The effects of sugar-beet fibre supplementation for five weeks on zinc, iron and copper status in human subjects.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of fibre supplementation on zinc, iron and copper status in human subjects. Ten males (53 +/- 8 years of age) participated in this study which consisted of three phases: baseline-1 period (2 weeks) in which subjects were on their normal, habitual dietary intake, followed by a period of fibre supplementation (5 weeks) in which subjects were supplemented with 26 g dietary fibre/d, and baseline-2 period (4 weeks) in which fibre supplement was withdrawn. Parametric measurements of zinc, iron and copper status were conducted on weeks 1,2 (zero-time), 7 and 11. Results showed that fibre supplementation for 5 weeks did not cause any significant change in the status of zinc (measured by concentration of zinc in plasma and urine and alkaline phosphatase activity), iron (measured by packed cell volume (PCV%), HB, transferrin saturation % and ferritin), or copper (measured by plasma copper concentration and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity). We conclude that consumption of sugar-beet fibre added to the daily diet does not constitute any risk with respect to zinc, iron and copper nutriture.     

Immunodeficiency and lymphocyte ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity in the elderly: A comparison of the effect of a trace mineral supplement (1 USRDA) with high zinc (6.7 X USRDA)

The effect of administering a total mineral supplement (TMS) or 100 mg of elemental zinc alone on immune function was studies in 17 normal subjects, aged 66–85. Subjects were given either TMS containing 1 USRDA of zinc, copper, iron, and manganese or 100 mg of elemental zinc alone as zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄). Administration of either supplement led to a slight increase in peripheral blood lymphocytes and improved maturation of B-lymphocytes to antibody-producing cells in culture of peripherla blood mononuclear cells. Ecto-5′-nucleotidase, a zinc obligate enzyme of lymphocyte cell membranes, increased when TMS was administered daily but failed to increase when ZnSO₄ was administered. Serum zinc levels increased in all subjects receiving the ZnSO₄. Only those subjects with low initial serum zinc levels had higher serum zinc levels after 3 months on the TMS. These studies indicate that dietary supplementation with a TMS (1 USRDA) can improve certain in vitro parameters of immune competence in the aged, avoiding the deleterious effects possible with excessive intake.     

Hair analysis of trace minerals in human subjects as influenced by age, sex, and contraceptive drugs

Eleven male and 16 female residents of Tucson, Arizona volunteered blood and hair samples and dietary information. Hair and blood samples were analyzed for zinc, copper, magnesium, and iron. Dietary records were calculated for the same. Female subjects had a higher mean hair zinc level than male subjects, but serum zinc was not different for the two groups and mean dietary zinc intake was greater for males. The only difference observed with age was a decrease in hair zinc level over 50 years of age. The taking of oral contraceptives resulted in mean hair copper level numerically decreased while serum copper increased. Mean hair zinc increased with contraceptive use and serum zinc decreased. Mean dietary intakes of copper and zinc were not different between nonpregnant control women and women taking oral contraceptives. For human subjects, mineral concentration of hair, serum, and diet do not correlate well, emphasizing that influencing factors and must be considered in interpreting hair analysis results.     

A community-based randomized controlled trial of iron and zinc supplementation in Indonesian infants: interactions between iron and zinc

BACKGROUND: Combined supplementation with iron and zinc during infancy may be effective in preventing deficiencies of these micronutrients, but knowledge of their potential interactions when given together is insufficient. OBJECTIVE: The goal was to compare the effect in infants of combined supplementation with iron and zinc and of supplementation with single micronutrients on iron and zinc status. DESIGN: Indonesian infants (n = 680) were randomly assigned to daily supplementation with 10 mg Fe (Fe group), 10 mg Zn (Zn group), 10 mg Fe + 10 mg Zn (Fe+Zn group), or placebo from 6 to 12 mo of age. Venous blood samples were collected at the start and end of the study. Five hundred forty-nine infants completed the supplementation and had both baseline and follow-up blood samples available for analysis. RESULTS: Baseline prevalences of anemia, iron deficiency anemia (anemia and low serum ferritin), and low serum zinc (< 10.7 micromol/L) were 41%, 8%, and 78%, respectively. After supplementation, the Fe group had higher hemoglobin (119.4 compared with 115.3 g/L; P < 0.05) and serum ferritin (46.5 compared with 32.3 microg/L; P < 0.05) values than did the Fe+Zn group, indicating an effect of zinc on iron absorption. The Zn group had higher serum zinc (11.58 compared with 9.06 micromol/L; P < 0.05) than did the placebo group. There was a dose effect on serum ferritin in the Fe and Fe+Zn groups, but at different levels. There was a significant dose effect on serum zinc in the Zn group, whereas no dose effect was found in the Fe+Zn group beyond 7 mg Zn/d. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with iron and zinc was less efficacious than were single supplements in improving iron and zinc status, with evidence of an interaction between iron and zinc when the combined supplement was given.     

Effect of dietary aluminum on mineral metabolism of adult males

During a 40-day balance study, eight adult males were fed two levels of aluminum: 5 mg daily (control diet) and 125 mg daily (test diet). These two levels of dietary aluminum are representative of the upper and lower limits of aluminum that are present in the diets of Americans. Initially subjects excreted significantly more phosphorus in their feces when fed the test diet rather than the control diet. However, subjects excreted similar amounts of phosphorus in their feces when fed the test and control diets for more than 12 days. Subjects excreted significantly less fluoride in their urine and less, but not significantly less, phosphorus and cyclic AMP in their urine when fed the test diet rather than the control diet. The dietary aluminum levels had no overall effect on the retention of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, or copper by these subjects.     

Zinc deficiency occurring in females. Report of two cases.

The syndrome of dwarfism, hypogonadism, iron-deficiency anemia and geophagia, first reported in 1960 from Iran, was thought to be limited to males. In 1971-1972 two females with the same clinical features were observed over a 14-month period. The anemia responded rapidly to iron. Growth and sexual development occurred promptly when 120 mg of zinc sulfate was administered daily in conjunction with a well-balanced diet and iron supplement. This diet prior to the addition of zinc sulfate, resulted in gradual but much slower growth and sexual development. Observations in these two patients provide confirmation of the occurrence of human zinc deficiency in females, which responds to large doses of zinc salt.     

Physical training and copper, iron, and zinc status of swimmers

The influence of physical training on copper, iron, and zinc nutriture was studied before and at the end of a competitive season in 16 female and 13 male swimmers and in 13 female and 15 nontraining control subjects. Mean daily energy, protein, and carbohydrate intakes increased (p less than 0.05) in the swimmers. Estimated copper, iron, and zinc intakes increased (p less than 0.05) in the male swimmers. Hematocrit and hemoglobin did not change but ferritin increased (p less than 0.05) in male swimmers. Plasma copper, iron and zinc were within the ranges of normal values and did not change. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased (p less than 0.01) after training. The findings indicate that copper, iron, and zinc nutriture is not adversely affected by physical training when dietary intakes are adequate, and that increases in red blood cell SOD activity without an increase in dietary copper are a functional adaptation of copper metabolism to aerobic training.     

铁、铜对过量锌饲养小鸡生物效应的影响

本文对饲料中过量锌对小鸡铁,铜利用的影响以及补充适量铜或铁、铜的预防效果进行了研究。一日龄雄性小鸡喂基础饲料5天后按体重分成4组,用铁锌铜含量不同的实验饲料喂养28天,观察小鸡生长情况及血液生化指标。结果表明,高锌组小鸡生长不良,Hb下降13％,RBC,Hct,MCV均降低、FEP增加,呈现典型小细胞低色素贫血态,血液及肝肾中锌含量增加,铁和铜含量减少;红细胞超氧化物岐化酶和血浆铜兰蛋白活性下降。在含锌饲料中补充铜能改善小鸡的生长状况,体内铜水平及铜依赖酶活性,对改善贫血及体内铁水平的作用不明显。同时补铁则小鸡各项实验指标均得到明显改善。     

Effect of protein source on the bioavailability of zinc in human subjects

The purpose of this study was to compare the availability of zinc from a soyprotein versus animal protein based diet in human subjects. Five healthy male volunteers were given an animal protein diet (standard hospital diet) (APD), containing 12.26±0.7 mg zinc/day, for a period of 3 months followed by a soyprotein based diet (SPD), which contained 14.3±1.0 mg zinc/day for the following 3 months. Recommended dietary allowances for all other nutrients were met by supplementation. One week collection of urine and feces was done once at the third month on each dietary treatment and venous blood was drawn twice a month throughout the study period. Zinc was analyzed in urine, feces, red blood cells, plasma, and neutrophils. Results showed a significant difference in apparent zinc balance (p<.05) when subjects were fed SPD (?2.39±0.8 mg zinc/day) compared to APD (±3.25±1.6 mg zinc/day). There was no significant change in the zinc concentration of red blood cells and body weight of subjects throught the study. A significant depression in plasma (p<.05) and neutrophil (p<.01) zinc concentrations was observed at the end of 3 months when subjects consumed SPD compared to APD (plasma zinc 95.79±11.4 vs. 127.56±1.9 μg/100 ml and neutrophil zinc 93.56±11.6 vs. 135.33±3.5 μg/10¹⁰ cells). At the end of 4 weeks on the soyprotein diet, the neutrophil zinc concentrations dropped significantly, whereas plasma zinc level showed no significant change from the base level. Our data indicate that if soyprotein is the major source of protein, then up to 15 mg of dietary zinc may not be sufficient to meet the daily zinc requirement for adult human subjects. Furthermore, we conclude that neutrophil zinc could be used as a sensitive criterion for diagnosing marginal zinc deficiency in humans.     

Decline in somatomedin-C (insulin-like growth factor-1) with experimentally induced zinc deficiency in human subjects

Six healthy volunteers (5 males and 1 female) participated in this study which was designed so that each subject served as his/her own control. During a 4-week stabilisation period subjects consumed a zinc-deficient diet (1.28 mg Zn/day) and zinc supplement (Zn-acetate in capsules) so that their daily intake of zinc was equivalent to their daily habitual intake prior to study period. The stabilisation period was followed by a 12-week zinc-depletion period where subjects consumed the zinc-deficient diet with no zinc supplement. Levels of energy, protein and all other nutrients were kept constant throughout the study period and matched their intake prior to the initiation of the study. Body weight and parametric measurements of zinc status indicated that zinc deficiency has been produced in these subjects. Plasma somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) dropped significantly (p < 0.05) at the first month of zinc-depletion and continued to decline throughout the second and third month (p < 0.001). The pattern of decline in plasma IGF-1 was comparable to the decline in body weight and plasma zinc concentration. The present study suggests that IGF-1 is zinc-dependent and could be used as a valid parameter for diagnosing zinc-deficiency. I suggest that the present finding should be considered in the interpretation of studies dealing with growth retardation associated with zinc deficiency in humans.     

铁对肥胖大鼠解偶联蛋白(UCP2和UCP3)基因表达的影响

为了探讨铁对肥胖大鼠白色脂肪组织中UCP2及骨骼肌中UCP3基因表达的影响 ,应用RT PCR方法测定UCP2、UCP3mRNA表达水平。结果表明 :(1)适量补铁可改善机体甲状腺激素水平 ;(2 ) 5、10、2 0倍铁的高能饲料组肥胖大鼠的脂体比正常铁高能饲料组显著下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ;(3)缺铁使肥胖大鼠UCP2、UC P3mRNA表达水平明显降低 ;(4)补铁可使肥胖大鼠骨骼肌中UCP3mRNA表达水平增强 ,以 5倍 [(2 5 5 1mg (kg·d·BW) ]剂量铁组的UCP3mRNA表达水平最强 ,约是基础饲料组大鼠的 2倍 ;而对高能饲料诱导的白色脂肪组织中的UCP2基因表达增强无影响。结论认为适量补铁能改善机体甲状腺激素水平 ,促进肥胖大鼠骨骼肌中UCP3mRNA表达 ,但不能增加高能诱导的白色脂肪组织中UCP2基因表达     

Effect of ferrous fumarate on the iron status and physical work capacity of women

The effect of iron supplementation (ferrous fumarate) on the iron status and physical work capacity was studied in anaemic middle class Maharastrian women. It was observed that 60% of the subjects were suffering from mild to moderate iron deficiency anaemia. The serum iron, ferritin, TIBC and transferrin saturation levels in the anaemic subjects were not only significantly lower than the levels observed in the non anaemics, but also lower than the normal values. Although the calorie and nutrient intake of the two groups was observed to be similar, it was significantly lower than the RDA suggesting no association between the diet intake and blood parameters observed. The non-anaemics had significantly better scores on the Harvard step test (used to assess the physical work capacity) in comparison to the anaemic subjects. After iron supplementation not only was a significant increase in the haematological and biochemical parameters noted (Hb + 5g/dl, serum ferritin + 35.6 ng/ml, transferrin saturation + 16%, serum iron + 45.4 mcg/dl), but also the anaemics physical work performance showed significant improvement. The above values (after supplementation) were also found to be significantly higher than the non anaemic values.     

四种方法补充富马酸亚铁改善大鼠铁营养状况比较

目的通过动物实验,比较4种不同方式补充富马酸铁对大鼠铁营养状况的影响。方法刚断乳的雌性Wistar大鼠,用铁缺乏饲料(<10mg铁/kg饲料)喂养至血红蛋白低于100g/L。选择50只大鼠,按血红蛋白含量和体重随机分为铁缺乏对照组(ID)、每日小剂量补铁组(LDs)、每周1次小剂量补铁组(LWs)、每日大剂量补铁组(HDs)、每周1次大剂量补铁组(HWs),每组10只大鼠。补充期为12周。实验结束时,取大鼠的腹主动脉血,测定血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞游离原卟啉(FEP)、血清铁蛋白(SF)、血清铁(SI)、总铁结合力(TIBC)、运铁蛋白饱和度(TS)等。结果补充4周后,HDs或HWs补充组Hb含量升高速度显著高于LDs、LWs补充组。补充8周后,4种补充方式之间Hb、FEP含量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但补充12周后,HDs补充组大鼠的SI、TS、SF含量显著高于HWs、LDs、LWs补充组,HDs补充组的TS接近60%。结论间歇性补铁,短期效果不如每日补铁,但延长补充时间,其改善机体铁营养状况的效果与每日补铁基本相同。     

每日或间歇性大剂量补充硫酸亚铁对大鼠铁营养状况和抗氧化功能的影响

目的:比较不同方式补充硫酸亚铁对大鼠铁营养状况和抗氧化功能的影响。方法:刚断乳的雌性Wistar大鼠,用铁缺乏饲料喂养至血红蛋白(Hb)低于100g/L。按Hb含量和体重随机分为五组,分别为铁缺乏对照组(ID)、每日小剂量补铁组(LDs)、每周一次小剂量补铁组(LWs)、每日大剂量补铁组(HDs)、每周一次大剂量补铁组(HWs),每组10只大鼠。补充期12w。实验结束时,测定大鼠血清铁(SI)、血清铁蛋白(SF)及血清和肝组织匀浆丙二醛(MDA)等含量。结果:各补充组大鼠SI、SF、运铁蛋白饱和度(TS)、肝脏及脾脏铁含量均显著高于对照组,而总铁结合力(TIBC)则显著低于对照组。HDs组和HWs组大鼠SI、TS、SF显著高于LDs、LWs,TIBC显著低于LDs和LWs组(P<0.05)。HDs或HWs组血清和肝脏MDA含量显著高于对照组,LWs组血清MDA含量显著高于对照组,LDs组肝脏MDA含量也显著高于对照组(P<0.05),HDs和HWs组血清和肝脏MDA含量均显著高于LDs、LWs组。结论:每日大剂量补充或每周一次大剂量补充硫酸亚铁3个月,有导致铁过量以及机体脂质过氧化增强的危险。     

Behavioral and hematologic consequences of marginal iron-zinc nutrition in adolescent monkeys and the effect of a powdered beef supplement

BACKGROUND: The adolescent growth spurt and menarche increase iron and zinc needs and could precipitate functional deficiencies if dietary sources are inadequate. OBJECTIVE: The effects of mild, combined zinc and iron deprivation during the growth spurt and the ability of meat as a common dietary source of zinc and iron to reverse these effects was studied. DESIGN: Pubertal female rhesus monkeys were fed control diets (n = 8) or diets marginally deficient in zinc (2 microg/g diet; n = 8) and iron (10 microg/g diet; n = 8) for 3 mo. A powdered beef supplement (104 microg Zn/g and 43 microg Fe/g, 11 +/- 2 g/d) was then fed daily to half of the deprived group for 3 additional months. RESULTS: Growth and hematology were not affected significantly by iron-zinc deprivation, but plasma zinc and iron were somewhat lower in the deprived group than in the control group after 3 mo. The deprived monkeys reduced their participation in behavioral testing, responded more slowly and less frequently to test stimuli, and were less active. The beef supplement increased participation in testing and stabilized activity levels, but response times remained depressed. Plasma ferritin was lower in the nonsupplemented deprived monkeys than in the controls by the end of the experiment. Four of 8 of the deprived monkeys had iron deficiency anemia compared with none of the controls and 1 of 8 who received the beef supplement. CONCLUSIONS: Marginal zinc and iron deprivation in early adolescence can lead to behavioral and hematologic dysfunction in nonhuman primates and dietary beef supplements can prevent and reverse some of these effects.     

不同方式补充铁对学龄前儿童生长发育和铁营养状况的影响

目的　观察每日补充铁与间歇性补充铁对学龄前儿童生长发育和铁营养状况的影响。方法　选择日托幼儿园 3～ 6岁儿童 35 3名 ,按整群随机的原则按班分为 3组 ,分别为每日补充组 ( 1周 5次 ,周一至周五 ) ,每周补充一次组 ,安慰剂对照组。补充期为 14周。结果　每日补充组和每周补充一次组儿童的血红蛋白和血清铁蛋白含量均显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ,其中每周补充一次组儿童血红蛋白显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,红细胞游离原卟啉含量显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。干预结束后 ,两个补充组儿童的铁缺乏率显著低于对照组 ;每日补充组儿童的体重增长 ( 0 74± 0 5 5 )kg ,显著高于对照组的 ( 0 5 6± 0 5 7)kg。结论　补充多种微量营养素可以改善儿童的生长发育状况。对于铁缺乏较轻的儿童 ,可采用间歇性补充铁替代每日补充铁来改善铁营养状况     

Nutritional status in anorexia nervosa: clinical chemistry, vitamins, iron and zinc

Routine clinical chemical variables and parameters of the vitamin, iron and zinc status were measured in 20 female patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and in 10 lean and 10 normal weight, healthy, female control subjects. Patients with AN had higher activities of L-gamma-glutamyl transferase (gamma-GT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and a higher concentration of prealbumin in serum and lower leucocyte and lymphocyte counts in blood. For the other routine clinical chemical parameters no significant differences between the groups were observed. AN patients had higher serum vitamin B12 and retinol levels. No significant differences were found for the status parameters of thiamin, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folate, vitamin E and vitamin D. Contradictory results were obtained for the riboflavin status: AN patients had a lower level of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in blood and a lower stimulation ratio of the glutathione reductase activity in erythrocytes (alpha-EGR). Patients with AN had higher serum ferritin concentration and lower total iron binding capacity (TIBC). However, haemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Ht) and iron saturation were not significantly different. No significant difference was found in the concentration of zinc in plasma. In spite of the poor intake of nutrients and energy, the results obtained did not indicate an inadequate status of vitamins, iron and zinc in patients with AN.     

口服补钙对铁、锌代谢影响的临床研究

观察口服补钙对铁、锌代谢的影响.方法给以相同饮的幼儿园儿童口服补钙每日130mg,连续2个月.观察其血常规、血清铁、锌的变化.结果实验组与对照组相比,补钙儿童血清铁降低;红细胞休积分布宽度增加;血红蛋白、红细胞平均血红蛋白及血清锌无明显变化.结论口服补钙可能影响饮食铁的吸收,致循环铁减少,并影响红细胞生成缺铁;而常规剂量补钙2个月对锌代谢无明显影响.     

Iron supplementation does not affect the susceptibility of LDL to oxidative modification in women with low iron status

Elevated iron stores may or may not promote atherogenesis by increasing free radical formation and oxidative stress, but controlled diet and supplement trials are lacking. We tested the hypothesis that iron supplementation does not increase the susceptibility of LDL to undergo oxidative modification in women with low iron status. A randomized, double-blind, 2-period crossover study design (n=26) was used to examine the effects of the following diets on measures of LDL oxidation: average American diet (AAD) [36% of energy as fat; 15% saturated fatty acids (SFA)], and a Step 2 diet (26% fat; 7% SFA). In addition, subjects received either a supplement containing 160 mg of ferrous sulfate (50 mg elemental iron) or a placebo twice daily [supplement group received a total of 320 mg ferrous sulfate (100 mg elemental iron) daily]. After supplementation, serum ferritin differed between the supplement and placebo groups (P=0.008). Measures of LDL oxidation were not affected by supplement intake; however, they were affected by diet. Lag time was shorter after the women consumed the AAD diet than after the Step 2 diet (P<0.0001). The diets did not affect the rate of oxidation or total dienes. Although iron status was improved by aggressive iron supplementation, LDL oxidative susceptibility was not affected. As expected, lag time was increased after the women consumed the low fat, low SFA diet. Therefore, the results of this study do not support a relationship between iron status and LDL oxidation.     

Effects of one year of supplementation with zinc and other micronutrients on cellular immunity in the elderly

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a year of Zn supplementation on Zn concentrations in circulating cells and on cellular immune functions in the elderly. Subjects, aged 60-89, were given a placebo, 15 mg Zn, or 100 mg Zn daily for 12 months. All subjects also received a multivitamin/mineral supplement that contained no additional Zn. Blood samples were drawn and immune functions assessed prior to and at 3, 6, 12, and 16 months after beginning Zn supplementation. Subject diets were also assessed at each visit. Dietary folate, pyridoxine, alpha-tocopherol, copper, zinc, and magnesium were consistently below recommended intakes. Although plasma Zn increased significantly in the 100 mg Zn treatment group, concentrations of Zn in erythrocytes, mononuclear cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and platelets were not significantly increased by zinc supplementation. Natural killer cell activity was transiently enhanced by the 100 mg/day dose of Zn. There was a progressive improvement in delayed dermal hypersensitivity (DDH) and in lymphocyte proliferative responses to two mitogens; this may have been due to one or more components of the multivitamin/mineral supplement administered to all study subjects. The enhancement of DDH was significantly greater in the placebo group than in either zinc treatment group. Thus, zinc had a beneficial effect on one measure of cellular immune function while simultaneously having an adverse effect on another measure of cellular immunity.