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1.
Eva C. Graf Ilka Ott Julian Praceus Felix Bourier Tim C. Lueth 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2018,13(6):837-846
Purpose
The minimally invasive closure of the left atrial appendage is a promising alternative to anticoagulation for stroke prevention in patients suffering from atrial fibrillation. One of the challenges of this procedure is the correct positioning and the coaxial alignment of the tip of the catheter sheath to the implant landing zone.Method
In this paper, a novel preoperative planning system is proposed that allows patient-individual shaping of catheters to facilitate the correct positioning of the catheter sheath by offering a patient-specific catheter shape. Based on preoperative three-dimensional image data, anatomical points and the planned implant position are marked interactively and a patient-specific catheter shape is calculated if the standard catheter is not considered as suitable. An approach to calculate a catheter shape with four bends by maximization of the bending radii is presented. Shaping of the catheter is supported by a bending form that is automatically generated in the planning program and can be directly manufactured by using additive manufacturing methods.Results
The feasibility of the planning and shaping of the catheter could be successfully shown using six data sets. The patient-specific catheters were tested in comparison with standard catheters by physicians on heart models. In four of the six tested models, the participating physicians rated the patient-individual catheters better than the standard catheter.Conclusion
The novel approach for preoperatively planned and shaped patient-specific catheters designed for the minimally invasive closure of the left atrial appendage could be successfully implemented and a feasibility test showed promising results in anatomies that are difficult to access with the standard catheter.2.
Martina Perwög Zoltan Bardosi Georgi Diakov Olivia Jeleff Florian Kral Wolfgang Freysinger 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2018,13(10):1539-1548
Purpose
Computer-aided navigation is widely used in ENT surgery. The position of a surgical instrument is shown in the CT/MR images of the patient and can thus be a good support for the surgeon. The accuracy is highly dependent on the registration done prior to surgery. A microscope and a probe can both be used for registration and navigation, depending on the surgical intervention. A navigation system typically only reports the fiducial registration error after paired-point registration. However, the target registration error (TRE)—a measurement for the accuracy in the surgical area—is much more relevant. The aim of this work was to compare the performance of a microscope relative to a conventional probe-based approach with different registration methods.Methods
In this study, optical tracking was used to register a plastic skull to its preoperative CT images with paired-point registration. Anatomical landmarks and skin-affixed markers were used as fiducials and targets. With both microscope and probe, four different registration methods were evaluated based on their TREs at 10 targets. For half of the experiments, a surface registration and/or external fiducials were used additionally to paired-point registration to study their influence to accuracy.Results
Overall, probe registration leads to a smaller TRE (\(1.69 \pm 0.74\,\hbox {mm}\)) than registration with a microscope (\(2.19 \pm 0.94\,\hbox {mm}\)). Additional surface registration does not result in better accuracy of navigation for microscope and probe. The lowest mean TRE for both pointers can be achieved with paired-point registration only and radiolucent markers.Conclusion
Our experiments showed that a probe used for registration and navigation achieves lower TREs compared using a microscope. Neither additional surface registration nor additional fiducials on an external reference element are necessary for improved accuracy of navigated ENT surgery on a plastic skull.3.
Esther Wild Dogu Teber Daniel Schmid Tobias Simpfendörfer Michael Müller Ann-Christin Baranski Hannes Kenngott Klaus Kopka Lena Maier-Hein 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2016,11(6):899-907
Purpose
Laparoscopic interventions require the precise navigation of medical instruments through the patient’s body, while taking critical structures into account. Although numerous concepts have been proposed for displaying subsurface anatomical detail using augmented reality, clinical translation of these methods has suffered from a lack of robustness as well as from cumbersome integration into the clinical workflow. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a new approach to intra-operative registration based on fluorescent markers.Methods
The proposed approach to augmented reality visualization relies on metabolizable fluorescent markers that are attached to the target organ to guide a 2D/3D intra-operative registration algorithm. In an ex vivo porcine study, marker tracking performance is evaluated in the presence of smoke, blood, and tissue in the field of view of the endoscope.Results
In contrast to state-of-the-art needle-shaped fiducial markers, the fluorescent markers can be reliably tracked when occluded by smoke, blood or tissue. This makes the new 2D/3D intra-operative registration approach considerably more robust than state-of-the-art marker-based methods.Conclusion
As the concept can be smoothly integrated into the clinical workflow, its potential for application in clinical laparoscopy is high.4.
Matteo Fusaglia Hanspeter Hess Marius Schwalbe Matthias Peterhans Pascale Tinguely Stefan Weber Huanxiang Lu 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2016,11(8):1499-1513
Purpose
Laser range scanners (LRS) allow performing a surface scan without physical contact with the organ, yielding higher registration accuracy for image-guided surgery (IGS) systems. However, the use of LRS-based registration in laparoscopic liver surgery is still limited because current solutions are composed of expensive and bulky equipment which can hardly be integrated in a surgical scenario.Methods
In this work, we present a novel LRS-based IGS system for laparoscopic liver procedures. A triangulation process is formulated to compute the 3D coordinates of laser points by using the existing IGS system tracking devices. This allows the use of a compact and cost-effective LRS and therefore facilitates the integration into the laparoscopic setup. The 3D laser points are then reconstructed into a surface to register to the preoperative liver model using a multi-level registration process.Results
Experimental results show that the proposed system provides submillimeter scanning precision and accuracy comparable to those reported in the literature. Further quantitative analysis shows that the proposed system is able to achieve a patient-to-image registration accuracy, described as target registration error, of \(3.2\pm 0.57\,\hbox {mm}\).Conclusions
We believe that the presented approach will lead to a faster integration of LRS-based registration techniques in the surgical environment. Further studies will focus on optimizing scanning time and on the respiratory motion compensation.5.
Roan A. LaPlante Wei Tang Noam Peled Deborah I. Vallejo Mia Borzello Darin D. Dougherty Emad N. Eskandar Alik S. Widge Sydney S. Cash Steven M. Stufflebeam 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2017,12(10):1829-1837
Purpose
Existing methods for sorting, labeling, registering, and across-subject localization of electrodes in intracranial encephalography (iEEG) may involve laborious work requiring manual inspection of radiological images.Methods
We describe a new open-source software package, the interactive electrode localization utility which presents a full pipeline for the registration, localization, and labeling of iEEG electrodes from CT and MR images. In addition, we describe a method to automatically sort and label electrodes from subdural grids of known geometry.Results
We validated our software against manual inspection methods in twelve subjects undergoing iEEG for medically intractable epilepsy. Our algorithm for sorting and labeling performed correct identification on 96% of the electrodes.Conclusions
The sorting and labeling methods we describe offer nearly perfect performance and the software package we have distributed may simplify the process of registering, sorting, labeling, and localizing subdural iEEG grid electrodes by manual inspection.6.
Elvis C. S. Chen Terry M. Peters Burton Ma 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2016,11(6):889-898
Purpose
Many image-guided interventions rely on tracked ultrasound where the transducer is augmented with a tracking device. The relationship between the ultrasound image coordinate system and the tracking sensor must be determined accurately via probe calibration. We introduce a novel calibration framework guided by the prediction of target registration error (TRE): Between successive measurements of the calibration phantom, our framework guides the user in choosing the pose of the calibration phantom by optimizing TRE.Methods
We introduced an oriented line calibration phantom and modeled the ultrasound calibration process as a point-to-line registration problem. We then derived a spatial stiffness model of point-to-line registration for estimating TRE magnitude at any target. Assuming isotropic, identical localization error, we used the model to estimate TRE for each pixel using the current calibration estimate. We then searched through the calibration tool space to find the pose for the next fiducial which maximally minimized TRE.Results
Both simulation and experimental results suggested that TRE decreases monotonically, reaching an asymptote when a sufficient number of measurements (typically around 12) are made. Independent point reconstruction accuracy assessment showed sub-millimeter accuracy of the calibration framework.Conclusion
We have introduced the first TRE-guided ultrasound calibration framework. Using a hollow straw as an oriented line phantom, we virtually constructed a rigid lines phantom and modeled the calibration process as a point-to-line registration. Highly accurate calibration was achieved with minimal measurements by using a spatial stiffness model of TRE to strategically choose the pose of the calibration phantom between successive measurements.7.
Tim Beyl Philip Nicolai Mirko D. Comparetti Jörg Raczkowsky Elena De Momi Heinz Wörn 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2016,11(7):1329-1345
Background
Scene supervision is a major tool to make medical robots safer and more intuitive. The paper shows an approach to efficiently use 3D cameras within the surgical operating room to enable for safe human robot interaction and action perception. Additionally the presented approach aims to make 3D camera-based scene supervision more reliable and accurate.Methods
A camera system composed of multiple Kinect and time-of-flight cameras has been designed, implemented and calibrated. Calibration and object detection as well as people tracking methods have been designed and evaluated.Results
The camera system shows a good registration accuracy of 0.05 m. The tracking of humans is reliable and accurate and has been evaluated in an experimental setup using operating clothing. The robot detection shows an error of around 0.04 m.Conclusions
The robustness and accuracy of the approach allow for an integration into modern operating room. The data output can be used directly for situation and workflow detection as well as collision avoidance.8.
Purpose
To assess retrospectively the clinical accuracy of an magnetic resonance imaging-guided robotic prostate biopsy system that has been used in the US National Cancer Institute for over 6 years.Methods
Series of 2D transverse volumetric MR image slices of the prostate both pre (high-resolution T2-weighted)- and post (low-resolution)- needle insertions were used to evaluate biopsy accuracy. A three-stage registration algorithm consisting of an initial two-step rigid registration followed by a B-spline deformable alignment was developed to capture prostate motion during biopsy. The target displacement (distance between planned and actual biopsy target), needle placement error (distance from planned biopsy target to needle trajectory), and biopsy error (distance from actual biopsy target to needle trajectory) were calculated as accuracy assessment.Results
A total of 90 biopsies from 24 patients were studied. The registrations were validated by checking prostate contour alignment using image overlay, and the results were accurate to within 2 mm. The mean target displacement, needle placement error, and clinical biopsy error were 5.2, 2.5, and 4.3 mm, respectively.Conclusion
The biopsy error reported suggests that quantitative imaging techniques for prostate registration and motion compensation may improve prostate biopsy targeting accuracy.9.
Yin Xia Sarfaraz Hussein Vivek Singh Matthias John Ying Wu Terrence Chen 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2016,11(6):977-985
Purpose
Image-based tracking for motion compensation is an important topic in image-guided interventions, as it enables physicians to operate in a less complex space. In this paper, we propose an automatic motion compensation scheme to boost image guidence power in transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI).Methods
The proposed tracking algorithm automatically discovers reliable regions that correlate strongly with the target. These discovered regions can assist to estimate target motion under severe occlusion, even if target tracker fails.Results
We evaluate the proposed method for pigtail tracking during TAVI. We obtain significant improvement (12 %) over the baseline in a clinical dataset. Calcification regions are automatically discovered during tracking, which would aid TAVI processes.Conclusion
In this work, we open a new paradigm to provide dynamic real-time guidance for TAVI without user interventions, specially in case of severe occlusion where conventional tracking methods are challenged.10.
Shuang Song Changchun Zhang Li Liu Max Q.-H. Meng 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2018,13(2):241-251
Purpose
Flexible surgical robot can work in confined and complex environments, which makes it a good option for minimally invasive surgery. In order to utilize flexible manipulators in complicated and constrained surgical environments, it is of great significance to monitor the position and shape of the curvilinear manipulator in real time during the procedures. In this paper, we propose a magnetic tracking-based planar shape sensing and navigation system for flexible surgical robots in the transoral surgery. The system can provide the real-time tip position and shape information of the robot during the operation.Methods
We use wire-driven flexible robot to serve as the manipulator. It has three degrees of freedom. A permanent magnet is mounted at the distal end of the robot. Its magnetic field can be sensed with a magnetic sensor array. Therefore, position and orientation of the tip can be estimated utilizing a tracking method. A shape sensing algorithm is then carried out to estimate the real-time shape based on the tip pose. With the tip pose and shape display in the 3D reconstructed CT model, navigation can be achieved.Results
Using the proposed system, we carried out planar navigation experiments on a skull phantom to touch three different target positions under the navigation of the skull display interface. During the experiments, the real-time shape has been well monitored and distance errors between the robot tip and the targets in the skull have been recorded. The mean navigation error is \(2.07\pm 0.71\) mm, while the maximum error is 3.2 mm.Conclusion
The proposed method provides the advantages that no sensors are needed to mount on the robot and no line-of-sight problem. Experimental results verified the feasibility of the proposed method.11.
Sungmin Kim Peter Kazanzides 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2017,12(2):277-289
Purpose
Image-guided surgery requires registration between an image coordinate system and an intraoperative coordinate system that is typically referenced to a tracking device. In fiducial-based registration methods, this is achieved by localizing points (fiducials) in each coordinate system. Often, both localizations are performed manually, first by picking a fiducial point in the image and then by using a hand-held tracked pointer to physically touch the corresponding fiducial on the patient. These manual procedures introduce localization error that is user-dependent and can significantly decrease registration accuracy. Thus, there is a need for a registration method that is tolerant of imprecise fiducial localization in the preoperative and intraoperative phases.Methods
We propose the iterative closest touchable point (ICTP) registration framework, which uses model-based localization and a touchable region model. This method consists of three stages: (1) fiducial marker localization in image space, using a fiducial marker model, (2) initial registration with paired-point registration, and (3) fine registration based on the iterative closest point method.Results
We perform phantom experiments with a fiducial marker design that is commonly used in neurosurgery. The results demonstrate that ICTP can provide accuracy improvements compared to the standard paired-point registration method that is widely used for surgical navigation and surgical robot systems, especially in cases where the surgeon introduces large localization errors.Conclusions
The results demonstrate that the proposed method can reduce the effect of the surgeon’s localization performance on the accuracy of registration, thereby producing more consistent and less user-dependent registration outcomes.12.
Purpose
Sites that use ultrasound (US) in image-guided neurosurgery (IGNS) of brain tumors generally have three sets of imaging data: preoperative magnetic resonance (MR) image, pre-resection US, and post-resection US. The MR image is usually acquired days before the surgery, the pre-resection US is obtained after the craniotomy but before the resection, and finally, the post-resection US scan is performed after the resection of the tumor. The craniotomy and tumor resection both cause brain deformation, which significantly reduces the accuracy of the MR–US alignment.Method
Three unknown transformations exist between the three sets of imaging data: MR to pre-resection US, pre- to post-resection US, and MR to post-resection US. We use two algorithms that we have recently developed to perform the first two registrations (i.e., MR to pre-resection US and pre- to post-resection US). Regarding the third registration (MR to post-resection US), we evaluate three strategies. The first method performs a registration between the MR and pre-resection US, and another registration between the pre- and post-resection US. It then composes the two transformations to register MR and post-resection US; we call this method compositional registration. The second method ignores the pre-resection US and directly registers the MR and post-resection US; we refer to this method as direct registration. The third method is a combination of the first and second: it uses the solution of the compositional registration as an initial solution for the direct registration method. We call this method group-wise registration.Results
We use data from 13 patients provided in the MNI BITE database for all of our analysis. Registration of MR and pre-resection US reduces the average of the mean target registration error (mTRE) from 4.1 to 2.4 mm. Registration of pre- and post-resection US reduces the average mTRE from 3.7 to 1.5 mm. Regarding the registration of MR and post-resection US, all three strategies reduce the mTRE. The initial average mTRE is 5.9 mm, which reduces to 3.3 mm with the compositional method, 2.9 mm with the direct technique, and 2.8 mm with the group-wise method.Conclusion
Deformable registration of MR and pre- and post-resection US images significantly improves their alignment. Among the three methods proposed for registering the MR to post-resection US, the group-wise method gives the lowest TRE values. Since the running time of all registration algorithms is less than 2 min on one core of a CPU, they can be integrated into IGNS systems for interactive use during surgery.13.
Hieu Trung Huynh Ngoc Le-Trong Pham The Bao Aytek Oto Kenji Suzuki 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2017,12(2):235-243
Purpose
Our purpose is to develop a fully automated scheme for liver volume measurement in abdominal MR images, without requiring any user input or interaction.Methods
The proposed scheme is fully automatic for liver volumetry from 3D abdominal MR images, and it consists of three main stages: preprocessing, rough liver shape generation, and liver extraction. The preprocessing stage reduced noise and enhanced the liver boundaries in 3D abdominal MR images. The rough liver shape was revealed fully automatically by using the watershed segmentation, thresholding transform, morphological operations, and statistical properties of the liver. An active contour model was applied to refine the rough liver shape to precisely obtain the liver boundaries. The liver volumes calculated by the proposed scheme were compared to the “gold standard” references which were estimated by an expert abdominal radiologist.Results
The liver volumes computed by using our developed scheme excellently agreed (Intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.94) with the “gold standard” manual volumes by the radiologist in the evaluation with 27 cases from multiple medical centers. The running time was 8.4 min per case on average.Conclusions
We developed a fully automated liver volumetry scheme in MR, which does not require any interaction by users. It was evaluated with cases from multiple medical centers. The liver volumetry performance of our developed system was comparable to that of the gold standard manual volumetry, and it saved radiologists’ time for manual liver volumetry of 24.7 min per case.14.
Phu Bao Nguyen Byungjeon Kang D. M. Bappy Eunpyo Choi Sukho Park Seong Young Ko Jong-Oh Park Chang-Sei Kim 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2018,13(11):1843-1852
Purpose
As a promising intravascular therapeutic approach for autonomous catheterization, especially for thrombosis treatment, a microrobot or robotic catheter driven by an external electromagnetic actuation system has been recently investigated. However, the three-dimensional (3D) real-time position and orientation tracking of the microrobot remains a challenge for precise feedback control in clinical applications owing to the micro-size of the microrobot geometry in vessels, along with bifurcation and vulnerability. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a 3D posture recognition method for the unmanned microrobotic surgery driven by an external electromagnetic actuator system.Methods
We propose a real-time position and spatial orientation tracking method for a millimeter-sized intravascular object or microrobot using a principal component analysis algorithm and an X-ray reconstruction. The suggested algorithm was implemented to an actual controllable wireless microrobot system composed of a bullet-shaped object, a biplane X-ray imaging device, and an electromagnetic actuation system. Numerical computations and experiments were conducted for the performance verification.Results
The experimental results showed a good performance of the implemented system with tracking errors less than 0.4 mm in position and 2° in orientation. The proposed tracking technique accomplished a fast processing time, ~?0.125 ms/frame, and high-precision recognition of the micro-sized object.Conclusions
Since the suggested method does not require pre-information of the object geometry in the human body for its 3D shape and position recognition, it could be applied to various elliptical shapes of the microrobot system with computation time efficacy and recognition accuracy. Hence, the method can be used for therapeutic millimeter- or micron-sized manipulator recognition in vascular, as well as implanted objects in the human body.15.
Wenqiang Chi Jindong Liu Hedyeh Rafii-Tari Celia Riga Colin Bicknell Guang-Zhong Yang 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2018,13(6):855-864
Purpose
Endovascular intervention is limited by two-dimensional intraoperative imaging and prolonged procedure times in the presence of complex anatomies. Robotic catheter technology could offer benefits such as reduced radiation exposure to the clinician and improved intravascular navigation. Incorporating three-dimensional preoperative imaging into a semiautonomous robotic catheterization platform has the potential for safer and more precise navigation. This paper discusses a semiautonomous robotic catheter platform based on previous work (Rafii-Tari et al., in: MICCAI2013, pp 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40763-5_46, 2013) by proposing a method to address anatomical variability among aortic arches. It incorporates anatomical information in the process of catheter trajectories optimization, hence can adapt to the scale and orientation differences among patient-specific anatomies.Methods
Statistical modeling is implemented to encode the catheter motions of both proximal and distal sites based on cannulation data obtained from a single phantom by an expert operator. Non-rigid registration is applied to obtain a warping function to map catheter tip trajectories into other anatomically similar but shape/scale/orientation different models. The remapped trajectories were used to generate robot trajectories to conduct a collaborative cannulation task under flow simulations. Cross-validations were performed to test the performance of the non-rigid registration. Success rates of the cannulation task executed by the robotic platform were measured. The quality of the catheterization was also assessed using performance metrics for manual and robotic approaches. Furthermore, the contact forces between the instruments and the phantoms were measured and compared for both approaches.Results
The success rate for semiautomatic cannulation is 98.1% under dry simulation and 94.4% under continuous flow simulation. The proposed robotic approach achieved smoother catheter paths than manual approach. The mean contact forces have been reduced by 33.3% with the robotic approach, and 70.6% less STDEV forces were observed with the robot.Conclusions
This work provides insights into catheter task planning and an improved design of hands-on ergonomic catheter navigation robots.16.
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M. A. Tavallaei M. K. Lavdas D. Gelman M. Drangova 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2016,11(8):1537-1545
Purpose
To facilitate MRI-guided catheterization procedures, we present an MRI-compatible remote catheter navigation system that allows remote navigation of steerable catheters with 3 degrees of freedom.Methods
The system consists of a user interface (master), a robot (slave), and an ultrasonic motor control servomechanism. The interventionalist applies conventional motions (axial, radial and plunger manipulations) on an input catheter in the master unit; this user input is measured and used by the servomechanism to control a compact catheter manipulating robot, such that it replicates the interventionalist’s input motion on the patient catheter. The performance of the system was evaluated in terms of MRI compatibility (SNR and artifact), feasibility of remote navigation under real-time MRI guidance, and motion replication accuracy.Results
Real-time MRI experiments demonstrated that catheter was successfully navigated remotely to desired target references in all 3 degrees of freedom. The system had an absolute value error of \({<}\)1 mm in axial catheter motion replication over 30 mm of travel and \(3^{\circ } \pm 2^{\circ }\) for radial catheter motion replication over \(180^{\circ }\). The worst case SNR drop was observed to be \({<}\)3 %; the robot did not introduce any artifacts in the MR images.Conclusion
An MRI-compatible compact remote catheter navigation system has been developed that allows remote navigation of steerable catheters with 3 degrees of freedom. The proposed system allows for safe and accurate remote catheter navigation, within conventional closed-bore scanners, without degrading MR image quality.19.
Marta Valenti Elena De Momi Weimin Yu Giancarlo Ferrigno Mohsen Akbari Shandiz Carolyn Anglin Guoyan Zheng 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2016,11(5):757-765
Purpose
Precise knee kinematics assessment helps to diagnose knee pathologies and to improve the design of customized prosthetic components. The first step in identifying knee kinematics is to assess the femoral motion in the anatomical frame. However, no work has been done on pathological femurs, whose shape can be highly different from healthy ones.Methods
We propose a new femoral tracking technique based on statistical shape models and two calibrated fluoroscopic images, taken at different flexion–extension angles. The cost function optimization is based on genetic algorithms, to avoid local minima. The proposed approach was evaluated on 3 sets of digitally reconstructed radiographic images of osteoarthritic patients.Results
It is found that using the estimated shape, rather than that calculated from CT, significantly reduces the pose accuracy, but still has reasonably good results (angle errors around 2\(^\circ \), translation around 1.5 mm).20.
Yan CX Goulet B Chen SJ Tampieri D Collins DL 《International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery》2012,7(4):601-610