腰椎后路固定融合术后邻近节段退变的中期随访研究

目的随访观察腰椎后路融合内固定术后〉5年邻近节段椎间盘退行性变的程度,讨论其影响程度和因素。方法随访1999～2003年行腰椎后路融合术（L4/L5/S1、L5/S1）的患者33例,通过X线检查及部分病例的MRI检查,观察腰椎固定融合术后上方邻近节段（L3/L4、L4/S5）椎间盘退行性变的发生率和程度。结果腰椎固定融合术后邻近节段椎间盘退行性变的发生率为54.5%（18/33）,但邻近节段椎间隙高度降低和日本骨科学会（Japanese Orthopae-dic Association,JOA）评分之间没有明显关联。结论腰椎融合术后邻近节段椎间盘发生退行性变的比例较高,但退变和临床疗效间并没有明显联系。     

下腰椎极外侧椎体间融合术的应用解剖

目的：观测腰椎侧方血管和神经的解剖分布，为下腰椎极外侧椎体间融合术（extreme lateral intervertebra fusion，XLIF）提供解剖学依据。方法：解剖30具成人尸体的腰椎侧方血管和神经，观察腰动、静脉的位置及走行；测量椎间孔外口处L3～L5脊神经距相邻下位椎间盘、腹主动脉后缘（左侧手术窗）和下腔静脉后缘（右侧手术窗）的距离。结果：L1、L2、L3节段血管走行、分布比较恒定，走行于相应椎体的中央偏下水平；但L4动、静脉走行变异较大，其中36．7％（11例）走行于L4／5间隙表面；L3～L5椎间孔外口处脊神经距下位椎间盘的距离逐渐增大；L3～L5左、右侧手术窗均逐渐增大．且同一节段左侧手术窗大于右侧。结论：XLIF在L3／4、L4／5间隙可以顺利进行。     

Bioflex动态稳定系统在多节段腰椎退行性疾病中的应用

目的：探讨Bioflex动态稳定系统在多节段腰椎退行性疾病中的应用价值。方法：回顾性分析2008年4月至2009年5月收治的多节段腰椎退行性疾病患者13例,男8例,女5例;年龄51～72岁,平均65.0岁。病变节段：L3,4、L4,5、L5S17例,L2,3、L3,4、L4,5、L5S13例,L3,4、L4,51例,L4,5、L5S12例。手术方法：椎管减压、Bioflex系统固定、根据椎间盘退变程度选择椎体间融合或不融合。观察疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analog scale,VAS）,Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）,节段活动范围（rangeofmotion,ROM）,椎间融合节段的融合情况。结果：术后经12～26个月随访,平均19.5个月。手术时间90～240min,平均183.4min,术中出血量400～1220ml,平均610.2ml。术前VAS为（7.8±1.3）分,术后为（2.3±0.9）分,末次随访为（2.1±0.8）分;术前ODI为（60.50±4.40）%,术后为（17.80±2.10）%,末次随访为（16.20±2.40）%。与术前比较,术后VAS、ODI差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,术后与末次随访结果无明显差异（P〉0.05）。手术前后ROM：整个腰椎和非融合节段活动度明显减低,邻近节段略增加。融合节段融合率95.0%（19/20）。结论：Bioflex系统固定结合椎体间融合是治疗多节段腰椎退行性疾病的一种安全、有效的外科方法,远期效果待进一步观察。     

腰椎终板Modic改变与腰椎退变的相关性研究

目的总结腰椎终板Modic改变的临床分布特点,探讨Modic改变的发生与腰椎退行性变的相关性。方法对腰腿痛就诊的348例患者根据Modic分级标准对患者腰椎矢状位MRI资料进行评估,记录有无Modic改变、腰椎管狭窄、腰椎滑脱、椎间盘退变,并通过X线测定椎间隙高度。使用SPSS 18.0统计学软件对数据进行处理,探讨Modic改变的发生与性别、年龄、腰椎节段、间盘膨出、间盘突出、间盘脱出、椎间隙改变、椎管狭窄、腰椎滑脱的相关性。结果 348例共1 740个腰椎椎间盘中,89例(25.6%,包括手术患者7例)139个椎间盘(7.9%)邻近终板发生Modic改变,以Ⅱ型为多。按性别统计:男女差异无统计学意义;按不同年龄组统计:50~59岁组最多,为34.31%;Modic改变在椎间盘突出或脱出者、椎间隙高度降低者、退行性腰椎管狭窄、腰椎Ⅰ度滑脱者的发生率较高。结论腰椎终板存在Modic改变,最常见的类型为Ⅱ型,Ⅰ型次之,Ⅲ型最为少见,其多发生于L5~S1节段,其次为L4~5。腰椎Modic的发生与年龄、腰椎节段、间盘膨出、间盘突出、间盘脱出、椎间隙改变、椎管狭窄、腰椎滑脱存在相关性。Modic改变可能是腰椎间盘退变严重的表现。     

多节段开窗减压桥式成形术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的疗效评价

目的探讨多节段开窗减压桥式成形术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的疗效。方法采用经椎板间隙开窗减压桥式成形术扩大中央椎管和神经根管,并摘除突出之椎间盘治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症共42例,其中单节段减压5例,双节段减压21例,3节段减压13例,4节段减压3例。结果42例随访6-79个月,根据JOA标准评定疗效：优12例,良24例,中4例,差2例（为发病前已有脊柱＂S＂形侧弯者）;优良率85.7%。发生硬膜撕裂1例,脑脊液漏2例。除1例椎间盘突出复发再行手术治疗外,无腰椎滑脱发生。结论多节段开窗减压桥式成形术治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症不仅对各病变节段减压彻底,而且有效保护了腰椎生物力学结构,术式合理,疗效满意。     

经后路手术治疗合并椎管狭窄的退变性腰椎侧弯

目的 总结经后路治疗合并椎管狭窄退变性腰椎侧弯的诊治要点及治疗节段的选择.方法 2001年2月-2006年9月,经后路治疗退行性腰椎侧凸性椎管狭窄23例.男9例,女14例;年龄52～71岁,平均65.3岁.病程4～8年.患者均有严重的下腰痛症状.按Bridwell分型,Ⅱ型13例,Ⅲ型10例.术前Cobb角17～53°,平均34°;腰椎前凸角(T12～S1)-20～-10° 10例,-40～-20°13例,平均-20.7°.对Cobb角<20°的10例患者,行选择性椎管或神经根管减压,经后路椎体间融合,短节段椎弓根钉棒系统固定;对Cobb角>20°的13例患者,行椎管减压,长节段固定侧弯矫正,后路椎体间融合及后外侧自体骨植骨融合.固定及融合节段:L4～S16例,L1～5 5例,L2～5 4例,L1～S15例,L2～S12例,T10～S11例.结果 患者无手术死亡.23例获随访6～54个月,平均15个月.21例(91%)术后神经根症状和间歇性跛行缓解明显;20例(87%)腰背痛缓解明显;3例足下垂患者逐渐恢复.术后冠状面Cobb角矫正为0～21°,平均15.60°,平均矫正率62%.腰椎前凸角矫正为-48.0～-18.2°,平均-36.4°.随访期内X线片示所有融合节段已愈合.1例患者术后12个月出现固定头端邻近节段椎间隙高度丢失,因无相应临床症状而未予特殊处理;3例术后仍有下腰痛,3个月后2例缓解,1例减轻.结论 退变性腰椎侧弯治疗的首要目的是彻底神经减压,缓解临床症状;重建腰椎序列及稳定,是保证手术远期疗效的主要手段.固定和融合范围的选择,需综合考虑临床表现和影像学资料,个体化治疗.     

斜外侧椎间融合术治疗腰椎固定融合术后邻近节段疾病

目的探讨斜外侧椎间融合(oblique lateral interbody fusion, OLIF)治疗腰椎固定融合术后邻近节段疾病(adjacent segment disease, ASDis)的可行性及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析四家医院2015年6月至2018年12月采用OLIF治疗的31例ASDis的患者资料, 男17例、女14例, 年龄(65.7±3.4)岁(范围59～75岁)。既往行单节段固定融合19例, 双节段固定融合11例, 三节段固定融合1例;原固定融合部位:L1, 2 1例、L3, 4 3例、L4, 5 11例、L5S1 4例、L3～L5 6例、L4～S1 5例、L3～S1 1例;初次固定融合术至入院时间为(82.5±45.5)个月(范围24～180个月)。ASDis发生于固定融合节段近端28例, 发生于远端3例。ASDis类型:腰椎间盘退行性病变11例, 腰椎管狭窄症15例, 腰椎退行性滑脱2例, 退行性侧后凸畸形3例。ASDis发生部位:L2, 3 6例、L3, 4 12例、L4, 5 6例、L1～L3 3例、L2～L4 1例、L1～L4 3例。入院时腰椎内固定...     

计算机辅助下腰椎CT图像自动化测量及其临床价值

目的：探讨计算机自动化测量下腰椎CT图像及其对腰椎管狭窄症的诊断价值。方法：应用Matlab自动测量程序对下腰椎CT图像进行自动分割和测量,完成对100例正常者和193例腰椎管狭窄症患者L4/5及L5/S1的椎管矢状径（APDC）、椎管面积（CAC）、硬膜囊面积（CAD）和硬膜外间隙（LAC）的测量,并进行统计学分析,利用正常组各项指标的95%下限值判断193例腰椎管狭窄症患者的狭窄节段,验证其诊断符合率。结果：腰椎管狭窄组L4/5及L5/S1两节段的APDC、CAC、CAD和LAC均显著小于正常组（P〈0.01或0.001）。正常组L4/5的APDC、CAC、CAD和LAC的95%下限值分别为12.63mm、215.31mm^2、139.16mm^2和28.50mm^2,L5/S1分别为13.05mm、240.74mm^2、133.94mm^2和29.67mm^2。APDC、CAC、CAD和LAC对L4/5椎管狭窄的诊断符合率分别为63%、85%、82%和98%,对L5/S1分别为67%、86%、73%和96%。结论：计算机辅助下腰椎CT自动化测量精确、快速,可信度高,有助于腰椎管狭窄症的诊断。     

腰椎椎间融合术与动态固定术治疗腰椎退行性疾病的临床评价

目的通过比较分析腰椎椎间融合术与动态固定术治疗腰椎退行性疾病的临床疗效和术后并发症,探讨腰椎退行性疾病治疗方法的合理选择。方法 2009年1月～2010年12月,选择32例腰椎退行性疾病（L4/L5）患者,按配对设计分为对照组和治疗组,对照组16例患者均行椎弓根螺钉固定并单枚融合器置入;治疗组16例患者行常规椎板切除减压、髓核摘除和Isobar动态固定。比较观察2组病例的治疗效果、手术时间、出血量、手术并发症等。治疗效果评价采用Oswestry功能障碍指数（Oswestry disability index,ODI）及疼痛视觉模拟量表（visual analogue scale,VAS）评分,手术邻近节段（L3/L4和L5/S1）及腰椎（L2～S1）的活动度（range of motion,ROM）采用过伸过屈动力侧位X线片检查进行评价。结果所有患者均获6～24个月的随访,平均15.8个月。与术前相比,2组患者术后症状均有明显改善,术后ODI及VAS评分与术前相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;2组手术时间、出血量差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;2组均未出现内固定相关并发症;2组术后邻近节段（L3/L4和L5/S1）的ROM与术前相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。腰椎（L2～S1）的ROM,融合组较术前显著下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;而动态固定组较术前有所增加,但差异无统计学意义（P﹥0.05）。结论腰椎椎间融合术与Isobar动态固定术治疗单节段腰椎退变性疾病均可取得满意的短期临床疗效,但理论上动态固定技术内固定失败的风险高于椎间融合术,故采用动态固定技术治疗腰椎退变性疾病应慎重。     

CT引导椎间盘造影术在多节段腰椎间盘退变中的临床价值

[目的]探讨CT引导下椎间盘造影术在治疗多节段腰椎间盘退变疾患中的临床价值.[方法]2005年1月～2008年1月对28例多节段腰椎间盘退变疾患行CT引导下椎间盘造影术,其中男12例,女16例;年龄30～56岁,平均38.2岁.腰椎间盘退变节段:L3、4和 L4、5突出9例,L4、5和 L5S1突出15例,L3、4、L4、5和 L5S1三节段突出4例.造影节段:28例共计92个椎间盘,L2、3间隙10例,L3、4间隙28例,L4、5间隙28例,L5S1间隙26例.按照阳性椎间盘造影的诊断标准,筛选出致痛性椎间盘(责任间盘),对这些病变间隙行相应的椎间融合术治疗.[结果]28例患者92个间隙共筛选出32个责任间盘.VAS≥6分组中Ⅱ+Ⅲ级间盘(Dallas分级)和退变间盘(Pearce分级)所占的百分比明显高于VAS<6分组(P<0.05).手术前后ODI指数评分比较有显著性差异(P<0.05).随访12～36个月,平均25.2个月.Charles疗效评定,术后优22例(78.6%),良5例(17.9%),一般1例(3.6%),差0例.所有病例均未发生与椎间盘造影有关的并发症.1例椎间融合器下沉,1例植骨融合不良,1例术后病变侧伸母肌力减退,再次手术行椎弓根螺钉调整术,术后2个月肌力恢复.[结论]CT引导下椎间盘造影术对于多节段腰椎间盘退变疾患中责任间盘的选择具有重要的临床意义.     

Two-level ligamentum flavum hematoma in the lumbar spine. Case report

Ligamentum flavum hematoma is a rare cause of spinal root or cord compression that usually occurs at a single level. No case of multiple-level ligamentum flavum hematoma has previously been reported. We report an extremely rare case of double, contiguous ligamentum flavum hematomas in the lumbar spine. A 71-year-old man with hypertension and degenerative lumbar scoliosis presented with pain and muscle weakness in the left lower extremity after physical exertion. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine showed severe spinal stenosis caused by two-level ligamentum flavum hematoma (L3-L4 and L4-L5). Both hematomas were completely removed and the diagnosis was histologically confirmed. Symptoms completely resolved after surgery. Despite being extremely rare, ligamentum flavum hematoma with involvement of multiple levels may be observed.     

腰椎管单开门成形术治疗腰椎管狭窄症40例

作者报告采用腰椎管单开门成形术治疗腰椎管狭窄症．1993年4月～1996年4月手术40例，平均49岁，病史2～5年，平均3．2年。40例经长期系统保守治疗正疗程以上．均经X线平片、CT和／或脊髓造影检查。术中见骨性及发育性30例，肿瘤性4例，炎症性2例．其他4例。术后卧床1月。随访3月～36月，优26例，良12例，可2例。该术式可扩大骨性椎管容积；同时切除增生黄韧带、小关节突及突出的髓核．直接解除压迫；可探查同侧各神经根管；能保持后柱结构大部完整，操作简单。可作为一种探查减压术式。     

Magnetic resonance imaging findings of the lumbar root pathway in patients over 50 years old

Summary In patients with degenerative disease of the lumbar spine, stenosis not only in the entrance zone but also in the mid- and exit zones of the nerve root pathway can occur. With the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), it has become easier to assess stenosis of the root pathway, especially in the mid- and exit zones. T1-weighted sagittal images in the lateral facet plane show the state of the exit zone. I studied the incidence of severe exit-zone stenosis of L3-5 roots in 45 patients aged over 50 years 15 in their fifties, 15 in their sixties, and 15 in their seventies) by MRI and assessed the results on the basis of age, intervertebral disc degeneration, and disc height. I also studied the relationship between clinical symptoms and severe stenosis in both entrance and exit zones of the L4 and L5 roots. The incidence of severe exit-zone stenosis at the L3 root was 20% at all ages. On the other hand, L4 and L5 nerve root stenosis increased with age and severe stenosis affected 70% of L4 roots and 80% of L5 roots in patients in their seventics. The incidence of deformation or disappearance of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) was 10% or less at L3 and L5 roots, while it was 10% at L4 root. The incidence of severe stenosis both in entrance and exit zones in a single root was 20% at L4 root in all age groups, while it was 19% of patients in their fifties and increased to 29% of patients in their sixties and then 46% of patients in their seveties at L5 root. This study showed the high frequency of root pathway stenosis at L4 and L5 in the degenerative lumbar spine. However, not all patients with exit stenosis suffered from radicular symptoms. Stenosis in the mid- and exit zones of the root pathway has been an important factor in failed back surgery. It seems to be important to determine whether entrance, mid- and exit zone stenosis exist or not in order to clarify the pathological conditions of patients, especially in disorders affecting L4 and L5 nerve roots. T1-weighted MRI images can provide useful information concerning lesions in the mid- and exit zones in the degenerative lumbar spine.     

中央型腰椎管狭窄症患者黄韧带组织生化成分变化的研究

目的:通过测定中央型腰椎管狭窄症患者腰椎黄韧带胶原蛋白和蛋白多糖含量变化,观察组织显微结构改变,探讨黄韧带组织生化成分改变与中央型腰椎管狭窄症发病的相关性方法:收集中央型腰椎管狭窄症患者的腰椎黄韧带65块作为退变组,正常腰椎黄韧带27块作为对照组,采用微量羟脯氨酸测定法和硫酸-咔唑法分别测定两组黄韧带中羟脯氨酸及糖醛酸吸光度,并计算胶原蛋白和蛋白多糖含量;游标卡尺测量黄韧带厚度;并行HE染色和Masson染色,显微镜下观察各组组织结构改变。结果:退变组黄韧带厚度、胶原蛋白及蛋白多糖含量均高于对照组,差异有显著性(P0.05);病理学观察退变黄韧带弹性纤维排列紊乱,数量减少,胶原纤维增生。结论:退变腰椎黄韧带中胶原蛋白和蛋白多糖含量增加,黄韧带生化成分改变可能引起黄韧带厚度增加,参与中央型腰椎管狭窄症的发生。     

退变性腰椎管狭窄症的手术治疗

目的探讨退变性腰椎管狭窄症（degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis,DLSS）手术治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2011年1月我院185例退变性腰椎管狭窄症手术治疗病例。其中神经根管狭窄6例,中央管狭窄179例。单节段狭窄者96例,双节段狭窄者55例,3个节段狭窄者34例。采用单纯开窗减压者6例,后路全椎板切除减压、后外侧植骨融合、内固定70例,后路全椎板切除减压、椎体间植骨融合、内固定109例。根据日本矫形外科学会腰腿痛评分系统（15分）进行术前和术后的疗效评价。结果 185例患者获得8～72个月随访,平均随访时间19.5个月。三种手术方法术后平均改善率分别为77.9%、78.8%和79.5%,优45例,良120例,可20例,优良率为89.2%。术后并发脑脊液漏6例。结论根据DLSS患者病情和影像学检查结果,确定狭窄的部位和节段,对神经根管狭窄者,采用单纯开窗减压;对中央管狭窄者,采用全椎板切除减压、椎体间植骨融合和/或后外侧植骨融合、椎弓根系统内固定,尤其是对于合并腰椎节段性不稳定、退变性滑脱、侧弯和后凸者,可获得满意的疗效。     

Coflex系统治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症

 目的 探讨Coflex系统治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的初步临床疗效。
方法 2008年3月至2009年8,采用腰椎后路椎管减压棘突间植入Coflex系统治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者26例,男11例,女15例;年龄45～78岁,平均65.4岁。L_3,4节段7例,L_4,5节段13例,L_3,4合并L_4,5节段6例。术前MRI和CT扫描证实L_3,4和（或）L_4,5节段黄韧带增厚,关节突关节骨质增生,合并椎间盘突出致中央椎管及侧隐窝狭窄,神经根或马尾受压。应用eFilm及CAD软件测量术前及术后3个月、12个月手术节段椎间隙前缘高度、后缘高度、活动度,术前、术后椎管面积;采用日本骨科学会评分标准（Japanese Orthopaedic Association,JOA）进行功能评估。
结果 全部病例随访12～24个月,平均15个月。术后患者腰腿疼痛症状均明显缓解,日常生活能力改善。JOA评分由术前平均（15.46±4.30）分改善至术后3个月（24.50±1.58）分,责任节段椎管面积由术前平均（218.4±16.2）mm 2增加至术后（264.6±9.9）mm 2。单节段椎间隙前缘高度无明显变化,椎间隙后缘高度较术前增加,随时间延长高度有所下降。术后手术节段仍保留一定的活动度,但较术前明显下降。Coflex系统无松动、断裂及脱出。
结论 Coflex系统治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症可较好地维持相应节段的稳定性,安全可行,近期疗效满意。     

DIAPASON系统治疗腰椎管狭窄症的近期疗效

目的探讨用DIAPASON系统治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄的近期治疗效果。方法应用椎板减压、神经根松解、椎间植骨融合、DIAPASON系统固定治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄患者20例。手术节段:L4~5节段10例,L5~S1节段6例,L4~5合并L5~S1者4例。结果20例手术全部成功,术后无感染及内固定失败等并发症,随访6~18个月,8例患者腰腿痛消失,11例症状改善,1例无变化。17例行走功能改善。3例有泌尿功能障碍的患者中2例症状改善,1例无改变。结论后路行椎管减压、神经根松解、应用DIAPASON系统内固定、椎间植骨融合治疗退变性腰椎管狭窄症近期疗效满意。     

Histology of the ligamentum flavum in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis

The degree of calcification as well as the structural changes of the elastic fibres in the ligamentum flavum in patients with degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis were evaluated and the results were compared to those of patients without spinal stenosis. In 21 patients (13 male, 8 female) with lumbar spinal stenosis the ligamentum flavum was removed, histologically processed and stained. The calcification, the elastic/collagenous fibre ratio as well as the configuration of the fibres were evaluated with an image analyzing computer. As a control group, 20 ligaments of 10 human corpses were processed in the same way. The results were statistically analysed using the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test (α = 0.05) and the t-test (α = 0.05). Nearly all the ligaments of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis were calcified (average 0.17%, maximum 3.8%) and showed relevant fibrosis with decreased elastic/collagenous fibre ratio. There was a significant correlation between age and histological changes (P < 0.05). In the control group we only found minimal calcification in 3 of 20 segments (average 0.015%). No relevant fibrosis was found and the configuration of elastic fibres showed no pathologic changes. The results of this study illustrate the important role of histological changes of the ligamentum flavum for the aetiology of lumbar spinal stenosis. Received: 31 July 1998 Revised: 19 March 1999 Accepted: 12 April 1999     

Characteristics of L3 nerve root radiculopathy

Background

In degenerative lumbar spinal disease with nerve root compression, the L5 and S1 nerve roots are the most often affected and the L3 nerve root is involved infrequently. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of L3 nerve root radiculopathy.

Methods

Seventeen consecutive patients with L3 radiculopathy were treated. The symptomatic nerve roots were determined by the pain distribution, the neurologic findings, and selective nerve root injection. The clinical characteristics and outcomes of these patients were assessed retrospectively.

Results

The average age was 76 years. The spinal diseases that were associated with L3 radiculopathy were lumbar canal stenosis in 6 patients, lumbar extraforaminal stenosis and lumbar disk herniation in 5 each, and lumbar canal stenosis with degenerative scoliosis in 1. The patients' symptoms were thigh pain in 12 patients, and hip or knee pain in 5. Four patients were nonambulatory because of severe pain. Although a sensory disturbance was reported in 9 patients, motor weakness was present in 2. Selective nerve root injection was completely effective in 10 patients. Six had decompressive surgery and/or fusion followed by a favorable outcome. Four patients were misdiagnosed and received conservative treatment for hip and/or knee joint diseases.

Conclusions

L3 radiculopathy was characterized by various lower limb pain and neurologic deficit. Selective nerve root injection was effective for most patients. In elderly patients who do not respond to treatment for hip and/or knee joint diseases, L3 nerve root radiculopathy should be considered as the cause of lower limb pain.