Definitive radiotherapy plus regional hyperthermia for high-risk and very high-risk prostate carcinoma: Thermal parameters correlated with biochemical relapse-free survival

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of definitive radiotherapy (RT) plus regional hyperthermia (HT) and investigate the potential contribution of HT to clinical outcomes in patients with prostate carcinoma. Materials and methods: Following our institution’s treatment protocol, HT was combined with RT to improve clinical outcomes in selected patients with high-risk or very high-risk prostate cancer. Data from 82 patients treated with RT plus HT and 64 patients treated with RT alone were retrospectively analysed. Results: Median follow-up duration was 61 months. The 5-year biochemical disease-free survival (bDFS) rate for the 82 patients treated with RT plus HT was 78%, whereas bDFS for the 64 patients treated with RT alone was 72%; this difference was not significant. Among the 75 patients treated with RT plus HT who underwent intra-rectal temperature measurements, higher thermal parameters were significant prognostic indicators of improved bDFS by univariate analysis. A higher CEM43?°CT90 thermal parameter and a T stage of T1–2 were significant prognostic factors based on multivariate analysis. The 5-year bDFS rates for the 40 patients with a higher CEM43?°CT90 and the 64 patients treated with RT alone were significantly different, whereas 5-year bDFS for the 35 patients with a lower CEM43?°CT90 and the 64 patients treated with RT alone were not. Conclusions: The addition of HT with higher thermal parameters to RT may improve bDFS for patients with high-risk or very high-risk prostate cancer. These findings also demonstrate the importance of careful selection of treatable patients with higher thermal parameters.     

Fractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy for up to five prostate cancer oligometastases: Interim outcomes of a prospective clinical trial

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) can delay escalation to systemic treatment in men with oligometastatic prostate cancer (PCa). However, large, prospective studies are still required to evaluate the efficacy of this approach in different patient groups. This is the interim analysis of a prospective, single institution study of men relapsing with up to five synchronous lesions following definitive local treatment for primary PCa. Our aim was to determine the proportion of patients not requiring treatment escalation following SBRT. In total, 199 patients were enrolled to receive fractionated SBRT (50 Gray in 10 fractions) to each visible lesion. Fourteen patients were castration resistant at enrolment. The proportion of patients not requiring treatment escalation 2 years following SBRT was 51.7% (95% CI: 44.1–59.3%). The median length of treatment escalation-free survival over the entire follow-up period was 27.1 months (95% CI; 21.8–29.4 months). Prior androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) predicted a significantly lower rate of freedom from treatment escalation at 2 years compared to no prior ADT (odds ratio = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.08–0.54, p = 0.001). There was no difference in the efficacy of SBRT when treating 4–5 vs. 1–3 initial lesions. A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline was induced in 75% of patients, with PSA readings falling to an undetectable level in six patients. No late grade three toxicities were observed. These interim results suggest that SBRT can be used to treat up to five synchronous PCa oligometastases to delay treatment escalation.     

Relationships between thermal dose parameters and the efficacy of definitive chemoradiotherapy plus regional hyperthermia in the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer: data from a multicentre randomised clinical trial

Purpose: To evaluate the contribution of the thermal dose parameters during regional hyperthermia (HT) treatment to the clinical outcomes in patients with cervical carcinoma (CC) who received chemoradiotherapy (CRT) plus HT.

Materials and methods: Data from a multicentre randomised clinical trial of concurrent CRT?+?HT vs. CRT alone were used to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this combination therapy in the CC patients. The intrarectal temperatures of patients undergoing HT were recorded. The complete thermal data of 47 (92%) of the 51 patients in the CRT?+?HT group were available for the thermal analysis. Thus, 47 patients who received CRT?+?HT were included in the present study.

Results: Among the patients who received CRT?+?HT, a higher CEM43T90 (≥1?min) value (a thermal dose parameter) was significantly associated with better local relapse-free survival in both univariate (p?=?0.024) and multivariate (p?=?0.0097) analyses. The disease-free survival of the patients with higher CEM43T90 (≥1?min) values tended to be better in comparison to patients with lower CEM43T90 (<1?min) value (p?=?0.071). A complete response tended to be associated with the CEM43T90 (p?=?0.056). Disease-free survival, local relapse-free survival and complete response rate for patients with higher CEM43T90 (≥1) were significantly better than those for patients with CRT alone (p?=?0.036, p?=?0.036 and p?=?0.048).

Conclusions: Dose-effect relationships between thermal dose parameters and clinical outcomes were confirmed in the CC patients treated with a combination of CRT?+?HT. This study also confirmed that HT with lower CEM43T90 is insufficient to achieve a significant hyperthermic sensitisation to CRT.     

Regional hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancers: a multi-institutional prospective randomized trial of the International Atomic Energy Agency

Background An International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)-sponsored, multi-institutional prospective randomized trial was conducted to clarify whether the combination of hyperthermia and radiotherapy improves the local response rate of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared with that obtained by radiotherapy alone. Methods Between October 1998 and April 2002, 80 patients with locally advanced NSCLC were randomized to receive either standard radiation therapy alone (RT) or radiation therapy combined with hyperthermia (RT + HT). The primary endpoint was the local response rate. The secondary endpoints were local progression-free survival and overall survival. Results The median follow-up period was 204 days for all patients and 450 days for surviving patients. There were no significant differences between the two arms with regard to local response rate (P = 0.49) or overall survival rate (P = 0.868). However, local progression-free survival was significantly better in the RT+HT arm (P = 0.036). Toxicity was generally mild and no grade 3 late toxicity was observed in either arm. Conclusion Although improvement of local progression-free survival was observed in the RT+HT arm, this prospective randomized study failed to show any substantial benefit from the addition of hyperthermia to radiotherapy in the treatment of locally advanced NSCLC.     

Deep regional hyperthermia for the whole thoracic region using 8 MHz radiofrequency-capacitive heating device: Relationship between the radiofrequency-output power and the intra-oesophageal temperature and predictive factors for a good heating in 59 patients

Purpose: To assess the relationship between the radiofrequency (RF) output power and the intra-oesophageal temperature for hyperthermia of the whole thoracic region, and also to evaluate the patients’ characteristics associated with adequate heating.

Materials and methods: Fifty-nine patients with thoracic cancer treated with radiotherapy plus hyperthermia were retrospectively analysed. The 8-MHz RF capacitive heating device was applied, both the upper and lower electrodes were 300 mm in diameter, placed on opposite sides of the whole thoracic region. All the patients also underwent intra-oesophageal temperature measurements.

Results: All thermal parameters, T_min, T_max, T_ave, and %T ≥ 41°C, of the intra-oesophageal temperature highly correlated with the median RF output power (p < 0.0001), and the relations were independent in the multivariable analyses including clinical characteristics (p < 0.01). The performance status showed a statistically significant association on T_max, T_ave and %T ≥ 41°C (p < 0.05). The patient age and subcutaneous fat at some levels were inversely correlated with the thermal parameters (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: The RF output power was significantly correlated with the intra-oesophageal temperature; it could be used as a promising parameter to assess the efficacy of hyperthermia for the whole thoracic region. Higher intra-oesophageal temperature may be achieved in patients with good performance status, younger age and thinner subcutaneous fat.     

The usefulness of CEA and/or CA19-9 in monitoring for recurrence in gastric cancer patients: a prospective clinical study

Background. Many studies on postoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and/or carbohydrate antigen (CA)19-9 monitoring after operation for gastric cancer have been reported, but most have been retrospective. Methods. A nationwide observational study was implemented in 135 leading institutions in Japan to evaluate the significance of CEA and/or CA19-9 in postoperative monitoring for recurrence in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Three hundred and twenty-one patients examined in this analysis underwent radical gastrectomy at one of Japan's leading institutions between November 1993 and March 1996 and had been followed up for at least 5 years. Serum levels of CEA and CA19-9 were examined preoperatively and every 3 months postoperatively, with diagnostic imagings, such as chest X-ray, computed tomography (CT), and ultrasonography also being performed every 3 months. Results. Recurrence was observed in 120 patients (peritoneum, 48; liver 16; lymph node, 16; multiple sites, 25; and others, 12). Sensitivities of CEA and either CEA or CA19-9, or both, for recurrence were 65.8% and 85.0%, respectively, both of which values were significantly higher than the preoperative positivities (28.3% and 45.0%, respectively). In most patients with high preoperative levels CEA and/or CA19-9, these tumor markers increased again at recurrence. Recurrent diseases were detected between 5 months after detection by diagnostic imagings and 12 months before detection by diagnostic imagings (mean of 3.1 ± 3.6 months before detection by diagnostic imagings) and between 10 months after detection by diagnostic imagings and 13 months before detection by diagnostic imagings (mean of 2.2 ± 3.9 months before detection by diagnostic imagings) by CEA and CA19-9 monitorings, respectively. Conclusion. These results suggest that CEA and/or CA19-9 monitoring after operation was useful to predict the recurrence of gastric cancer, especially in almost all the patients with high preoperative levels of these markers.We reported this study at the poster session of the eighteenth meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology.     

Postoperative radiation as adjuvant treatment for carcinoma of the oral cavity, larynx, and pharynx: preliminary report of a prospective randomized trial

A prospective randomized trial was performed in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) of the oral cavity, larynx, and pharynx to examine the effect of adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy on locoregional recurrence and survival following "curative" resection. Fifty-one patients with stage III or IV SCC treated from 1981 through 1984 were randomized to receive either surgery alone (n = 27) or surgery with postoperative radiation (n = 24). Five patients were excluded from the study after randomization because of ineligibility or protocol violations. Overall recurrence rates of 55.6% and 36.8% were noted in the surgery and surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy arms, respectively (p = NS). This trend towards a higher recurrence rate in the surgery only arm was in part due to the development of lymph node metastases in the contralateral, nonoperated neck. Thus far, no significant differences in either locoregional or overall survival have been noted between the two treatment arms. In this preliminary analysis, adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy does not appear to improve disease-free or overall survival.     

Validation of a method for automatic image fusion (BrainLAB System) of CT data and 11C-methionine-PET data for stereotactic radiotherapy using a LINAC: first clinical experience

PURPOSE: (a) To implement a fully automatic method to integrate (11)C-methionine positron emission tomography (MET-PET) data into stereotactic radiation treatment planning using the commercially available BrainLAB System, by means of CT/MET-PET image fusion. (b) To validate the fully automatic CT/MET-PET image fusion technique with respect to accuracy and robustness. (c) To give a short glance at the clinical consequences for patients with brain tumors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In 12 patients with brain tumors (9 meningeomas, 3 gliomas), CT, MRI, and MET-PET were performed for stereotactic fractionated radiation treatment planning. The CT and MET-PET investigations were performed using a relocatable mask for head fixation. Fifteen external reference markers (5 on each lateral and 5 on the frontal localizer plate) that could be identified in CT and MET-PET were applied on the stereotactic localizer frame; the marker positions were exactly defined for both investigations. The MRI/CT fusion was done completely automatically. The CT/MET-PET fusion was performed using two different methods: The gold standard was the CT/PET fusion based on the reference markers, and the test method was the automatic, intensity-based CT/PET fusion, independent of the external markers. The markers visible on CT and transmission PET were matched using a point-to-line matching algorithm. To quantify the amount of misregistration, the two fusion methods were compared by calculating the mean value of deviation between corresponding points inside a cubic volume of interest of > or =512 cm(3) defined within the cranial cavity. The gross tumor volume (CT/MRI) outlined on CT and T1-MRI with contrast medium was compared with the gross tumor volume (PET) defined in the reoriented MET-PET data sets. The clinical impact of MET-PET in tumor volume definition for stereotactic radiotherapy will be discussed. RESULTS: The fully automatic integration of MET-PET into stereotactic radiation treatment planning was successfully realized in all patients investigated. Mean deviation of the intensity-based automatic CT/PET fusion compared with the external marker-based gold standard was 2.4 mm; the standard deviation was 0.5. The algorithm's robustness was evaluated, and the discrepancy of fusion results due to different initial image alignments was determined to be below 1 mm inside the test volume of interest. In patients with meningiomas and gliomas, MET-PET was shown to deliver additional information concerning tumor extension. CONCLUSION: The precision of the automatic CT/PET image fusion was high. A mean deviation of 2.4 mm is acceptable, considering that it is approximately equal to the pixel size of the PET data sets. MET-PET improves target volume definition for stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy of meningiomas and gliomas.     

Metabolomic analysis of prostate cancer risk in a prospective cohort: The alpha‐tocopherol,beta‐carotene cancer prevention (ATBC) study

Despite decades of concerted epidemiological research, relatively little is known about the etiology of prostate cancer. As genome‐wide association studies have identified numerous genetic variants, so metabolomic profiling of blood and other tissues represents an agnostic, “broad‐spectrum” approach for examining potential metabolic biomarkers of prostate cancer risk. To this end, we conducted a prospective analysis of prostate cancer within the Alpha‐Tocopherol, Beta‐Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort based on 200 cases (100 aggressive) and 200 controls (age‐ and blood collection date‐matched) with fasting serum collected up to 20 years prior to case diagnoses. Ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy identified 626 compounds detected in >95% of the men and the odds ratio per 1‐standard deviation increase in log‐metabolite levels and risk were estimated using conditional logistic regression. We observed strong inverse associations between energy and lipid metabolites and aggressive cancer (p = 0.018 and p = 0.041, respectively, for chemical class over‐representation). Inositol‐1‐phosphate showed the strongest association (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.39–0.81, p = 0.002) and glycerophospholipids and fatty acids were heavily represented; e.g., oleoyl‐linoleoyl‐glycerophosphoinositol (OR = 0.64, p = 0.004), 1‐stearoylglycerophosphoglycerol (OR=0.65, p = 0.025), stearate (OR=0.65, p = 0.010) and docosadienoate (OR = 0.66, p = 0.014). Both alpha‐ketoglutarate and citrate were associated with aggressive disease risk (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.51–0.94, p = 0.02; OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.50–0.95, p = 0.02), as were elevated thyroxine and trimethylamine oxide (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.08–2.54, p = 0.021; and OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.02–1.81, p = 0.039). Serum PSA adjustment did not alter the findings. Our data reveal several metabolomic leads that may have pathophysiological relevance to prostate carcinogenesis and should be examined through additional research.     

The impact of socioeconomic status (SES) on cognitive outcomes following radiotherapy for pediatric brain tumors: a prospective,longitudinal trial

BackgroundSocioeconomic status (SES) is a determinant of cognitive and academic functioning among healthy and ill children; however, few pediatric oncology studies examine SES and long-term cognitive functioning. The current study systematically investigated SES as a predictor of cognitive outcomes among children treated for localized brain tumors (BT) with photon radiation therapy (RT).Methods248 children treated on a prospective, longitudinal, phase II trial of conformal RT (54-59.4 Gy) for ependymoma, low-grade glioma, or craniopharyngioma were monitored serially with cognitive assessments (intelligence quotient [IQ], reading, math, attention, adaptive function) for 10 years (2209 observations, median age at RT = 6.6 years, 48% male, 80% Caucasian). SES was derived from the Barratt Simplified Measure of Social Status, which incorporates parental occupation, education, and marital status.ResultsOverall, SES scores fell in the low range (Barratt median = 37). At pre-RT baseline, linear mixed models revealed significant associations between SES and IQ, reading, math, attention, and adaptive function, with higher SES associated with better performance (P < .005). SES predicted change over time in IQ, reading, and math; higher SES was associated with less decline (P < .001). Accounting for sex and age at RT, SES remained predictive of IQ, reading, and math. Analysis of variance revealed a greater relative contribution of SES than sex or age at RT to reading and math.ConclusionsSES represents a novel predictor of cognitive performance before and after RT for pediatric BT. These findings have broad implications as high SES represents a protective factor. Developing interventions to mitigate the effects of low SES is warranted.     

The choice of a neoadjuvant chemotherapy cycle for breast cancer has significance in clinical practice: results from a population-based,real world study

Objective: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy(NAC) is currently used in both early stage and locally advanced breast cancers. The survival benefits of standard vs. non-standard NAC cycles are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between NAC cycles and survival based on real world data.Methods: We identified patients diagnosed with invasive primary breast cancers who underwent NAC followed by surgery. Patients who received at least 4 NAC cycles were defined as having received sta...     

Safety and effectiveness of apatinib in elderly patients with metastatic gastric cancer: a sub-analysis from the large-scale,prospective observational study of apatinib for gastric cancer treatment in a real-world clinical setting (AHEAD-G202)

BackgroundApatinib was shown to improve the survival of Chinese patients with refractory metastatic gastric cancer (mGC). As an orally administered drug, it has been widely used in elderly patients because the dosing schedule can be adjusted flexibly. However, data on the efficacy and safety of apatinib in elderly patients is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and effectiveness of apatinib for elderly patients with mGC in a real-world setting.MethodsData from the sub-population of patients who were ≥65 years enrolled in the AHEAD-G202 trial were analyzed. Patients with mGC were prospectively registered and initially received ≤850 mg oral apatinib daily combined or not combined with chemotherapy, at the investigator’s discretion. The primary endpoint was safety. The secondary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).ResultsA total of 117 patients were included. There were 51 (43.59%) patients in the low-dose (250 mg) group, 60 (51.28%) patients in the mid-dose (425 to 500 mg) group, and 6 (5.13%) patients in the high-dose (850 mg) group according to the initial daily doses. Hypertension (6.84%) was the only grade 3–4 adverse event (AE) with a prevalence of more than 5% and across the low-dose (11.76%), mid-dose (3.33%) and high-dose group (0%). The median OS and PFS were 7.13 months (95% CI: 5.04 to 9.22 months) and 4.27 months (95% CI: 3.24 to 5.29 months), respectively. The OS and PFS were similar among the 65–74 and ≥75 years groups (χ²=1.406, P=0.306; χ²=0.378, P=0.066, respectively). The OS and PFS were also comparable among the 3 dose groups.ConclusionsElderly patients with mGC can tolerate and benefit from apatinib therapy. A lower initial daily dosing strategy may be a suitable choice for elderly patients in clinical practice.     

Feasibility of a community-based cervical cancer screening with “test and treat” strategy using self-sample for an HPV test: Experience from rural Cameroon,Africa

To achieve higher coverage and effectiveness in limited-resource settings, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for cervical cancer prevention recommend a screen-and-treat strategy with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) testing. We piloted a real-word project to examine the feasibility of this approach in rural Cameroon. Nurses from the Women's Health Program (WHP) of the Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS) educated women in remote villages on cervical cancer prevention. At a follow-up visit, they explained to nonpregnant women aged 30–65 how to self-collect vaginal specimens for HPV testing with the careHPV assay. The cytobrush specimens were transported in coolers to a CBCHS laboratory for analysis. The nurses returned to villages to inform women of their results, examined HPV-positive women in the primary health centers (PHCs) using visual inspection with acetic acid and Lugol's iodine (VIA/VILI) enhanced by digital cervicography (DC) to guide treatment. Of the 1,270 eligible women screened (mean age: 44.7 years), 196 (15.4%) were HPV-positive, of whom 185 (94.4%) were examined, 16 (8.6%) were VIA/VILI-positive, 8 (4.3%) were VIA/VILI-inadequate, one (0.5%) was VIA/VILI-uncertain and 161 (87.0%) were treated with thermal ablation. One woman had LEEP, and another woman with invasive cancer was treated at a referral facility. The cytobrushes broke off in the vaginas of two women (removed in the village) and in the bladder of another (surgically removed). Community-based cervical cancer screening with self-collected specimens for HPV testing is feasible in rural Cameroon. Education on the proper sampling procedure and follow-up of women who are HPV-positive are essential.     

贝伐珠单抗联合含氟尿嘧啶类化疗方案治疗晚期转移性结直肠癌的前瞻性、非干预性、全国多中心临床研究（REACT）

背景和目的 在欧美国家,贝伐珠单抗联合化疗业已成为治疗晚期转移性结直肠癌（mCRC）的标准方案。在我国,贝伐珠单抗的注册临床研究亦显示贝伐珠单抗联合化疗可以提高mCRC客观缓解率和显著改善生存预后。但是,缺乏贝伐珠单抗联合化疗治疗国人mCRC的大样本资料,特别是安全性数据。为此,我们开展了上市后临床研究——REACT研究（REal world study of Avastin in ColorecTal cancer;注册号：NCT 01319877）,系统观察和评价真实世界（real world）中贝伐珠单抗联合氟尿嘧啶类药物为基础的化疗方案治疗国人mCRC的安全性和有效性。方法本研究为一项前瞻性、非干预性、全国多中心的上市后临床研究。根据预设的入排标准,纳入mCRC一线或二线治疗患者,采用贝伐珠单抗联合氟尿嘧啶类药物为基础的常规化疗方案进行治疗。主要终点指标是评估治疗的安全性,次要终点指标为评估总体缓解率（ORR）、无进展生存期（PFS）、总生存期（OS）、KRAS突变状态和贝伐珠单抗用药周期（＜8或≥8周期）对疗效以及生活质量（QoL）的影响。分别采用RECIST 1.1版和NCI-CTC AE 4.03版评价客观疗效和不良反应。结果自2011年3月至2013年12月,24家研究中心共纳入606例mCRC,中位年龄56.6岁（22～81岁）,ECOG PS 0～1占76.7％;其中,一线患者453例,二线患者153例。贝伐珠单抗中位用药周期为5.0个（3.0～8.0个）周期。安全性方面：有102例患者（16.8％）发生≥3级不良事件（AE）;66例（10.9％）发生≥3级可能与贝伐珠单抗有关的AE。特别关注的不良事件（AESI）为高血压（1.8％）、蛋白尿（0.8％）、胃肠穿孔（0.5％）、出血（3.3％）、动脉血栓栓塞（0.3％）、静脉血栓栓塞（1.0％）、肠瘘（0.8％）以及伤口愈合并发症（0.2％）。有效性方面：ORR为18.3％（95％CI：15.3％～21.6％）,一线患者和二线患者的ORR分别为21.0％（95％CI：17.3％～25.0％）和10.5％（95％CI：6.1％～16.4％）（P=0.0035）;中位无进展生存期（mPFS）为9.1个月（95％CI：8.1～9.8个月）;中位总生存期（mOS）为21.9个月（95％CI：17.1～25.7个月）。一线患者与二线患者的mPFS和mOS差异均无统计学意义（mPFS：P=0.6530;mOS：P=0.3695）。按治疗周期划分,应用贝伐珠单抗＜8周期患者的mPFS和mOS分别为7.8个月（95％CI：6.2～8.9个月）和17.6个月（95％CI：14.9～24.8个月）;用药≥8周期患者的mPFS和mOS分别为11.6个月（95％CI：10.9～14.4个月）和30.8个月（95％CI：21.3个月～未达）。用药≥8周期患者的生存获益明显优于＜8周期患者（mPFS：P=0.0001;mOS：P=0.001）。按KRAS突变状态划分,KRAS野生型和突变型患者的mPFS分别为9.8个月（95％CI：6.7～12.3个月）和8.6个月（95％CI：6.2～9.9个月）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.2784）。KRAS野生型和突变型患者的mOS分别为25.7个月（95％CI：16.9个月～未达）和14.3个月（95％CI：10.3～21.9个月）,差异无统计学意义（P=0.1015）。结论REACT研究结果表明,贝伐珠单抗联合氟尿嘧啶类药物为基础的化疗,用于一线或二线治疗国人mCRC患者的总体安全性良好,临床获益明显;贝伐珠单抗联合含氟尿嘧啶类药物化疗使用时间长（≥8周期）的患者比使用时间短（＜8周期）的患者,具有更佳生存获益。这与欧美国家和中国注册临床研究的情况类似,值得临床上进一步推广应用。