单中心儿童肾肿瘤SCMCWT-99方案临床报告

目的 改善儿童肾母细胞瘤预后。方法 对1998年10月至2007年12月住院明确诊断为肾母细胞瘤及肾肉瘤患儿,采用外科手术。内科化疗。选择性放疗,病理科。影像学科协作诊断综合治疗的上海儿中心WT-99方案。按方案中条件根据分期及其他危险因素进行分组,并按分组给予不同药物组合和强度的化疗。Ⅰ期及Ⅱ期病理分型预后良好型不放疗。估计手术不能完全切除时给予2个疗程术前化疗。结果 全组54例,年龄3个月至13岁。病理分类预后良好型39例,预后不良型4例,透明细胞肉瘤5例,横纹肌肉瘤样1例,分型困难或未分化型5例。临床结合病理分期为Ⅰ期19例,Ⅱ期7例,Ⅲ期19例,Ⅳ7例,Ⅴ期2例。54例中获完全缓解51例（94.4%）,3例初治失败。缓解后复发9例。随访1-104个月,中位31.5个月,估计5年无病生存率（EFS）和总生存率（SR）分别为75.7%和83.9%。结论 多专业联合诊断治疗工作模式及儿中心WT-99方案对儿童肾母细胞瘤有效。     

上海儿童医学中心WT-99方案诊治儿童肾母细胞瘤临床报告

目的：改善儿童肾母细胞瘤预后。方法：对1998年10月-2001年10月住院明确诊断为肾母细胞瘤及肾肉瘤的20例病人采用外科手术、内科化疗、选择性放疗,病理科、影像学科协作诊断综合治疗（即上海儿童医学中心WT-99方案）。按方案中条件根据分期及其他危险因素进行分组,并按分组给予不同药物组合和强度的化疗。Ⅰ期及Ⅱ期病理分型预后良好型的不放疗,估计手术不能完全切除时给予2个疗程术前化疗。结果：全组20例,年龄7个月至12岁。病理分类预后良好型14例,预后不良型3例;透明细胞肉瘤2例,横纹肌肉瘤样1例。临床结合病理分期为Ⅰ期5例,Ⅱ期5例,Ⅲ期6例,Ⅳ期3例,Ⅴ期1例。全组20例中获完全缓解18例（90％）,2例初治失败,缓解后复发1例。无病生存时间平均27个月17例（11-45个月）,占85％,目前均已停药。结论：所采用多专业联合诊断治疗工作模式及上海儿童医学中心WT-99诊治方案对儿童肾母细胞瘤有效。     

小儿肿瘤协会儿童肾母细胞瘤WT-2003协作方案初步报告

目的 探讨建立儿童肿瘤协作组可能性，改善我国儿童肾母细胞瘤预后。方法 在中国小儿肿瘤协会下建立儿童肿瘤协作组，制定儿童肾母细胞瘤WT-2003协作方案，方案包括诊断与分期标准，分组标准、各组包括外科手术、内科化疗、选择性放疗的治疗规则。协作组WT-2003方案先在上海儿童医学中心试行20例，证明安全性和有效性后2003年起在协作组内应用。根据患儿分组术后接受18-24周不同强度化疗。方案 规定Ⅰ期及Ⅱ期病理分型为预后良好型不放疗，其余病例治疗均包含有手术、不同强度的放疗和化疗，估计手术不能完全切除时给予2个疗程术前化疗。结果 15家医院参加协作组，7家医院上报汇总资料，累计病例52例。最大年龄12岁，最小6个月，中位29个月。病理分型为预后良好型（FH）35例，预后不良型（UFH）8例，透明细胞肉瘤（CS）5例，肾未分化肉瘤（US）2例，横纹肌样肉瘤（RS）1例，典型肾母细胞瘤特征影像学诊断1例（拒绝手术）。分期：Ⅰ期17例，Ⅱ期11例，Ⅲ期17例，Ⅳ期6例，Ⅴ期1例。48例获完全缓解，占92．3％。目前无肿瘤生存45例，占本组病例的86．5％，时间为3～72个月，中位13个月。结论 中国儿童肿瘤多中心协作临床研究有可行性，通过这一方式可较快积累病例，使治疗更合理，提高我国儿童肿瘤整体诊治水平，本组患儿所采用诊断治疗方案有效，安全性好。     

肾母细胞瘤WT2003方案中放疗策略:附18例回顾性分析

目的 改善肾母细胞瘤放疗方案。方法 对1998年10月-2006年10月明确诊断肾母细胞瘤及肾透明细胞肉瘤、肾横纹肌样肉瘤术后18例患儿,按WT99和WT2003方案,FHⅢ期及以上,UFH各期进行全腹或瘤床放疗,放疗剂量10.8 Gy至21.6 Gy,肺转移全肺为12 Gy。结果 18例中年龄17个月-10岁。病理分型为预后良好型9例,预后不良型4例（局灶型1例,弥漫型1例,未分型2例）,透明细胞肉瘤2例,横纹肌肉瘤样1例,其他2例（化疗后不能分型）;分期结果为Ⅱ期4例,Ⅲ期10例,Ⅳ期2例,Ⅴ期2例。18例中获完全缓解16例（88.9%）,缓解后复发1例。结论 多学科多中心协作模式对儿童肾母细胞瘤有效,WT2003方案中放疗策略需随着放疗技术的发展而作修正。     

WT-2009方案治疗儿童肾母细胞瘤疗效及安全性分析

目的探讨WT-2009方案治疗儿童肾母细胞瘤的疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2013年12月确诊的34例肾母细胞瘤患儿的临床资料,其中2例确诊后死亡,6例放弃治疗,余26例按照儿童肾母细胞瘤化疗方案(WT-2009)进行治疗。采用Kaplan-Meier方法分析患儿预期2年累积总生存率及2年无事件生存率。结果病理分型以预后良好型(包括上皮细胞型、胚芽型和混合型)为主(88%,30/34);首发症状以腹部包块为主(56%,19/34)。26例经WT-2009方案进行治疗的患儿中,CR 24例(92%),PR 1例(4%),PD 1例(4%);治疗过程中仅1例发生严重肺部感染。预期2年累积生存率为100%,2年无事件生存率为89.7%。结论肾母细胞瘤病理类型以预后良好型多见,化疗反应敏感;患儿对WT-2009方案化疗耐受性好,无化疗相关死亡,安全性高。     

儿童肾肿瘤多中心协作组288例诊治报告

目的:总结中国小儿肿瘤专业委员会(CCCG)肾母细胞瘤(WT)-2015方案的疗效。方法:前瞻性研究,在CCCG-WT-2009方案基础上修正建立WT-2015方案。总结2015年9月至2018年12月在14家协作组成员单位明确诊断的288例初发肾肿瘤患儿的临床资料。分析儿童肾肿瘤的发病年龄、病理亚型分布、分期、疗效及预后因素。生存曲线应用Kaplan-Meier法,单因素分析应用Log-Rank法。结果:288例肾肿瘤中WT 261例,其中良好组织学型(FH)WT 254例,占97.3%,间变型(UFH)WT 7例,占2.7%。FHWT、UFHWT 3年无事件生存率(EFS)分别为(88.9±2.1)%、(80.0±17.9)%,优于WT-2009方案的81.2%、71.7%。Ⅲ、Ⅳ期FHWT有放疗指征者96例,其中76例实施放疗,20例因未放疗升至M方案化疗(环磷酰胺、依托泊苷、更生霉素、长春新碱、阿霉素),放疗与未放疗患儿3年EFS分别为(84.7±4.3)%及(84.7±8.1)%,预后差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.015,P=0.902)。肾肉瘤包括肾透明细胞肉瘤22例和肾横纹肌样瘤5例。3年EFS分别为(94.4±5.4)%及(20.0±17.9)%。将年龄、性别、病理类型、分期、手术中破溃否、治疗结束是否达到完全缓解(CR)、放疗否进行预后单因素分析,结果发现病理类型(χ2=44.329,P<0.01)和治疗结束时是否达到CR(χ2=49.459,P<0.01)是独立预后影响因素。结论:CCCG-WT-2015方案与WT-2009方案相比,预后改善,可扩大协作组对象应用本方案。     

肾母细胞瘤诊治10年回顾

目的 对10年中收治的小儿肾母细胞瘤的发病特点和诊治进行回顾分析,讨论影响肾母细胞瘤治疗和预后的因素.方法 统计10年期间69例肾母细胞瘤患儿的临床资料,包括患儿性别,发病年龄,临床表现和分期,病理分型和治疗手段,并将患儿分别以临床分期和病理分型进行分层,用Kaplan-Meier进行单因素生存分析.结果平均发病年龄(3.25±2.78)岁,发现腹部包块为主要起病症状,其中Ⅰ期18例,Ⅱ期25例,Ⅲ20例,Ⅳ期6例.治疗手段为患肾切除,NWTSG的化疗方案和有限病例的放疗.随访时间4～123个月,平均生存时间(41±30.9)个月.生存率:总体生存率78.2%,其中Ⅰ期患儿100%,Ⅱ期患儿76%,Ⅲ期患儿70%,Ⅳ期患儿50%.Kaplan-Meier生存分析表明,Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期三组患儿的生存时间差别无统计学意义,但明显高于Ⅳ期组患儿(LogRank法,P=0.04).预后良好组织类型(FH)组生存率为86.9%,其中Ⅰ期为100%,Ⅱ期93.3%,Ⅲ期72.7%,Ⅳ期50%;预后不良组织类型(UH)组总体生存率为65.2%,Kaplan-Meier生存分析生存表明,二组的生存时间具有显著性差异(Log Rank法,P=0.004).结论 临床分期,病理类型和治疗手段是影响肾母细胞瘤患儿预后的重要因素.     

儿童复发性肾母细胞瘤临床特点和治疗经验

目的 探讨儿童复发性肾母细胞瘤临床特点和治疗经验.方法 回顾性研究2003年1月-2011年4月收治的17例儿童复发性肾母细胞瘤临床资料.其中9例采用手术联合术前术后化疗、放疗治疗方法.采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计学处理,运用Kaplan-Meier曲线进行生存率分析.结果 本组病例按美国肾母细胞瘤研究组织(MWTSG)临床分期分为Ⅰ期4例、Ⅱ期8例、Ⅲ期3例、Ⅳ期1例、V期1例.原发瘤与复发瘤病理类型一致,其中预后良好型12例,预后不良型5例.全组有9例共接受12次再次手术,其中根治性切除1次,肿瘤单纯切除11次,术后化疗9例,放疗3例.再次手术组1 a累积生存率高于未再次手术组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 尽管肾母细胞瘤可能反复复发,但病理类型仍然与原发瘤保持一致.治疗策略在于尽可能完整切除复发瘤和转移瘤,同时联合术前术后化疗、放疗可以提高患者生存率.     

肾母细胞瘤DNA含量与临床分期、组织学分型及预后的关系

肾母细胞瘤ＤＮＡ含量与临床分期、组织学分型及预后的关系邙建波，钱雪丽，才文彦，李俊娟肾母细胞瘤是儿童腹部常见肿瘤。目前对肾母细胞瘤采用手术切除、化疗及放疗的综合治疗方法，根据临床分期和组织学分型制订治疗方案，对晚期患儿和预后不良组织型患儿加强治疗。本...     

畸胎瘤样肾母细胞瘤治疗体会及文献回顾

目的 探讨儿童畸胎瘤样肾母细胞瘤临床诊断和治疗方法,提高临床对该病的认识.方法 回顾我院2007年至2016年间诊治的4例儿童畸胎瘤样肾母细胞瘤,男2例,女2例,年龄2～40个月,平均年龄21个月;原发灶:右肾3例,左肾1例;根据COG分期为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ期(肺及骨髓)各1例,分析其临床表现、诊断及治疗方法.结果 4例患儿均行肾脏肿瘤根治性切除术,其中Ⅲ、Ⅳ期患儿术前行化疗再行根治术;3例术后辅以化疗,术后复发1例(化疗不敏感);3例早中期患儿预后可(2例随访时间超9年,1例随访3年),1例Ⅳ患儿再次手术后化疗加放疗中.结论 儿童畸胎瘤样肾母细胞瘤是肾母细胞瘤的罕见病理类型,临床症状通常难与经典肾母细胞瘤鉴别,主要依靠术前影像学及病理诊断,患侧肾脏肿瘤根治性切除术为主要治疗手段,早中期TWT患儿预后良好,至于保肾肿瘤切除术在该类型肾母细胞瘤的应用,暂未见文献报道,本组病例数较少,也未涉及.对于晚期TWT患儿,可能因为其独特的病理特征,其预后可能比经典肾母细胞瘤更差.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Overcoming surfactant inhibition with polymers

Inhibition of the function of pulmonary surfactant in the alveolar space is an important element of the pathophysiology of many lung diseases, including meconium aspiration syndrome, pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The known mechanisms by which surfactant dysfunction occurs are (a) competitive inhibition of phospholipid entry into the surface monolayer (e.g. by plasma proteins), and (b) infiltration and destabilization of the surface film by extraneous lipids (e.g. meconium-derived free fatty acids). Recent data suggest that addition of non-ionic polymers such as dextran and polyethylene glycol to surfactant mixtures may significantly improve resistance to inhibition. Polymers have been found to neutralize the effects of several different inhibitors, and can produce near-complete restoration of surfactant function. The anti-inhibitory properties of polymers, and their possible role as an adjunct to surfactant therapy, deserve further exploration.     

Understanding infant formula

The World Health organisation recommends breast feeding infants for the first six months of life. When this breast feeding does not occur either through parental choice or medical need, infant formulas will be required. There is a bewildering array of formulas on the UK market for many different requirements. When faced with an unsettled infant many parents (and healthcare professionals) will experiment with the infant formula available and then attend the paediatric clinic looking for help and advice. It is therefore essential that paediatricians understand what milks are available and what the key differences between different products are. This review attempts to provide a simple guide through many of the formulations currently available in the UK; and offers advice for the dietary management of the child with extra calorie requirements, infants with cow's milk protein allergy, gastro oesophageal reflux disease, apparent unresolved hunger and infantile colic. Whatever the underlying condition, there is likely to be an infant formula that is suitable in this generation of ever expanding formulations.