Influence of manufacturing procedure on stability of Unguentum contra perniones preparations

BACKGROUND: Application of various technological procedures for the manufacture of officinal preparation ointment against chilblains (Unguentum contra perniones) produce essential variations in the quality and stability of the final product. Changing the sequence of admixing active substances into the ointment base indicated the presence of incompatibility between the active substances, as well as between the active substances and the ointment base components. The aim was to examine the influence of various technological manufacturing procedures on quality and stability of the preparation. METHODS: Changes in the samples of ointments and aqueous solutions of active substances were analysed microscopically. RESULTS: Microscopic analysis of hydrosoluble active substance solutions demonstrated destruction of ichthammol, induced by an acidic medium due to the dissolution of tannin and resorcinol, which is well known from the literature. It also demonstrated the destruction of tannin and resorcinol in aqueous solution, which had not been described in the literature. Application of the prescribed procedure for the manufacturing of ointment against chilblains, conceals the incompatibility reactions due to a slow dissolution of the tannin suspended in the officinal ointment base Unguentum cera lanae. Admixture of an ready-made aqueous solution of tannin caused an instant contact between ichthammol and the acidic medium, which caused the destruction or the complete absence of the formation of emulsion droplets. The problem of incompatibility reactions between lanolin alcohols in the ointment base and ichthammol and resorcinol, as well as the reaction between Peruvian balsam and sulfur from the ichthammol sulfate ion was observed. Numerous incompatibility reactions of ointment against chilblains, components indicated that it was necessary to introduce alterations in both the qualitative and quantitative composition of the preparation. CONCLUSION: Excipient preparation procedure, as well as the technological procedure for incorporation of active ingredients can cause the incompatibilities and therefore the formulation stability problems.     

大蒜素生成和提取工艺的研究

目的考察大蒜素生成和提取率，确定大蒜中大蒜素的最佳提取工艺。方法在常温、充氧、充氮、冰箱冷藏条件下，考察大蒜素的生成速度和提取率；采用乙醇超声法提取大蒜素，通过正交试验筛选最佳提取工艺。结果大蒜素最佳提取工艺：蒜泥在40℃下超声酶解80min，按料液比l：4（g·ml-1）加入95％乙醇，40℃下超声提取80min，大蒜素提取液常温放置10d。结论在常温条件下，蒜泥加95％乙醇超声提取，成本低、得率高。     

Detection of individual microbubbles of ultrasound contrast agents: imaging of free-floating and targeted bubbles

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: During echo examinations with microbubble contrast, individual "dots" of ultrasound reflection can be visualized. To address the question whether these signals represent individual microbubbles, very dilute suspensions of ultrasound contrast agents or individual microbubbles attached to Petri dishes were prepared and studied by ultrasound imaging. METHODS: Microbubble suspensions were diluted in saline and evaluated by a clinical ultrasound imaging system. Microbubble concentration was verified by Coulter counter. Single microbubble preparation on a Petri dish was established by streptavidin-biotin interaction under microscopy control and subjected to ultrasound imaging. RESULTS: Ultrasound of dilute microbubble dispersions demonstrated distinct white foci; concentration of these sites was consistent with signals from individual microbubbles as determined by Coulter. Individual microbubbles immobilized on polystyrene were also visualized by ultrasound. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound medical systems can resolve backscatter signals from individual microbubbles of ultrasound contrast, both in solution and in the targeted immobilized state, implying picogram sensitivity.     

正交法优选安宫牛黄微丸处方药材的醇提工艺

目的优选安宫牛黄微丸的最佳提取工艺。方法以干膏率和3种成分的含量（黄芩苷、栀子苷、盐酸小檗碱）为检测指标,以乙醇浓度、用量、提取时间、提取次数为考察因素,采用正交试验优选最佳提取工艺。结果最佳提取工艺为12倍量70%的乙醇溶液,回流提取3次,2h/次。结论该工艺简便,稳定,合理,可用于工业化生产。     

小儿膀胱结石两种治疗方法的比较

 目的 比较超声引导下经皮膀胱微通道应用第5代EMS气压弹道联合超声吸附碎石清石技术,与经尿道输尿管下至压弹道碎石术治疗小儿膀胱结石的差别。方法 对比分析了2012-03至2015-12,笔者在超声引导下经皮膀胱微通道应用EMS第5代气压弹道联合超声吸附碎石清石技术,治疗小儿膀胱结石27例(治疗组)与经尿道输尿管镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗小儿膀胱结石25例(对照组)的临床资料。结果 治疗组碎石及取石时间为(15±3)min,平均手术时间为(20±10)min,术后出院时间为(6±1)d,无尿道损伤和结石残留。对照组碎石及取石时间为(40±6)min,平均手术时间为(45±15)min,术后出院时间为(9±2)d。尿道损伤为4例,结石残留为6例,再次手术3例。两组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 超声引导下经皮膀胱微通道应用EMS第5代气压弹道联合超声吸附碎石清石技术,适用于小儿膀胱结石患者,具有微创、安全、净石率高、操作简单、手术时间短、无结石残留、术后恢复快等优点,特别是避免了经尿道反复取石损伤尿道和术后尿道狭窄并发症的风险,值得推广应用。
     

正交试验法优选芩榆烧伤液提取工艺研究

目的研究芩榆烧伤液提取工艺,优选最佳工艺条件。方法以黄芩苷含量为检测指标,用正交法考察3种因素(乙醇浓度、加醇倍量、渗漉速度)对含量的影响。结果黄芩苷在10.36~51.8μg/ml范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9993,n=5)。最佳提取工艺为A2B2C1,即30倍量60%乙醇,以7 ml/min的流速进行渗漉。结论该提取工艺设计合理,结果可靠,可用于芩榆烧伤液的制备。     

基于改进变分水平集法提取超声图像乳腺肿瘤边缘

目的研究准确提取超声图像乳腺肿瘤边缘的算法。方法在变分水平集方法中提出一种新型能量函数—全局—局部能量函数,通过加强图像的局部信息,实现超声图像乳腺肿瘤边缘的准确提取。结果对仿真超声图像的实验表明,本方法比全局最优化的Chan-Vese方法能更准确区分目标和背景。对103例超声乳腺肿瘤图像的实验表明,本方法无需任何预处理步骤即可准确提取肿瘤边缘。结论本方法有望实现超声图像乳腺肿瘤边缘的快速、准确提取。     

延胡索醇回流法与超声法提取工艺比较研究

目的探讨延胡索药粉超声波提取的可行性,为工业化生产提供依据。方法以延胡索乙素为评价指标,首 先采用正交设计试验法筛选延胡索药粉超声波提取与醇回流提取各自的最优工艺条件,再用配对t检验法分析实验数据。结 果延胡索醇超声提取最优工艺参数为：延胡索药粉加人50%乙醇浸泡30 min,50%乙醇体积为药材量的6倍,超声时间1.0h。延胡索醇回流提取最优工艺参数为：延胡索药粉加入50%乙醇浸泡30 min,50%乙醇体积为药材量的10倍,水浴回流时间1.0 h。延胡索药粉醇回流与超声提取差别有统计意义,回流提取优于超声提取。结论延胡索采用回流提取为佳,按最 优工艺条件提取,延胡索乙素含量最高。     

The effect of laxatives and enemas on the sonographic visibility of the pancreas

Thirty-six patients were evaluated concerning the visibility of the pancreas under different conditions. One group (12 patients) was prepared with fasting for 4 hours, the second group (12 patients) was additionally given laxatives for one day prior to the examination together with a small enema (preparation for IVP). The third group (12 patients) received laxative treatment for 2 days (preparation for barium enema) but was otherwise treated in the same fashion as group 2. The study did not reveal any difference in visibility between the three groups thus indicating that routine preparation with 4 hours fasting alone can still be recommended when examining the upper part of the abdomen (except the gallbladder) with ultrasound.     

Stent placement for failed angioplasty of aortic stenoses: Report of two cases

In 2 patients, an aortic stenosis failed to respond adequately to balloon dilatation but was successfully treated by implantation of a self-expandable large caliber endoprosthesis and subsequent balloon angioplasty. Intravascular ultrasound helped to classify the characteristics of the lesion in preparation for intervention.     

Reproducibility of quantitative 99Tcm-MAG 3 measurements in rats

Repetitive quantitative renal extraction studies of 99Tcm-MAG 3, performed in nine rats, demonstrated excellent reproducibility of successive measurements. These results are better than with 99Tcm-DTPA, due to the higher renal extraction of the 99Tcm-MAG 3. The % of renal uptake 10 min after the injection was not influenced by the elapsed time between the end of the 99Tcm-MAG 3 preparation and its i.v. administration.     

Aspects of sample preparation for the determination of actinoids in soil.

In the frame of the re-certification measurements of the IAEA-375 soil reference material the activity concentration of four actinoids (U, Th, Pu and Am) was determined. The method is based on microwave digestion or aqua regia leaching, separation by extraction chromatography and alpha-particle counting source preparation by co-precipitation or electro-deposition. This article describes some of the problems encountered during the validation of the sample preparation method and their solutions.     

芦丁对照品的制备

在实验室从槐花米中提取制备芦丁对照品,通过一定的方法进行分离纯化,最后用熔点、化学方法、薄层层析、红外及紫外光谱进行鉴定,结果显示所得产品可代替标准品用。     

The effects of massage on intra muscular temperature in the vastus lateralis in humans

The aim of the current investigation was to evaluate the effect of different durations of massage, and ultrasound treatment, on the temperature of the vastus lateralis muscle in males. Deep effleurage massage of the vastus lateralis was performed on seven healthy males (mean +/- SD; age; 28 +/- 4 years, height 1.84 +/- 0.05 m, body mass 85.7 +/- 12 kg) for 5, 10 and 15 min periods. A 5-min period of ultrasound at 45 KHz was also completed by all subjects. Intra muscular temperature (at 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 cm) and thigh skin temperature were assessed pre and post treatment. Heart rate was monitored continuously throughout all conditions. Pre treatment intra muscular temperature increased as depth of measurement increased (p = 0.00002). Changes in muscle temperature at 1.5 and 2.5 cm were significantly greater following massage than ultrasound (p < 0.002). No significant differences between massage treatments and ultrasound were noted when intra muscular temperature was measured at 3.5 cm (p > 0.05). Massage also significantly increased both heart rate and thigh skin temperature compared to ultrasound (p < 0.005). Increases in intra muscular temperature, heart rate and thigh skin temperature were the same irrespective of massage duration. These data suggest that massage and ultrasound have only limited effects on deep muscle temperature. As a result such approaches may not be suitable as a preparation strategy for exercise.     

Evaluation of Possible Prostate Displacement Induced by Pressure Applied during Transabdominal Ultrasound Image Acquisition

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: For accurate positioning of the prostate in external radiotherapy, transabdominal ultrasound localization and positioning systems are available. Reports have stated that probe pressure applied during image acquisition causes clinically relevant prostate displacement. The aim of this study was to investigate the prostate displacement due to the pressure applied during transabdominal ultrasound image acquisition with the BAT ultrasound system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For ten patients who had undergone iodine-125 seed implantation for brachytherapy of prostate cancer, X-ray simulations were performed before and during ultrasound image acquisition. The iodine seeds are visible on the X-ray images, representing the position of the prostate. The simulator's crosshair, indicating the isocenter, was used as reference coordinate system. For each patient the change in prostate position was calculated based on the seed positions during and after ultrasound examination. RESULTS: A maximum displacement of the prostate of 2.3 mm in anteroposterior and 1.9 mm in craniocaudal direction and a rotational change of up to 2.5 degrees were observed. If the system was not handled correctly and too much pressure was applied, a shift of the prostate of up to 10 mm could be induced. CONCLUSION: Compared to the prostate displacement due to changes in rectal filling, which according to Crook et al. can be as much as 1.7 cm, the maximum displacement of less than 0.3 cm caused by the probe pressure is negligible. However, proper education of the staff and preparation of the patient are essential for the safe use of the system.     

Two- and three-dimensional ultrasound in the development of a needle-free injection system

Ultrasound was used to assess a needle-free injection device for both intradermal and subcutaneous injections. The aim of this study was, first, to differentiate intradermal from subcutaneous injections, both in vivo and in vitro using 2D ultrasound, and second, to quantify the amount of injectate that actually arrives within the dermis or subcutaneous tissues using volume measurements derived from high-resolution 3D ultrasound data sets, using a freehand system (Stradx), developed by the Cambridge University Departments of Engineering and Radiology. For the in vitro study the devices were filled with dye and injected into a pig preparation. The injection site was examined with high-resolution ultrasound and subsequently dissected to locate the injected dye with respect to the dermis. For the in vivo study, 8 volunteers received needle-free injections of normal saline. High-resolution 2D images and 3D data sets were obtained of the injected sites. Proprioceptive information for the 3D data sets was produced using an optically tracked freehand system. Segmentation of the 3D data sets gave an estimation of the volume of injected material (injectate) within the dermis. The results demonstrated that 2D ultrasound could identify the location of the injectate in the in vitro experiments and successfully distinguished an intradermal from a subcutaneous injection. In the in vivo study, 2D ultrasound clearly demonstrated the injectate location within the volunteers' dermis but was less able to demonstrate the dispersion of injectate within the subcutaneous tissues.     

五倍子锭中中国鞣酸相对含量的间接络合滴定

介绍用分析纯鞣酸作对照品，以醋酸锌作沉淀剂，过量的锌离子用ＥＤＴＡ－２Ａａ溶液滴定，测定五倍子锭中鞣酸相对含量，本法与皮粉法相比具有操作简单，快速，定量精确的特点。     

An automated intelligent diagnostic system for the interpretation of umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry

The objective is to develop an automated intelligent diagnostic system for the interpretation of umbilical artery velocity waveforms. An ultrasound instrument with pulsed-wave Doppler is connected to a microcomputer by means of a frame grabber. After data acquisition, umbilical Doppler velocimetry is handled as a pattern recognition (feature extraction and classification) and decision-making problem. Automated image processing (enhancement, smoothing/thresholding and edge detection) and analysis are used for feature extraction. Six waveform indices obtained by feature extraction are used as input layer to vector quantization which classifies waveforms into six groups. A clinical decision is assigned to each group by the medical expert. Our system is trained by 278 and 380 waveform images of 94 normal and 157 high risk pregnancies, respectively. The system was tested with 193 and 61 images of normal and risky pregnancies; it was demonstrated that sensitivity and specificity of the system are 54.1% and 80.3%, respectively.     

正交试验法优选抗感灵颗粒的提取工艺

目的用正交试验法优选抗感灵颗粒处方中有效成分的提取工艺。方法以浸膏得率和绿原酸含量为指标,选择用水量,煎煮时间,沉淀剂为考察因素,利用正交试验L9（3^4）确定水提取中药的工艺。结果最佳工艺条件为11倍用水量,煎煮2次,提取60min,以甲壳素为沉淀剂。结论该制备工艺合理可行,其质量稳定,为抗感灵颗粒的最佳工艺。