Prevalence and Correlates of CKD in Hispanics/Latinos in the United States

Background and objectives

The prevalence of ESRD among Hispanics/Latinos is 2-fold higher than in non-Hispanic whites. However, little is known about the prevalence of earlier stages of CKD among Hispanics/Latinos. This study estimated the prevalence of CKD in US Hispanics/Latinos.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This was a cross-sectional study of 15,161 US Hispanic/Latino adults of Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Central American, and South American backgrounds enrolled in the multicenter, prospective, population-based Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL). In addition, the prevalence of CKD in Hispanics/Latinos was compared with other racial/ethnic groups in the 2007–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Prevalent CKD was defined as an eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m² (estimated with the 2012 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration eGFR creatinine-cystatin C equation) or albuminuria based on sex-specific cut points determined at a single point in time.

Results

The overall prevalence of CKD among Hispanics/Latinos was 13.7%. Among women, the prevalence of CKD was 13.0%, and it was lowest in persons with South American background (7.4%) and highest (16.6%) in persons with Puerto Rican background. In men, the prevalence of CKD was 15.3%, and it was lowest (11.2%) in persons with South American background and highest in those who identified their Hispanic background as “other” (16.0%). The overall prevalence of CKD was similar in HCHS/SOL compared with non-Hispanic whites in NHANES. However, prevalence was higher in HCHS/SOL men and lower in HCHS/SOL women versus NHANES non-Hispanic whites. Low income, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease were each significantly associated with higher risk of CKD.

Conclusions

Among US Hispanic/Latino adults, there was significant variation in CKD prevalence among Hispanic/Latino background groups, and CKD was associated with established cardiovascular risk factors.     

Diabetes mellitus and its risk factors among a middle-aged population of Iran,a population-based study

Diabetes is a major health problem around the world. The risk of diabetes is increasing worldwide, and its misdiagnosis may have significant public health implications. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of diabetes and its risk factors among the middle-aged population in Shahroud, north of Iran. In the present study, the plasma glucose levels in 5190 subjects aged 40–64 years, participating in the first phase of the Shahroud Eye Cohort Study in 2009, were measured. Non-fasting glucose level greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl and/or the use of blood glucose-lowering drugs were considered as criteria for the diagnosis of diabetes. To determine the risk factors associated with diabetes, simple and multivariate logistic regressions were used. The prevalence of diabetes in men, women, and the total population were 10.4, 13.6, and 12.3 %, respectively. The mean blood glucose levels in men and women were 116.7 and 117.3 mg/dl, respectively. Age (odds ratio (OR)?=?1.04), hypertension (OR?=?2.5), being overweight (OR?=?1.5), and obesity (OR?=?1.5) were positively associated with diabetes. In addition, having an insurance (OR?=?0.48) and male gender (OR?=?0.81) was associated with a reduced risk of diabetes. Based on the results of the present study, the prevalence of diabetes in the studied population is high, and according to the epidemiological transition of diseases, a high percentage of the Iranian population are at risk for cardiovascular diseases. Considering the risk factors identified in the present study, developing effective interventions is essential.     

Prevalence and cardiometabolic risks of normal weight obesity in Chinese population: A nationwide study

Background and aims

Several studies have reported increased cardiovascular risks in normal weight obesity (NWO) populations. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of NWO and its relationships with cardiometabolic risks in Chinese patients.

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and associated cardiovascular risk factors in an adult urban population in Paraguay

A cross-sectional study was conducted on a 20–74-year-old population in an urban white-Hispanic population in Paraguay to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and associated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. In total 1606 subjects completed the study (response rate 80.3%; 1094 women, 512 men). The overall prevalences were: DM 6.5 %, IGT 11.3 %, hypertension 17.1 %, and obesity 31.6% with more obesity in women (35.7 % vs 22.8 %, p < 0.05). Age-standardized prevalences were: DM 6.5 %, IGT 13.5 % in females and DM 5.5 %, IGT 7.2 % in males. DM and IGT subjects had two or more CV risk factors significantly more often than the normal population. In conclusion, DM, IGT, hypertension, and obesity are common in this South American Hispanic urban population, particularly in women. Public health measures, such as lifestyle education, are required to decrease these non-communicable diseases. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prevalence and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors among healthy adults in a Chinese population: the MJ Health Screening Center Study in Taiwan

OBJECTIVE: To gain insight into the prevalence and clustering of multiple cardiovascular risk factors in a healthy Chinese adult population in Taiwan. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 1996. SUBJECTS: A total of 46,603 subjects (23,485 men and 23,118 women) who were aged 20--59 y and attended a private health screening center for health examination of their own volition. MEASUREMENTS: Multiple cardiovascular risk factors including cigarette smoking, overweight (23 kg/m(2)< or =body mass index (BMI)<25 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI> or =25 kg/m(2)), lipid disorder (a ratio of total cholesterol level to the level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol>5 or use of lipid-lowering drugs), hypertension (systolic blood pressure> or =140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure> or =90 mmHg or use of anti-hypertensive medications), and diabetes mellitus (fasting serum plasma glucose level> or =126 mg/dl or use of anti-diabetic medications) were determined. RESULTS: In comparison to women, men had a higher prevalence of current smoking (42.1 vs 5.6%), overweight (25.1 vs 17.1%) and obesity (33.1 vs 21.5%), lipid disorder (45.1 vs 19.6%), hypertension (17.4 vs 13.2%), as well as diabetes mellitus (4.1 vs 3.4%). The prevalence of men or women having two or more of the cardiovascular risk factors of interest was 54.3 and 21.7%, respectively. With advancing age, the prevalence of risk factors became greater for both genders. More importantly, the clustering of risk factors increased monotonically with increasing BMI levels for men and women. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and clustering of cardiovascular risk factors are commonplace in this healthy Chinese adult population. Considering the significant association between clustering of risk factors under study and BMI levels, this study gives an indication that population-based multifactorial interventions may work out favorably for specific groups.     

Ethnic Enclaves and Type II Diabetes: a Focus on Latino/Hispanic Americans

Diabetes disproportionately impacts the Latino population and while individual traditional risk factors are key, additional external factors, such as neighborhoods, may also affect diabetes rates. This review examines the role of living in an ethnic enclave, a neighborhood with a high Latino concentration, on diabetes and its risk factors for the Latino population in the United States (U.S.). Studies fail to find an association between living in an ethnic enclave and diabetes, despite research demonstrating that enclaves have a protective effect on other health outcomes for Latinos. When considering diabetes risk factors, the associations with ethnic enclaves are mixed. For Latinos, living in an ethnic enclave is associated with healthier diets and increased physical inactivity, while data are mixed for obesity prevalence. More research is needed to determine what aspects of an ethnic enclave have a protective effect against diabetes among Latinos.     

Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience

BACKGROUND: To our knowledge, no single investigation concerning the long-term effects of overweight status on the risk for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular sequelae has been reported. METHODS: Relations between categories of body mass index (BMI), cardiovascular disease risk factors, and vascular disease end points were examined prospectively in Framingham Heart Study participants aged 35 to 75 years, who were followed up to 44 years. The primary outcome was new cardiovascular disease, which included angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, or stroke. Analyses compared overweight (BMI [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters], 25.0-29.9) and obese persons (BMI > or =30) to a referent group of normal-weight persons (BMI, 18.5-24.9). RESULTS: The age-adjusted relative risk (RR) for new hypertension was highly associated with overweight status (men: RR, 1.46; women: RR, 1.75). New hypercholesterolemia and diabetes mellitus were less highly associated with excess adiposity. The age-adjusted RR (confidence interval [CI]) for cardiovascular disease was increased among those who were overweight (men: 1.21 [1.05-1.40]; women: 1.20 [1.03-1.41]) and the obese (men: 1.46 [1.20-1.77]; women: 1.64 [1.37-1.98]). High population attributable risks were related to excess weight (BMI > or =25) for the outcomes hypertension (26% men; 28% women), angina pectoris (26% men; 22% women), and coronary heart disease (23% men; 15% women). CONCLUSIONS: The overweight category is associated with increased relative and population attributable risk for hypertension and cardiovascular sequelae. Interventions to reduce adiposity and avoid excess weight may have large effects on the development of risk factors and cardiovascular disease at an individual and population level.     

The prevalence of hyperuricemia and its correlates in an inland Chinese adult population, urban and rural of Jinan

Economy has developed rapidly in China, and the clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in subjects increased remarkably over the past two decades. However, no data are available regarding the temporal prevalence of hyperuricemia and its correlates in this rapidly developing area, especially in the inland area. The cross-sectional survey was based on a random sample of 4,218 residents aged 35–64 years in the Jinan area. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid ≥416 μmol/L in men and ≥357 μmol/L in women. Subjects underwent physical examination and fasting blood testing. Complete data were available for analysis from 1,979 men and 2,062 women. The age-adjusted prevalence of hyperuricemia was 6.4 % for men and 2.1 % for women. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was greater in urban (6.7 %) than in rural areas (1.7 %) of Jinan city. Multivariate logistic regression models revealed hyperuricemia associated with hypertriglyceridemia [men: odds ratio (OR) = 6.101, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 4.064–9.159; women: OR = 7.103, 95 % CI 3.578–14.099] and high serum creatinine level (men: OR = 2.603, 95 % CI 1.602–4.230; women: OR = 5.237, 95 % CI 2.667–10.284). Hyperuricemia was also significantly associated with male sex, urban residence, hypertension, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia. Age (1-year increase) was negatively associated with hyperuricemia in men but positively associated with hyperuricemia in women. In conclusion, the prevalence of hyperuricemia is higher in urban than rural areas of Jinan, China. Male sex, urban residence, hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and high serum creatinine level contributed to hyperuricemia in this population.     

Cardiovascular mortality in overweight subjects: the key role of associated risk factors

The role of obesity and overweight as independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease is still debated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of overweight on cardiovascular mortality according to the presence or absence of associated risk factors. This study included 139,562 men and 104,236 women, aged 18 to 95 years, who had a standard health checkup at the IPC Center between 1972 and 1988. The follow-up period for mortality ended in December 1997. In both genders, the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia increased with body mass index (P<0.001). When compared with subjects with a body mass index <25 kg/m2 without associated risk factors, overweight subjects without associated risk factors did not have an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. Risk of cardiovascular death increased significantly when overweight was associated with hypertension alone [hazard ratio: 2.05 (1.71 to 2.46) in men; 2.15 (1.48 to 3.11) in women]. In both genders, the association of overweight with diabetes alone or hypercholesterolemia alone did not increase the risk. By contrast, in the presence of hypertension, cardiovascular mortality dramatically increased in overweight subjects with hypercholesterolemia [hazard ratio: 2.65 (2.20 to 3.19) in men, 2.57 (1.80 to 3.68) in women] or diabetes [hazard ratio: 3.01 (2.29 to 3.95) in men; 4.50 (2.67 to 7.58) in women]. The data suggest that the presence of high blood pressure in overweight subjects is the key factor leading to a significant increase in cardiovascular mortality. Because overweight significantly increases the prevalence of associated risk factors, especially hypertension, it should be considered as a major cardiovascular risk determinant.     

A low level of C-reactive protein in Japanese adults and its association with cardiovascular risk factors: the Japan NCVC-Collaborative Inflammation Cohort (JNIC) study

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels vary remarkably by race and ethnic group. We examined hs-CRP levels and their association with cardiovascular risk factors in the Japanese general population. The Japan National Cardiovascular Center (NCVC)-collaborative Inflammation Cohort (JNIC) Study recruited 5213 men and 7071 women aged > or = 40 years from seven communities in Japan during 2002-2004. hs-CRP was measured using nephelometry calibrated with CRM 470, the international plasma protein reference material. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors and their aggregation were studied in multivariate logistic models, stratified by overweight status. Median hs-CRP levels in men and women were 0.60 and 0.45 mg/L, respectively. The percentage of subjects with hs-CRP levels < 1.0, 1.0-3.0, and > 3.0 mg/L was 67.4%, 22.0%, and 10.6% in men, respectively, and 76.3%, 16.7%, and 7.0% in women. hs-CRP levels showed significant linear associations with traditional risk factors. Overweight, hypertension, dyslipidemia (men only), smoking (men only), and diabetes (women only) contributed significantly to elevated hs-CRP levels. Overweight individuals with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes had a high prevalence of elevated hs-CRP levels in both sexes. Japanese adults have very low hs-CRP levels. An aggregation of metabolic risk factors is associated with elevated hs-CRP levels among overweight individuals, particularly in women.     

南京鼓楼医院体检人群超重率和肥胖率及其与心血管疾病风险因素的关联研究

目的:分析南京鼓楼医院体检人群超重率和肥胖率及其与心血管风险疾病之间的关联。方法:纳入384 061名20岁以上成人进行回顾性分析,采用2010年中国人口普查数据进行超重率和肥胖率的标化,采用多因素 logistic回归模型分析超重和肥胖与心血管疾病风险因素之间的关联。 结果:年龄标化的超重率和肥...     

Obesity and selected co-morbidities in an urban Palestinian population.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of obesity and central obesity in an urban Palestinian population and their associations with selected co-morbidities, including diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. DESIGN: A population-based cross-sectional survey in an urban Palestinian community. SUBJECTS: Men and women aged 30-65 y residing in the urban community, excluding pregnant women. MEASUREMENTS: According to WHO guidelines, obesity for men and women was defined as BMI> or =30 kg x m(-2), while pre-obesity was defined as BMI 25-29.9 kg x m(-2). Central obesity was defined as a waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) of >0.90 in men and >0.85 in women. RESULTS: The prevalence of obesity in this population was high at 41% (49% and 30% in women and men, respectively). Central obesity was more prevalent among men (59% compared to 25% in women). After adjusting for the effects of age, sex, smoking and each other, obesity and central obesity were found to be significantly associated with diabetes, low HDL-cholesterol and elevated triglycerides in separate logistic regression analyses. Central obesity was also significantly associated with hypertension (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.30-3.91). CONCLUSION: Obesity and central obesity are prevalent in the urban Palestinian population. Their associations with diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia point to a potential rise in cardiovascular disease (CVD). An understanding of the reasons behind the high prevalence of obesity is essential for its prevention as well as for the prevention of the morbidities to which it may lead.     

Glucose intolerance and associated factors in the Fergana Valley,Uzbekistan

Prevalence of glucose intolerance and other noncommunicable diseases has been examined in subjects aged 35 years and over in semirural and urban communities in the Fergana Valley in the eastern part of Uzbekistan, Central Asia. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were diagnosed according to the recommendations of the latest WHO Study Group on diabetes. Crude prevalence of diabetes was 9 % and 5 %, respectively, in semirural men and women, 13 % and 9 % in urban men and women. Crude prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was 6 % and 9 %, respectively, in semirural men and women, 9 % and 8 % in urban men and women. After adjustment for non-response, prevalence of diabetes was 5 % and 4 %, respectively, in semirural men and women and 8 % in both urban men and women. Adjusted prevalence of IGT was 4 % and 8 %, respectively, in semirural men and women, 5 % and 6 % in urban men and women. The majority of subjects with a prior diagnosis of diabetes were being treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Almost one-half of subjects in both communities had body mass index of 25 kg m⁻² or greater. Central obesity (waist–hip ratio 0.95 or greater for men, 0.85 or greater for women) was observed in over one-quarter of subjects in both communities. Clinical hypertension was not frequent by international standards (9 % in semirural subjects and 13 % in urban subjects) but a number of subjects who were clinically normotensive claimed to be taking antihypertensive medication. It is concluded that glucose intolerance and central obesity are common in this region of Uzbekistan, about which there was previously little information. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evidence of inappropriate cardiovascular risk assessment in middle-age women based on recommended cut-points for waist circumference

Background and aimsDiverse waist circumference thresholds for assessment of metabolic and cardiovascular risk in Caucasians are recommended by different health professional organizations. We aimed to determine optimal sex-specific thresholds for anthropometric measures showing the strongest association with cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of middle-aged Germans.Methods and resultsStatistical analyses are based on data from 426 mothers and 267 fathers of participants of the Ulm Birth Cohort Study undergoing a clinical follow-up examination in 2008 (median age 41 years) using logistic regression analyses. The prevalence of many cardiometabolic risk factors was significantly higher in men than in women; hypertension: 45%/17% (p < 0.0001), apolipoprotein ratio B/A1 > 0.72: 35%/9% (<0.0001), hyperglycemia: 11%/14% (p = 0.3), which is in contrast to the predicted cardiovascular risk of 52%/70% and 24%/36% based on thresholds for waist circumference proposed by International Diabetes Federation and American Heart Association, respectively. We determined optimal thresholds for waist circumference between 90 and 95 cm for men and women. Using a threshold of 92 cm the prevalence of abdominal obesity was 59% in men and 24% in women, which was in agreement with the higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in men than in women (Body Mass Index (BMI) > 25: 64%/35%). The prediction of cardiometabolic risk factors by waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio did not outperform the prediction by BMI. In contrast to BMI, waist circumference was correlated with body height independent of sex.ConclusionCurrently proposed thresholds for waist circumference spuriously overestimate the cardiovascular risk in women, but not in men in a German population.     

Abdominal obesity in the United States: prevalence and attributable risk of hypertension.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of abdominal obesity and its impact on the risks of hypertension in the US adult population. DESIGN AND METHODS: Data from the third US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1988-1994, were utilised. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference > or =102 cm in men and > or =88 cm in women. Hypertension was defined as mean diastolic blood pressure > or =90 mm Hg, systolic blood pressure > or =140 mm Hg or current treatment with prescribed hypertension medication. Prevalences of abdominal obesity were estimated in non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic Americans. Gender-specific logistic regression analysis using empirical waist cut-off points was used to determine the risks of hypertension. The impact of abdominal adiposity on risk of hypertension was estimated from population-attributable risk adjusting for age, current smoking and alcohol intake. RESULTS: The prevalences of abdominal obesity were 27.1%, 20.2% and 21.4% in White, Black and Hispanic men, respectively. The corresponding values in women were 43.2%, 56.0% and 55.4%. Abdominal obesity was found to be associated with a two to three-fold increased risk of hypertension in this population. In men, the attributable risk percent ranged from 20.9% in Hispanics to 27.3% in Whites and in women ranged from 36.5% in Whites to 56.5% in Hispanics. We estimated that 24 million adult men and 40 million adult women of Hispanic and non-Hispanic Black and White ethnicity were suffering from abdominal obesity. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, hypertension appears to be associated with abdominal obesity. The estimates of population attributable risks suggest that the risk of hypertension could be potentially reduced if waist size were reduced to <102 cm in men and <88 cm in women.     

Cardiovascular risk factors in the list of patients of a general practitioner

OBJECTIVE: Study the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the list of patients of a general practitioner (GP). DESIGN: Study cardiovascular risk factors of all patients of a family doctor. SETTING: Health Center. PATIENTS: All the patients of a GP appointment (n = 1143). INTERVENTIONS: To study the clinic cards of all the patients of a GP appointment (n = 1143), in connection with the existence of cardiovascular risk factors: dyslipidemia, hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes and lack of physical exercise. To study these factors by age groups, sex and its association. RESULTS: From the 1143 patients, 62.8% showed at least one vascular risk factor; 14.9% two, 8.7% three, and 5% four or more. As a whole risks factors with more prevalence were obesity (26.5%), hypertension (24.5%), lack of exercise (24.1%), smoking (16.8%) dyslipidemia (12.7%) and diabetes (4.6%). The 1143 patients were 417 men and 726 women. Comparing sexes, obesity and lack of exercise were outstanding in women; smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and the association of risk factors were more frequent in men. All risk factors increased with age. CONCLUSIONS: From the present work we conclude that the majority of these patients appear to have at least one risk factor of cardiovascular disease and about a quarter association of risk factors. GP can and should take advantage of the privilege situation which occupies in terms of knowledge of its population to trace and if possible to control the present vascular risk factors.     

Glucose intolerance and associated factors in the multi-ethnic population of the United Arab Emirates: results of a national survey

AIMS: To determine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glycaemia (IFG) and associated conditions such as obesity and hypertension, in the multi-ethnic, adult population of the United Arab Emirates in 1999-2000. METHODS: A stratified, multistage, random sample was selected. Diagnosis was based on the latest recommendations of a WHO Expert Group. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 89%. Crude prevalence of diabetes was 20%. It was higher in UAE citizens (25%) than in expatriates (13-19% depending on country of origin). Prevalence of diabetes rose with age to a maximum of 40% after the age of 55 years. Prevalence of impaired fasting glycaemia was 5% in men and 7% in women. Forty-one percent of subjects with diabetes were undiagnosed prior to the survey. Of the previously diagnosed subjects with diabetes, 59% were taking oral hypoglycaemic agents, 8% used insulin and 17% relied on diet alone. Obesity was common in all ethnic groups. Approximately three-quarters of all subjects were either obese (BMI> or =30) or overweight (BMI 25-29). Presence of diabetes was associated with increasing waist-hip ratio (WHR), age and with systolic blood pressure and ethnicity. Co-morbidity with glucose intolerance occurred with obesity in 8% and with hypertension in 5%. Three-quarters of all subjects had one or more of these conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes, obesity and hypertension are extremely prevalent in the adult population of the UAE. Prompt action is required to avert a major public health crisis due to the long-term complications of diabetes in the near future.     

Dyslipidemia Patterns among Hispanics/Latinos of Diverse Background in the United States

Background

The prevalence and determinants of dyslipidemia patterns among Hispanics/Latinos are not well known.

Methods

Lipid and lipoprotein data were used from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos–a population-based cohort of 16,415 US Hispanic/Latinos ages 18-74 years. National Cholesterol Education Program cutoffs were employed. Differences in demographics, lifestyle factors, and biological and acculturation characteristics were compared among those with and without dyslipidemia.

Results

Mean age was 41.1 years, and 47.9% were male. The overall prevalence of any dyslipidemia was 65.0%. The prevalence of elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was 36.0%, and highest among Cubans (44.5%; P < .001). Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was present in 41.4% and did not significantly differ across Hispanic background groups (P = .09). High triglycerides were seen in 14.8% of Hispanics/Latinos, most commonly among Central Americans (18.3%; P < .001). Elevated non-HDL-C was seen in 34.7%, with the highest prevalence among Cubans (43.3%; P < .001). Dominicans consistently had a lower prevalence of most types of dyslipidemia. In multivariate analyses, the presence of any dyslipidemia was associated with increasing age, body mass index, and low physical activity. Older age, female sex, diabetes, low physical activity, and alcohol use were associated with specific dyslipidemia types. Spanish-language preference and lower educational status were associated with higher dyslipidemia prevalence.

Conclusion

Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent among US Hispanics/Latinos; Cubans seem particularly at risk. Determinants of dyslipidemia varied across Hispanic backgrounds, with socioeconomic status and acculturation having a significant effect on dyslipidemia prevalence. This information can help guide public health measures to prevent disparities among the US Hispanic/Latino population.     

Prevalence of diabetes in Catalonia (Spain): an oral glucose tolerance test-based population study

The goal of this study was to investigate the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in the adult population of Catalonia and study their association with obesity, central obesity, hypertension and smoking habit. A random sample of 3839 subjects aged 30-89 years participated in this cross-sectional study: 2214 subjects underwent a health examination with oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and 1625 were interviewed by phone. Diabetes prevalence (known and unknown) in the 30-89-year-old population was 10.3%, (95% CI: 9.1-11.6). In this age group, the prevalence rates of known diabetes, unknown diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance were 6.4, 3.9 and 11.9% in men and 6.9, 3.4 and 11.9% in women. The age adjusted prevalence to the world population for the 30-64-year-old age group was 6.1% (7.1% in men and 5.2% in women).The factors significantly associated with diabetes were age, obesity, hypertension and family history of diabetes. The high ratio of previously known diabetic cases to newly discovered ones, specially in the oldest age group, suggests good levels of awareness and medical services. The prevalence in Catalonia is similar to that observed in other Mediterranean countries.     

Cardiovascular risk factors attributable to obesity and overweight in Switzerland

Background and aimsObesity increases the risk for cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs), including hypertension, dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes. In this study, we assessed the burden of overweight and obesity on CVRFs in Switzerland, using Swiss-specific population attributable fractions (PAFs).Methods and resultsThe number of cases of CVRFs that could have been prevented if the increase in overweight and obesity in Switzerland had been contained was estimated using gender-specific, age- and smoking-adjusted PAFs for overweight and obesity. PAFs were estimated from the Swiss Health Survey 2007 (self-reported) and the CoLaus study (measured) data.PAFs from self-reported were lower than from measured data. Using measured data, overweight and obesity contributed to 38% of hypertension cases in men (32% in women). In men, overweight had a larger impact than obesity (22.2% and 15.6%, respectively), while the opposite was observed for women (13.6% and 18.1%, respectively). In men, 37% of dyslipidaemia (30% in women) could be attributed to overweight and obesity; overweight had a higher contribution than obesity in both sexes. In men, 57% of type 2 diabetes (62% in women) was attributable to overweight and obesity; obesity had a larger impact than overweight in both sexes. Overall, approximately 27,000 cases of type 2 diabetes, 63,000 cases of high blood pressure and 37,000 cases of dyslipidaemia could have been avoided if overweight and obesity levels were maintained at 1992 levels.ConclusionA large proportion of CVRFs is attributable to overweight and/or obesity and could have been prevented by containing the overweight/obesity epidemic.