MRI诊断肩峰下撞击综合征

目的 分析MRI征象Ⅲ型肩峰、肱肩间隙狭窄和肩袖撕裂对肩峰下撞击综合征（SAIS）的诊断价值。方法 对 92例肩关节MRI疑诊SAIS患者,以关节镜结果为诊断金标准,比较Ⅲ型肩峰、肱肩间隙狭窄和肩袖撕裂单一征象或联合征象诊断SAIS的效能。结果 Ⅲ型肩峰、肩峰下间隙变窄、肩袖撕裂和联合征象诊断SAIS的敏感度分别为51.06%（24/47）、72.34%（34/47）、80.85%（38/47）和85.11%（40/47）,单一肩袖撕裂诊断敏感度与联合征象比较差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.17,P=0.68）,特异度（64.44%,29/45）低于联合征象（84.44%,38/45）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.11,P=0.008）。结论 MRI可显示SAIS肩袖损伤、肩峰形态和最短肱肩间隙狭窄,根据以上三种征象联合诊断SAIS的效能较高。     

肩峰下撞击综合征超声引导下介入治疗后复发危险因素

目的 探讨肩峰下撞击综合征（SIS）2型超声介入治疗后复发的危险因素。方法 回顾分析71例临床诊断SIS 2型,根据治疗方案分为单纯注射组（超声引导下肩峰下滑囊注射,n=16）及联合治疗组（超声引导下肩袖肌腱松解术+肩峰下滑囊注射,n=55）,采用Logistic多因素回归分析影响治疗后复发的因素。结果 联合治疗组治疗后1、3、6个月复发率明显低于单纯注射组（P均<0.001）。多因素回归分析显示,年龄、性别、SIS 2型病程均与复发无关,而治疗方法是治疗后复发的独立危险因素。结论 采用超声引导下肩袖肌腱松解术+肩峰下滑囊注射治疗SIS 2型患者可降低治疗后复发风险。     

三维经食管超声心动图与其他影像技术指导左心耳封堵术的对比

目的 探讨三维经食管超声心动图（3D-TEE）和2D-TEE、CTA和术中X线造影在左心耳（LAA）形态、大小评估及指导封堵器型号选择方面的价值。方法 对43例拟行LAA封堵术的心房颤动患者行TEE,清晰显示LAA并于0°、45°、90°和135°分别测量其开口最大径和最大深度值;于LAA显示最清晰切面启动3D-ROOM模式测量开口最大径、最小径,并将其与2D-TEE、CTA和X线造影的检查结果进行对比。结果 3D-TEE测量LAA开口最大径与2D-TEE、术中X线造影测值差异无统计学意义（P均>0.05）,CTA测量LAA开口最大径明显大于3D-TEE、2D-TEE和X线造影测值（P<0.01）;2D-TEE于90°和135°测量LAA最大深度值与CTA测值差异有统计学意义（P均<0.05）,与术中X线造影比较,仅在135°时差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）。3D-TEE测量LAA开口最大径与2D-TEE各角度、CTA和X线造影测值呈明显正相关（r=0.70~0.77、0.57、0.58,P均<0.01）;2D-TEE各角度测量LAA开口最大径与CTA、X线造影测值均存在相关性（r=0.57~0.71,0.45~0.51;P均<0.01）;3D-TEE、2D-TEE、CTA及X线造影LAA开口最大径与封堵器大小均呈明显正相关且（r=0.93、0.70~0.77、0.57、0.47,P均<0.01）。结论 3D-TEE与2D-TEE、CTA和X线造影相比,3D-TEE对于封堵器大小的选择更具指导性。     

基于经食管三维超声的3D打印模型评价左心耳解剖

目的 探讨经食管三维超声心动图（3D-TEE）作为左心耳（LAA）三维（3D）打印数据源的可行性及超声3D打印模型的准确性,并评价3D打印模型对特殊解剖形态LAA封堵手术的指导价值。方法 回顾性分析18例因心房颤动接受LAA封堵术的患者资料,包括LAA的3D-TEE和CT容积图像数据。对3D-TEE数据进行后处理,并使用弹性材料制作LAA的3D打印模型。采用3D打印模型评价LAA解剖分型与分叶分型,测量LAA开口的最大径、最小径及深度,并与3D-TEE及CT容积图像结果进行对比。在封堵困难的特殊形态LAA模型上进行封堵器释放试验。结果 对18例患者均成功进行超声数据后处理并获取LAA 3D打印模型。应用3D打印模型与CT容积图像对LAA进行解剖分型及分叶分型的一致性均较高,Kappa值分别为0.92和0.83。且3D打印模型对LAA开口最大径、最小径及深度的测量值与3D-TEE测量值差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。18例中2例为特殊形态LAA,均通过3D打印模型进行封堵伞释放模拟出术中封堵过程。结论 基于3D-TEE的LAA 3D打印技术具有较高的可行性及准确性,有助于指导特殊形态LAA的个性化封堵。     

常规MRI表现及表观弥散系数直方图分析鉴别Ⅰ型与Ⅱ型上皮性卵巢癌

目的 观察常规MRI表现及表观弥散系数（ADC）直方图分析鉴别Ⅰ、Ⅱ上皮性卵巢癌（EOC）的价值。方法 回顾性分析44例经病理证实EOC患者,比较Ⅰ、Ⅱ型EOC常规MRI定性指标及ADC直方图定量指标的差异;绘制差异有统计学意义指标的鉴别Ⅰ、Ⅱ型EOC的受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,比较曲线下面积（AUC）的差异。结果 44例EOC中,20例Ⅰ型及24例Ⅱ型,其形态及内部成分差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。Ⅰ型EOC的ADC直方图定量值均高于Ⅱ型（P均<0.01）。常规MRI指标及ADC直方图指标鉴别Ⅰ、Ⅱ型EOC的AUC为0.65~0.97,其中第50百分位数（ADC_50th）及第90百分位数（ADC_90th）的AUC最高,均为0.97;病灶形态与成分的AUC差异无统计学意义（Z=0.54,P>0.05）;病灶形态与ADC最大值（ADC_max）的AUC差异无统计学意义（Z=1.39,P>0.05）,肿瘤成分AUC与ADC_max、ADC_99th差异均无统计学意义（Z=0.89、1.60,P均>0.05）,二者AUC均小于其余ADC直方图定量参数（P均<0.05）;定性指标的联合AUC小于平均ADC值（ADC_mean）及第10百分位数（ADC_10th）、ADC_50th及ADC_90th（Z=2.71、2.37、2.74、2.87,P均<0.05）。结论 ADC直方图分析有助于直观显示EOC内部特性,其定量参数鉴别诊断I、Ⅱ型EOC的效能优于常规MRI。     

MRI评估早期宫颈癌间质浸润深度

目的 探讨MRI测量早期宫颈癌间质浸润深度的准确性。方法 回顾性分析66例早期宫颈癌患者术前MRI资料，包括T2WI、DCE-MRI和DWI等，测量宫颈间质浸润最大深度，据此将肿瘤分为浸润型（包括深层浸润、双向浸润）和腔内生长型。分析MRI测量值与病理结果的一致性，比较3种MR序列图像测量宫颈间质浸润最大深度与病理结果的差异。结果 66例宫颈癌中，浸润型48例，其中31例深层浸润、17例双向浸润型，腔内生长型18例。T2WI、DCE-MRI和DWI测量宫颈间质浸润最大深度与病理结果的一致性均为中等（ICC=0.66、0.57和0.60，P均<0.05），3种图像之间测量值与病理结果差值的差异均无统计学意义（F=5.95，P均>0.05）。MRI对于浸润型宫颈癌的测量结果与病理结果的一致性优于腔内生长型。结论 MRI测量早期宫颈癌间质浸润深度的准确性较好，且对浸润型优于腔内生长型。     

动态超声联合3.0T MRI诊断膝关节滑膜皱襞及其分型

目的 探讨动态超声联合3.0T MRI诊断膝关节滑膜皱襞及其分型的价值。方法 回顾性分析100例疑诊膝关节滑膜皱襞患者动态超声及3.0T MRI资料,以关节镜检查结果为标准,比较2种影像学方法单独及联合诊断膝关节滑膜皱襞的效能,对比其单独及联合测量的滑膜皱襞长度和厚度与关节镜结果的差异,分析其判断滑膜皱襞位置及分型与关节镜的一致性。结果 共检出70例膝关节滑膜皱襞,其中11例位于髌上、15例位于髌下、30例位于髌内侧、14例位于髌外侧,包括A型9例、B型35例、C型23例及D型3例。单一动态超声与3.0T MRI诊断膝关节滑膜皱襞的敏感度差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,均低于二者联合（P均<0.05）。单一动态超声及3.0T MRI所测膝关节滑膜皱襞长度及厚度均低于二者联合及关节镜测量结果（P均<0.05）,二者联合与关节镜测量结果差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。单一动态超声、3.0T MRI及二者联合评估膝关节滑膜皱襞位置（Kappa=0.755、0.826、0.897）及分型（Kappa=0.721、0.744、0.860）均与关节镜结果高度一致。结论 动态超声联合3.0T MRI对诊断膝关节滑膜皱襞及判断其分型具有较高价值。     

超声扫查肩后方关节囊厚度及盂肱距离对分期诊断冻结肩的价值

目的 探讨超声扫查肩后方关节囊厚度（PCT）、盂肱距离（GHD）在冻结肩临床分期中的价值。方法 选择100例临床诊断为单侧冻结肩患者,根据临床分期标准分为渐冻期（Ⅰ期组,51肩）、冻结期（Ⅱ期组,35肩）、解冻期（Ⅲ期组,14肩）及对照组100肩（健侧肩）。采用超声观察冻结肩患者双侧肩后方关节囊和盂肱距离,并分别测量患侧肩与健侧肩的后方PCT及GHD。比较4组PCT和GHD的差异。结果 Ⅰ期组患侧肩后方关节囊边缘清晰,PCT与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,而患侧GHD较对照组增大;Ⅱ期组患侧肩后方关节囊边缘变模糊,PCT较对照组增厚,GHD较对照组减小;Ⅲ期组患侧肩后方关节囊边缘较清楚,PCT、GHD与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 超声扫查肩后方PCT及GHD可以协助临床对冻结肩进行精准分期。     

维吾尔族女性三阴性乳腺癌MRI表现及其与Ki-67指数的相关性

目的 探讨维吾尔族女性三阴性乳腺癌（TNBC）的MRI表现及其与Ki-67指数的相关性。方法 收集97例经病理证实的TNBC患者,其中维吾尔族28例（维吾尔族组;28个病灶）,汉族69例（汉族组;70个病灶）,比较两组MRI特征;分析维吾尔族组TNBC的MRI特征与Ki-67指数的相关性。结果 维吾尔族及汉族患者TNBC均以浸润性导管癌（3级）为主,两组间Ki-67指数及ADC值差异均无统计学意义（P均> 0.05）。维吾尔族患者年龄小于汉族患者（P<0.05）,肿瘤最大径和早期强化率均大于汉族患者（P均< 0.05）;两组间TNBC病灶边缘、强化特征差异均有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）;维吾尔族组时间-信号强度曲线（TIC）类型以流出型为主,汉族组以平台型为主（P < 0.001）。维吾尔族组Ki-67指数与肿块形态及TIC类型呈正相关（r=0.464、0.606,P均< 0.05）。结论 维吾尔族女性TNBC的MRI特征与汉族女性有一定差异,且部分特征与Ki-67指数相关。     

MRI评估生育及未生育女性髂尾肌形态和功能

目的 观察MRI评价生育与未生育女性髂尾肌形态及功能的价值。方法 对50名健康经产妇（生育组,根据分娩方式分为剖宫产亚组和自然分娩亚组）和17名未生育健康女性（未生育组）于自然状态及增加腹压状态下行MR检查,测量髂尾肌厚度（ICT）、冠状位髂尾肌角（cICA）和矢状位髂尾肌角（sICA）,比较两种状态下各组间差异。结果 自然状态下,生育组右侧和双侧平均sICA均大于未生育组（P均<0.05）,两组ICT、左右侧及双侧平均cICA、左侧sICA差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;自然分娩亚组双侧平均sICA大于剖宫产亚组（P<0.05）。增加腹压状态下,生育组左侧、右侧及双侧平均sICA均大于未生育组（P均<0.05）,两组间ICT及cICA差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;自然分娩亚组与剖宫产亚组ICT、sICA及cICA差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。结论 MRI可准确评估女性髂尾肌形态和功能改变。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.