 2 control groups (unoperated and unrepaired) and 2 experimental groups (lip repair with rotation-advancement and lip repair with triangular flap). Nineteen metric cranial variables were measured directly from the cleaned skulls. Direct cephalometric measurements were taken in the following dimensions: maxillary length, width and height, posterior facial width, and nasal deflection. Significant differences were noted between Millard rotation-advancement group and Tennison triangular flap group in 2 of 6 measurements of maxillary length. Analysis of variance revealed significantly statistical differences between Millard rotation-advancement group and Tennison triangular flap group in 3 of 6 measures of maxillary width. Analysis of variance revealed no significantly statistical differences between Millard rotation-advancement group and Tennison triangular flap group in maxillary height. Statistical differences were noted between Millard rotation-advancement group and Tennison triangular flap group in posterior facial width. There was no significantly statistical difference between Millard rotation-advancement group and Tennison triangular flap group for the nasal deflection measurements. The results of this study indicated that the features of maxillary growth were different between the 2 lip-repair techniques in rabbits with surgically created defects simulating unilateral cleft lip and alveolus.     

A Normative Observational Study of the Relationship of the Philtral Ridges to the Columellar Base in South-Indian Population and its Significance on Cleft Lip Repair

Introduction The philtral ridges form a prominent visual landmark in the upper lip. An aesthetically pleasing cleft lip repair should restore this preferably without any scars cutting across it. Although there are several scientific publications on morphology of this structure and its variations, very few studies on the Indian population have been published. Aim To study the morphology of the philtral ridges and their relationship to the columellar base in normal Indian children and its significance in cleft lip repair. Methods 115 normal healthy children from southern India aged between one and 12 years were studied based on direct observation of the relationship of the superior end of the philtral ridge to the columellar base and nasal sill. In type A, the philtral ridge terminates at the nasal sill just lateral to the columellar base, and in type B, it either reaches or fades before reaching the columellar base. All observations were performed by the first author by examining standardized two-dimensional (2D) photographs of the upper lip-nose complex. Results In this study, 74% of the subjects had the philtral column extending lateral to the columellar base. Conclusion These finding assume a significance since, in a substantial proportion of the studied population, techniques of cleft lip repair such as the rotation advancement method, place a scar that crosses the upper third of the philtral ridge which may be undesirable.     

单侧唇裂修复同期鼻畸形矫正术

目的 探讨在修复伴有鼻畸形的先天性唇裂时,同期一次性矫正鼻部畸形,以最大程度地减少唇裂术后继发性鼻畸形发生的手术方法.方法 采用Millard术式或Millard术式＋三角瓣插入法,同时利用唇裂手术切口入路恢复大翼软骨、鼻肌及鼻小柱的正常解剖位置以矫正鼻畸形.结果 共修复单侧唇裂108例,术后随访1个月至3年,效果满意.结论 所有单侧唇裂均伴发鼻畸形,在唇裂修复同期进行鼻畸形的矫正,可获得即刻的手术效果和较为满意的远期疗效,并可能减少再次手术及手术难度.     

Renaissance of the Franz König bilateral lip repair procedure - clinical experiences with an one hundred year old technique

Surgical correction of bilateral cleft lips is known to have a lot of problems. The surgical principles of treatment of bilateral cleft lips are similar to those of unilateral clefts but differ in the area of the prolabium due to specific anatomical disorders of the orbicularis oris muscle. The postoperative results of simultaneous bilateral cleft lip repair according to K?nig were analysed retrospectively in 15 young children (6.1 +/- 1.1 years) paying special emphasis to the aesthetic and functional postoperative outcome of the upper lip and nose. The mean values were compared with measurements from normal infants at ages 8.3 +/- 1.8 years. Lip height and lip length were in 87 % similar to those of the age-matched normal group. Only two cleft patients showed a slightly shorter lip. Distortions of the lip function were not obvious. Our data show that K?nig's surgical procedure of bilateral cleft lip closure meets the requirements of modern surgical concepts of cleft lip repair and should belong to the armamentarium of modern face surgery.     

Comprehensive treatment of bilateral cleft lip by multidisciplinary team approach

Repair of bilateral cleft lip presents numerous problems, and in our opinion, it is better to begin treatment at the earliest age possible. At Fujita Health University Hospital, we utilise a multidisciplinary team approach to cleft lip. Nonsurgical correction of the nasal deformity using a nose retainer and preoperative orthodontics using a Kuwahara-modified Hotz's palatal plate begins soon after birth. Surgical repair of the lip is done within the first 2 months of life, by the time the nose, alveolus and projecting prolabium are adequately reformed. A one-stage surgical procedure, including restoration of muscle union, labial sulcus construction and nasal correction is performed. After lip repair, lip and tongue pressure are well balanced by the plate, and a good alignment of the alveolus can be achieved. A total of 27 cases of bilateral cleft lip were treated from August 1986 to October 1990. In all cases, the postoperative course was uneventful, and no complications due to early surgery were encountered.     

Repair of proboscis lateralis.

We report an 8-year-old girl presented with a proboscis on the right nasal nostril, right heminasal hypoplasia, hypertelorism, and cleft lip and palate on the other side. After repair of the cleft lip and palate and the hypertelorism, we successfully reconstructed the heminose with a V-Y advancement flap containing the proboscis tube.     

Repair of proboscis lateralis

We report an 8-year-old girl presented with a proboscis on the right nasal nostril, right heminasal hypoplasia, hypertelorism, and cleft lip and palate on the other side. After repair of the cleft lip and palate and the hypertelorism, we succesfully reconstructed the heminose with a V-Y advancement flap containing the proboscis tube.