能谱CT成像评价末端回肠炎

目的 观察末端回肠炎宝石能谱CT成像（GSI）表现，并与常规CT小肠造影（CTE）比较，分析其对末端回肠炎的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析120例疑诊末端回肠疾病患者，结肠镜及病理检查显示72例末端回肠炎，6例回盲部息肉或肿瘤样病变，30例回肠克罗恩病及7例回肠肠结核，5例未见明显异常。其中70例接受常规CTE，50例接受GSI，比较其影像学表现。分析2种方法检出末端回肠炎的结果与病理结果的一致性，比较其敏感度和特异度，绘制ROC曲线，并分析其诊断效能。结果 相比常规CTE，GSI低keV单能量图像显示病灶较清晰，相应能谱曲线及碘基图能清晰区分病变肠壁、正常肠壁、肠腔液体及邻近脂肪组织；动、静脉期末端回肠炎病变肠壁碘浓度分别为（10.90±0.55）及（14.33±0.75）μg/cm³。常规CTE及GSI检测末端回肠炎与病理结果的一致性分别为差及较高（Kappa=0.35、0.72，P=0.16、<0.01）；GSI检出末端回肠炎的敏感度、特异度（86.21%、85.71%）均高于常规CTE（65.12%、51.85%，χ²=3.97、6.10，P均<0.05）。GSI检出末端回肠炎的AUC（0.86）高于常规CTE（0.57，Z=2.42，P=0.02）。结论 GSI能清晰显示末端回肠炎病灶，对末端回肠炎有较高诊断效能。     

系统性红斑狼疮累及消化道CT表现

目的 观察系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）累及消化道的CT表现。方法 回顾性分析17例经临床确诊为SLE累及消化道患者，均接受CT平扫，其中15例接受增强扫描，记录病变累及消化道的具体部位、肠壁厚度、CT征象及伴随表现。结果 SLE累及胃8例，十二指肠2例，空肠9例，回肠9例，升结肠9例，横结肠1例，降结肠6例，乙状结肠8例，直肠8例。15例CT表现为肠壁肿胀增厚，12例可见"同心圆征"，11例见"靶征"，肠腔扩张伴积气、积液13例，其中4例肠道假性梗阻；肠系膜"梳征"或"栅栏样"改变11例，肠系膜脂肪间隙模糊9例。伴随征象包括腹腔及盆腔积液15例，胸腔积液12例，心包积液3例，肠系膜上动脉栓塞1例，脾大3例，5例存在泌尿系病变（输尿管炎性狭窄、膀胱壁增厚、双肾或输尿管积水等），肠脂垂炎3例。结论 SLE累及消化道典型CT表现为消化道壁及肠系膜异常。     

8例肺黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤18F-FDG PET/CT显像并文献复习

目的 探讨肺黏膜相关淋巴组织（MALT）淋巴瘤¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像特点及据此进行临床分期和疗效评估的可能性。方法 回顾性分析8例经病理证实的肺MALT淋巴瘤的¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT资料,采用Ann Arbor分期标准进行分期,根据恶性淋巴瘤PET/CT疗效评价修订标准评价疗效。结果 治疗前7例PET/CT均发现¹⁸F-FDG摄取,灵敏度为100%（7/7）,中位最大标准摄取值（SUV_max）为5.29（3.63~14.39）。3例治疗前根据PET/CT结果而上调分期,其中2例发现胸膜浸润而上调至Ⅳ期,1例发现肝脏浸润而上调至Ⅳ期。6例治疗后接受PET/CT复查,3例完全缓解,2例部分缓解,1例疾病进展。结论 肺MALT淋巴瘤PET/CT显像存在¹⁸F-FDG摄取。¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT可作为肺MALT淋巴瘤分期和疗效评价的重要手段。     

结肠憩室炎CT分级及其对临床治疗方案的预测

目的 探讨结肠憩室炎CT分级及其对临床治疗方案的预测意义。方法 回顾性分析41例已确诊为结憩室炎的患者的CT资料并对其进行CT影像学分级,1~3级预测为可行保守治疗,4~5级预测为需行手术治疗,并与临床实际治疗方案进行对照。结果 结肠憩室炎CT主要表现为突出于肠壁的小囊袋状突起,憩室壁及邻近肠壁水肿增厚（40/41,97.56%）、周围脂肪结构紊乱及邻近腹膜增厚（39/41,97.12%）。41例憩室炎患者术前CT分级预测治疗方案的准确率为85.37%（36/41）。结论 结肠憩室炎的CT表现有一定的特征性,CT分级有助于临床制定治疗方案。     

脊柱多发郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增多症的CT、MRI征象分析

目的 探讨脊柱多发郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增多症（LCH）的CT、MRI征象。方法 回顾性分析13例经病理证实的脊柱多发LCH患者的影像学检查资料,13例均接受CT检查（1例增强扫描）,其中12例接受MR检查（6例增强扫描）。结果 13例中,单中心病变8例,多中心病变5例。共34个病变脊椎,其中核心病变脊椎19个,邻近侵犯脊椎15个。18个（18/19,94.74%）核心病变脊椎存在不同形态、程度的压缩骨折。13例患者共34个病变脊椎CT均表现为溶骨性骨质破坏;19个核心病变脊椎中,18个（18/19,94.74%）骨皮质不完整、可见椎旁软组织肿块。MRI显示12例患者共33个病变脊椎,包括核心病变脊椎18个,邻近侵犯脊椎15个,T1WI均呈等、稍低或低信号,T2WI呈稍高或高信号,脂肪抑制序列呈高信号;17个（17/18,94.44%）核心病变脊椎有椎旁软组织肿块。结论 脊柱多发LCH的CT、MRI表现具有一定特征性,加深对本病影像表现的认识可提高诊断和鉴别水平,但确诊需依靠病理检查。     

原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤影像学表现及其病理相关性

目的 探讨原发性肾上腺淋巴瘤（PAL）的CT、MRI表现及其与病理学的相关性。方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的13例PAL的CT、MRI表现,均为弥漫大B细胞型非霍奇金淋巴瘤,其中3例经手术证实,10例经穿刺活检证实;其中8例乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）升高。11例（18个病灶）接受CT检查,6例（11个病灶）接受MR检查,4例同时接受CT和MR检查。结果 9例为双侧病灶,4例单侧病灶,共22个病灶。病灶最大径为2.60~13.40 cm,16个病灶呈类圆形、椭圆形,2个呈不规则形,4个基本保持肾上腺形状。18个病灶CT平扫呈软组织密度影,9个病灶MR T1WI呈低信号、T2WI呈稍高信号。CT或MR增强扫描中,病灶均呈轻中度渐进性均匀或不均强化,其中4个在MR增强静脉期或延迟期出现网格状强化。结论 PAL影像学表现具有一定特征性,结合LDH检查可提高术前正确诊断率。     

18F-FDG PET/CT观察原发性睾丸弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤

目的 观察原发性睾丸弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（PT-DLBCL）的¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT表现及其诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析5例经病理确诊的PT-DLBCL患者的术前及化学治疗前¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT资料,观察其原发灶、淋巴结及结外病灶表现,并分析¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT的诊断价值。结果 5例PT-DLBCL中,¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT示3例双侧睾丸病变、2例右侧睾丸病变;其原发灶最大标准摄取值（SUV_max）为13.90~26.80,中位SUV_max为16.00。5例中,4例伴淋巴结内病变,见于腹膜后4例、盆腔3例、腹股沟及颈部各1例,其SUV_max 4.40~24.70,中位SUV_max为14.40;3例伴睾丸外结外病变,累及右侧臀部皮下组织、右上腹部皮肤及口咽各1例,病灶SUV_max分别为4.30、5.20及40.90。5例患者均接受全身化学治疗,1例完全缓解（CR）,3例部分缓解（PR）,1例疾病进展（PD）。结论 ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT可见PT-DLBCL病灶摄取增高,对于诊断其睾丸原发灶、淋巴结病变及结外病变均具一定价值。     

18F-FDG PET/CT诊断继发性噬血细胞综合征原发病因

目的 探讨¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT诊断继发性噬血细胞综合征原发病因的价值。方法 回顾性分析19例继发性噬血细胞综合征患者的¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT资料,将诊断结果与临床诊断结果进行对比;采用¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT监测3例淋巴瘤相关噬血细胞综合征疾病进展。结果 13例¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT提示为恶性淋巴瘤,表现为多发淋巴结、脾脏或骨髓高代谢灶,其中9例确诊为非霍奇金淋巴瘤,4例诊断不明;6例¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT未提示恶性肿瘤,其中2例确诊为系统性红斑狼疮、1例确诊为EB病毒感染、1例确诊为溃疡性结肠炎、1例确诊为成人斯蒂尔病,1例病因不明。3例淋巴瘤相关噬血细胞综合征患者病情改善时¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT示原高代谢灶消失,疾病复发时出现新的高代谢病灶。结论 ¹⁸F-FDGPET/CT对于早期诊断继发性噬血细胞综合征的病因、尤其是鉴别疾病良恶性具有重要价值,亦可监测原发病进展情况。     

儿童肾上腺皮质癌临床及影像学表现

目的 观察儿童肾上腺皮质癌（ACC）临床及影像学表现。方法 回顾性分析13例经病理确诊的ACC患儿，其中11例术前接受肾上腺CT检查，4例术前接受肾上腺MRI，观察其临床特点及影像学表现。结果 ACC患儿中女性多见（10/13，76.92%），临床症状包括明显男性化（9/13，69.23%）、库欣综合征（4/13，30.77%）、阴蒂肥大（3/13，23.08%）、阴毛早现（3/13，23.08%）及腹痛腹部包块（2/13，15.38%）等，多伴血清雄激素升高（10/13，76.92%）。CT显示肾上腺区较大肿物，最大径常>6 cm（7/13，53.85%），呈分叶状（8/13，61.54%），5例（5/11，45.45%）平扫密度不均匀，内见钙化灶；增强后均呈不均匀明显强化（11/11，100%），8例（8/11，72.73%）可见"网络状"改变，并可累及周围组织（2/11，18.18%），局部形成肾静脉或下腔静脉癌栓。MR T2WI中，3例病灶呈稍高信号，1例呈等信号；T1WI 3例呈稍低信号，1例呈等信号；增强后4例病灶均不均匀强化。结论 儿童ACC影像学表现具有一定特征性，结合临床有助于诊断。     

治疗前18F-FDG PET/CT最大标准摄取值评估鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤的预后

目的 探讨¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT最大标准摄取值(SUV_max)评估治疗前鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤患者预后的价值。方法 31例确诊的鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤患者均于治疗前接受¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT检查,患者预后单因素分析采用Kaplan-Meier法,采用Cox模型进行多因素分析。结果 31例鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤患者治疗前¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT显像中位SUV_max为12.7(4.4~25.7)。单因素分析结果显示,B症状、KPI、治疗模式、SUV_max与鼻腔NK/T 细胞淋巴瘤患者的预后相关(P均<0.05);多因素分析显示仅有SUV_max是影响患者预后的独立危险因素(P=0.018)。结论 鼻腔NK/T细胞淋巴瘤患者治疗前¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT的SUV_max能够预测患者的预后。     

儿童遗传性心律失常的诊治进展

回顾在遗传性心律失常领域最新发表的相关研究,主要关注与儿童心源性猝死关系密切的离子通道病,包括长QT综合征（LQTS）、短QT综合征（SQTS）、Brugada综合征（BrS）和儿茶酚胺敏感性多形性室性心动过速（CPVT）,总结它们在发病机制及诊治方面的进展。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

Recalcitrant giant orf recurrence after amputation: A case report and review of the literature

Orf is caused by a parapoxvirus. We present a recurrent, giant digital orf case in a female patient with a history of hairy cell leukemia. In spite of shave excision, the lesion progressed and recurred after digital amputation. Treatment with topical imiquimod cream and systemic subcutaneous interferon alfa‐2a was successful.