白内障手术服务快速评估法的应用及发展

速评估法.     

发展中国家白内障手术的现状

随着人口的老龄化白内障的发病率也在升高,白内障已经成为发展中国家最常见的致盲眼病,在发展中国家中,盲和视觉损伤已经成为严重的公共卫生、社会和经济问题。虽然白内障手术是最具有成本效益的干预方式,但在发展中国家提供白内障手术服务仍存在很多问题和挑战,在过去10a中一些国家在治疗白内障时采用手法小切口白内障摘除术这种手术方式并取得了较好的效果。另外,制定不同的可持续发展的防盲模式在这些发展中国家也是一个挑战。本文就近年发展中国家的白内障手术情况做一综述。     

无锡市50岁及以上人群白内障患病率和手术情况调查

背景 白内障是主要的致盲眼病,中国白内障患者逐年增加,由此带来的社会问题日益严重.目的 调查无锡市50岁及以上人群白内障患病率、白内障患者手术覆盖率及白内障患者的社会负担率.方法 采用整群随机抽样的方法.收集2010年1-12月无锡市滨湖区28个调查点50岁及以上人群共6722名居民,进行详细的病史采集和眼部检查,统计该人群中白内障的患病率及手术覆盖率,评估白内障患者的视功能.本研究遵循医学伦理学准则,经江苏省卫生厅批准,受检者在检查前均签署知情同意书.结果 受检者共6 150例,应答率91.5％.受检者中诊断为白内障者1 564例,白内障的患病率为25.43％.高龄、女性、文盲、有高血压病、糖尿病病史、吸烟史、饮酒史的人群白内障患病率明显增高,差异均有统计学意义（x2=927.835、18.508、303.968、11.934、17.956、32.091、35.290,P＜0.01）.以双眼最佳矫正视力＜0.05作为盲的标准,已行手术的白内障盲者与未手术的白内障盲者的总优势比值为3.15（85/27）,白内障盲者总手术覆盖率为75.89％（85/112）,白内障盲者社会总负担率为1.82％（112/6 150）.随着年龄的增长和受教育程度的降低,白内障盲的手术覆盖率逐渐降低,这种趋势差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,而白内障盲者的社会负担率逐渐增加的趋势差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.结论 高龄、女性和文盲的白内障是无锡地区比较严重的问题,白内障盲者的社会负担率仍然比较高,白内障仍然是防盲、治盲的工作重点.     

昆明市老年人群白内障手术覆盖率及手术效果调查

目的 了解昆明市≥50岁人群中白内障的手术覆盖率及手术效果.方法 多阶段随机抽取昆明市≥50岁者2 760例,通过入户调查,采集相关信息和进行眼部检查,记录晶状体状态、白内障手术情况、妨碍患者接受白内障手术的原因,同时根据术后视力分析白内障手术的效果.结果 共91例(123眼)接受过白内障手术.经年龄和性别矫正后,在视力<0.1的患者中白内障手术覆盖率为46.4%,视力<0.1的白内障患眼中白内障手术覆盖率为29.2%.在手术后的123眼中,效果良好者(最佳矫正视力>0.3)仅为47.9%,人工晶状体植入率为64.8%,患者对手术的满意率为77.7%.未接受白内障手术的患者,主要原因是"没意识到自己患有白内障"和"负担不起手术费用".结论 昆明地区≥50岁人群白内障手术覆盖率较低,手术效果总体较差、人工晶状体的植入率较低,患者对手术的满意程度较低.需要采取积极措施改善昆明地区的白内障手术服务.     

深圳宝安区50岁及以上人群白内障患病情况及手术状况调查

目的调查深圳市宝安区50岁及以上人群中白内障患病率、手术覆盖率和手术前后的视力改善情况,以此了解白内障患病情况及评价2a来深圳市眼科医院在该区实施以白内障手术治疗为主的防盲治盲工作的效果。方法2001-08/2003-08采用整群随机抽样方法对宝安区抽取10个调查点3428例50岁及以上人群进行视力和眼部检查;了解接受白内障手术的情况。结果3428例受检者中,白内障患病率为29.64%。随着年龄的增加,白内障患病率明显增高。而且女性的白内障患病率较男性高,为33.74%。白内障手术能明显提高患者的视力。白内障致盲率和致残率分别由术前的40.97%和54.06%降为术后的0.61%和5.38%。结论白内障仍是高龄者的致盲眼病,手术是患者改善视力的首选。     

宁夏地区白内障患病率和手术覆盖率调查

目的调查宁夏地区成年人群白内障患病率、手术覆盖率和术后视力现状。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样横断面研究, 抽取宁夏地区10个调查点, 对其中18岁及以上人群进行调查, 调查内容包括调查问卷、身高、体质量测量, 视力、眼压、眼底照相和裂隙灯显微镜检查。分析白内障患病情况及其影响因素, 调查受检人群不同年龄分组情况下白内障患病率、手术覆盖率及白内障术后生活视力(PVA)和最佳矫正视力(BCVA)情况。结果应检6 145人, 实际检查人数5 721人, 受检率为93.10%。受检人群年龄为18～93岁, 平均(64.27±13.48)岁;男性2 558人, 占44.71%;女性3 163人, 占55.28%。其中, 确诊为白内障患者1 180例, 白内障患病率为20.62%。白内障患病率随着年龄增长而升高, 随受教育程度的升高而逐步下降, 差异均有统计学意义(χ2=1 091.32、581.92, 均P<0.01);患有高血压、糖尿病、高血脂、冠心病人群的白内障患病率明显高于无相应疾病的人群, 差异均有统计学意义(χ2=274.65、118.15、78.05、182.71, 均P<...     

黑龙江省明水县农村人口白内障及其手术的调查分析

目的 明确明水县农村人口白内障的患病率以及治盲状况,白内障手术治疗的现状,并估计白内障手术覆盖率(CSC)、白内障手术负荷量,为制定今后的治盲策略提供可靠的数据支持.方法 以人群为基础,整群随机抽样.由两个调查组同时进行面谈,并进行眼科检查.统计白内障的患病率、双眼白内障盲的患病率,逻辑回归(Logistic回归)分析白内障和双眼白内障盲与年龄、性别的关系;并计算白内障手术覆盖率(CSC)、白内障手术负荷量.结果 白内障的患病率4.42％ (95％CI:4.0％～4.8％),危险因素包括年龄(≥40岁)、女性.双眼白内障盲的患病率是0.35％ (95％CI:0.24％～0.46％),性别并非其危险因素,年龄(≥50岁)是其危险因素.白内障手术覆盖率(CSC)为12.42％(95％CI:11.28％～13.56％),在50～59岁年龄中CSC最高.不同性别没有差别.白内障手术的负荷量是3.26％.结论 白内障是本地区≥50岁人群中致盲的首位原因,白内障手术覆盖率低,白内障盲人所造成的社会负担较重.提高白内障手术覆盖率是消灭白内障盲的根本手段.     

河南省信阳市创建“白内障无障碍市”活动中白内障患病率调查——开展以白内障手术治疗为主的防肓治肓工作

目的调查信阳市（含八县两区）白内障患病率，白内障致盲率，白内障手术负荷量；评价我市创建“白内障无障碍市”，实施以白内障手术治疗为主的防盲治盲工作效果。方法2006年12月-2007年7月，对全市眼病人群进行白内障的筛查。白内障定义为：至少1眼晶状体浑浊矫正视力〈0．6者，其中最好眼矫正视力〈0．05者为白内障盲人，矫正视力〈0．1眼为白内障手术对象。结果眼病人群共3472例，接受检查3469例，总受检率99．91％，白内障患病率为65．84％，白内障致盲率为3．06％，白内障手术负荷量为30．18％。结论白内障盲人所造成的社会负担较重，目前农村门内障致盲率较高，高质量增加白内障复明手术是防盲治盲的首要任务。     

圈套器冲洗皮质法在小切口白内障手术中的应用

目的:探讨圈套器冲洗皮质法在小切口白内障手术中的应用价值。方法:对380例380眼白内障患者行小切口白内障手术,娩核后应用圈套器向前房及囊袋注水冲洗皮质,少量残余硬皮质应用圈套器托出切口外。结果:皮质冲洗干净,无1例使用圈套器冲洗皮质时致后囊破裂,对角膜内皮无明显损伤,术后第1d所有患者全部复明,脱盲率100%,脱残率达到90.0%,术后第3d脱残率达到93.2%。结论:应用圈套器冲洗皮质法安全、高效,特别是基层医院手术显微镜欠清晰及成熟期、过熟期白内障者尤为适宜。     

关注玻璃体手术技术在婴儿期先天性白内障手术中的合理应用

白内障是儿童主要的致盲性眼病之一。婴幼儿期是视觉发育的关键阶段,在此期间,严重的晶状体混浊会导致形觉剥夺性弱视。早期诊断与治疗对于提高患者的远期视功能预后非常重要。由于婴幼儿期,尤其是婴儿期的眼球结构处于快速变化之中,在此阶段所采用的白内障手术方法有别于成年人。目前,临床上越来越多地使用玻璃体切割设备进行婴幼儿白内障手术,故在强调合理利用玻璃体手术技术以改善婴幼儿白内障手术效果的同时,还应注意避免一些可能的并发症。本文中笔者对利用玻璃体手术技术进行婴儿期先天性白内障手术的手术时机、手术方式及手术切口的选择等进行评述。     

Cataract in central Sri Lanka: cataract surgical coverage and self-reported barriers to cataract surgery

Purpose:  To determine the cataract surgical coverage and investigate the barriers to cataract surgery in the Kandy District of central Sri Lanka.
Methods:  A population-based, cross-sectional ophthalmic survey of the inhabitants of rural villages in central Sri Lanka was conducted; there were 1721 eligible subjects and 1375 participated (79.9% participation rate). The recorded data included age, gender, education, district, corrected visual acuity, dilated slit-lamp examination and stereoscopic fundus examination. Lens opacity was graded using the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Participants with cataract-induced visual impairment (acuity <6/18 in the better eye) were also invited to respond to a verbal questionnaire about barriers to cataract surgery.
Results:  Cataract surgical coverage per individual for visual acuity cut-offs of <6/18, <6/60 and <3/60 was 41.9%, 76.8% and 82.7%, respectively; and per eye was 34.0%, 60.3% and 65.2%, respectively. Cataract surgical coverage was higher for men than women, and two-thirds refused referral for surgery, for the following reasons: no desire to improve vision, fear of surgery and lack of awareness were the most frequently reported barriers.
Summary:  Cataract surgical coverage in central Sri Lanka is higher than that in neighbouring developing regions. Surgical uptake may be improved through better community education.     

Cataract surgical coverage and self-reported barriers to cataract surgery in a rural Myanmar population

Purpose: The aim of this study is to determine the cataract surgical coverage and investigate the barriers to cataract surgery as reported by those with cataract‐induced visual impairment in rural Myanmar. Methods: A cross‐sectional, population‐based survey of inhabitants 40 years of age and over from villages in the Meiktila District (central Myanmar); 2481 eligible participants were identified and 2076 participated. Data recording included corrected visual acuity, dilated slit lamp examination and stereoscopic fundus examination. Lens opacity was graded using the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Participants with cataract‐induced visual impairment (acuity < 6/18 in better eye) were also invited to respond to a verbal questionnaire about barriers to cataract surgery. Results: Cataract surgical coverage for visual acuity cut‐offs of <6/18, <6/60 and <3/60 was 9.74%, 20.11% and 22.3%, respectively, for people and 4.18%, 9.39% and 13.47%, respectively, for eyes. Cataract surgical coverage was higher for men than women, but gender was not associated with refusal of services. Of the 239 who responded to the extra questionnaire, 216 were blind or had low vision owing to cataract. Three quarters refused referral for surgery: cost and fear of surgery were the most frequently reported barriers. Conclusion: Cost plays a large role in the burden of cataract in this region. Implementation of educational programmes, reforms to local health service and subsidization of ophthalmic care may improve the uptake of cataract surgery.     

Trends in cataract surgical rate and resource utilisation in Egypt

Purpose: To describe cataract services in Egypt and explore resources and practices in public and private sectors.

Methods: The study was conducted between June and August 2015. All facilities in the country providing cataract services were contacted to obtain information on surgeries performed in 2014. Hospitals performing eye surgery in Quena, Sharkia, and Fayoum regions were visited and a questionnaire on resources for cataract surgery was completed.

Results: Cataract surgery was offered in the public sector by 64 government and 16 university teaching hospitals and in the private sector by 101 hospitals. Over 90% of all facilities in the country contacted participated in the study. In 2014, the national cataract surgical rate (CSR) was 3674 varying in governorates from 7579 in Ismailia to 402 in Suez. The private sector performed 70% of cataract surgeries.

Analysis of three regions showed an 11.7% increase in cataract output between 2010 and 2014. The average number of cataract surgeries per unit in 2014 was 2272 in private, 1633 in university, and 824 in government hospitals. Private hospitals had 60% of human resources for eye care. Phacoemulsification was the surgical technique in 85.6% of private, 72.1% of university, and 41% of government hospitals.

Reasons explaining the differences in output between public and private sectors were the lack of trainers, supervisors, and incentives.

Conclusion: The private sector provides most of the cataract services in Egypt, resulting in inadequate services for the poor. There is a 15-fold variation in CSR between the best and least served regions. The public sector could increase cataract output by improving training, supervision, and incentives.     

年轻眼科医师基于手术模拟器的小切口白内障囊外摘除手术培训的有效性评估

目的：探讨基于手术模拟器操作训练在眼科年轻医师小切口白内障囊外摘除手术培训的有效性评估。方法：前瞻性对照研究。选取2020/2022年在沈阳何氏眼科医院已完成至少3a住院医师规范化培训的眼科专业住院医师或刚取得主治证书的眼科主治医师共48名为研究对象,通过小切口白内障囊外摘除手术相关理论培训及考核后,随机分为模拟器手术操作训练组(试验组)和实体动物眼手术操作训练组(对照组),每组各24名。试验组和对照组医师分别使用手术模拟器和猪眼进行训练。训练结束后使用手术模拟器和实体猪眼操作对两组研究对象进行考核评分,并对两组医师的总体培训效果进行有效性评估。结果：手术模拟器考核评分及用时比较,试验组研究对象在各步骤考核用时均低于对照组(均P&#x003C;0.05)。试验组研究对象在角膜穿刺注入黏弹剂、娩核及水密角膜穿刺口操作评分与对照组比较均无差异(P&#x003E;0.05),其余步骤评分,试验组均高于对照组(均P&#x003C;0.05)。实体动物眼考核评分,试验组研究对象各步骤考核评分均高于对照组(均P&#x003C;0.05)。试验组研究对象在巩膜切口、角巩膜隧道、连续环形撕囊、水分离及转核至前房、娩核步骤手术模拟器与实体动物眼考核评分比较均无差异(P=0.068、0.126、0.960、0.520、0.206); 在穿刺注入黏弹剂、隧道穿刺进入前房及水密角膜穿刺口考核中,模拟器评分均低于实体动物眼(P=0.007、0.014、&#x003C;0.01); 在皮质吸除、人工晶状体植入操作考核时模拟器评分要高于实体动物眼操作评分(P=0.035、&#x003C;0.01)。结论：将手术模拟器操作训练应用于眼科年轻医师小切口白内障囊外摘除手术技能培训,可以显著提升医师的白内障显微手术操作技能,为建立眼科年轻医师规范化的白内障手术培训提供了新的模式及思路。     

利用手术模拟器提高眼科青年医师白内障手术技能在临床教学中的应用

如何提高医学临床实践教学质量是目前医学临床教育面临的重要课题,高端医学模拟技术在医学临床教育中应用为解决这一困难提供了有效的方法,我们专门介绍眼内手术模拟器的组成、使用方法、在眼科临床白内障手术培训中的优缺点、作为一种新的眼科临床手术培训模式,在提高青年眼科医师白内障手术技能方面显示了良好的前景。     

Screening and surgical intervention results from cataract-free-zone projects in Campinas,Brazil and Chimbote,Peru

Two cataract-free-zone projects, one in Brazil and the other in Peru, were designed to provide surgery to all those who need and want it within a defined geographic area. In-home visual acuity screening was accepted by three-fourths of the enumerated population aged 50 years or more. Those with reduced bilateral visual acuity were referred to a community health post for ophthalmic examination. Among those diagnosed as bilaterally blind (20/200), comprising 5% of the screened population, two-thirds were thought to be blind from cataract. Because of other ocular pathology and general health conditions, surgery was not indicated for 30–50%. Two-thirds of those recommended for out-patient surgery accepted. Motivational efforts to convince the refusers were uniformly unsuccessful. The average age of those accepting and those refusing surgery was in the mid-seventies. Those already aphakic were 7–8 years younger. Post-operative acuity was 20/50 for only one-half of those operated. A significant number of cases had previously undetected macular degeneration and other causes of decreased vision. These projects have given increased attention to cataract blindness and the need for further operational research to develop effective methods for its control using outpatient surgery.     

陕西省农村50岁及以上人群白内障流行病学调查

目的：调查陕西省农村50岁及以上人群白内障患病率及手术情况,并评价由白内障造成的致盲率及术后效果。

方法：于2011-01/12采用整体随机分层抽样方法,在陕西省留坝县、黄陵县、蓝田县调查3 494人,其中≥50岁人群2 124人。所有调查对象均进行标准问卷调查及详细的眼科检查。采用WHO视力诊断标准和我国白内障诊断标准进行评价。

结果：实际受检者1 912人,应答率为90.0%。调查人群的白内障患病率为36.66%,其中50岁人群白内障患病率为15.80%,70岁以上人群则上升到68.71%,白内障的患病率随着年龄增长而明显上升(P<0.01)。此人群白内障致双眼盲和双眼低视力患病率分别为1.99%和7.17%,其中50岁人群双眼盲、单眼盲、双眼低视力、单眼低视力患病率分别为0.51%,0.63%,1.90%,2.53%,70岁以上人群患病率分别上升到4.55%,5.35%,16.44%,18.81%。不同年龄组白内障致盲与低视力患病率均有显著差异,且随着年龄增长而明显升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。在86只白内障手术眼中,实施ECCE手术眼58只,实施PHACO手术眼23只,实施ICCE手术眼5只。其中术后矫正视力≥0.3术眼中ECCE占69.09%,PHACO占23.64%,ICCE占7.27%,脱残率为63.95%,脱盲率为91.86%。

结论：目前白内障在陕西省农村仍然是一个比较严重的公共卫生问题。陕西省防盲工作取得了一定的成绩,白内障的患病率、致盲率均有一定程度的降低。PHACO手术已在农村开展,但PHACO的普及率和手术技术需进一步提高。