红外耳温仪在肿瘤病区的应用探讨

目的探讨红外耳温仪测温方法在肿瘤化疗病区应用的可行性和优点。方法随机选择肿瘤化疗病区200例住院患者分别进行耳温(左耳和右耳)与口温、腋温及肛温的测量,并进行测量结果的比对。结果红外耳温仪所测得的耳温比同时、同一患者用水银体温计测得的肛温略低,比口温稍高,两者差异无统计学意义;耳温明显高于腋温,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);左、右耳温度差异无统计学意义。结论红外线耳温仪和水银体温计测温一样准确、稳定,但红外线耳温仪还具备操作简单、使用安全、省时省力的优点,值得在临床推广应用。     

不同测温方法测量结果的比较和分析

目的 合理使用体温检测方法．寻找一种简单、准确、损伤小的测量体温方式。方法随机抽取正常人和门诊患者共计182例,分别用水银体温计测量口温和腋温;用红外线额温测量计测量前额和手心;用红外线耳温测量计测量耳温。结果红外线额温测量计测量结果与腋温值差异有统计学意义：红外线耳温测量结果与腋温值差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论红外线测量计测量体温是可行的,红外线耳温计与水银体温计测量同样有效,红外线额温测量计测量手心也可作为一种方便快捷的筛查发热患者的方法。     

红外耳式体温计与玻璃体温计用于产妇测温的比较

目的探讨红外耳式体温计与玻璃体温计在体温测量中的差异,研究耳温、腋温和口温之间的关系。方珐随机抽取产科130例患者．其中体温正常者90例、发热者40例,采用自身对照的方法比较耳温、腋温和口温之间的差异。结果红外耳式体温计能反映正常体温变化,左、右耳的温度误差较小;发热组患者左、右耳温度无差异,但耳温、腋温和口温的差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论红外耳式体温计测温快速、安全,测量准确,使用简单方便,值得推广应用。     

不同方法测量患儿体温的比较

目的探讨在临床上应用红外鼓膜体温计（简称耳温计）测量体温的可行性。方法按便利抽样法抽取2008年9月至2009年5月某院儿科住院患儿860例,用耳温计测量患儿耳温,同时用水银体温计测量患儿腋温、肛温。采用自身对照的方法比较3种方法测量体温的数值及测量时间的差异,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果通过对患儿的耳温和腋温、肛温的随机区组间的方差分析比较,发现3种方法所测温度的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。进一步比较发现,耳温与肛温之间的差异无统计学意义（t1=-0.138,P〉0.05）,但耳温与腋温、腋温与肛温之间的差异均有统计学意义（t2=-0.0360,t3=-0.0498,均P〈0.05）。测量腋温、耳温、肛温所耗时间分别为10min、3s、3min。结论耳温计可以代替水银体温计测量体温,且更省时、更安全。     

中枢性高热患者耳温测量的临床研究

目的探讨中枢性高热患者耳温测量的临床意义。方法选择2006年1月～12月收治神经科住院,使用电子冰帽治疗的脑血管病中枢性高热患者30例,每2h测量并记录治疗前后患者同侧的耳温及腋温,用红外线鼓膜温度计测量耳温,用水银温度计测量腋温,采用自身对比法分析耳温与腋温的差异。结果(1)同一患者应用电子冰帽的耳温测量值高于同侧腋温,P<0.05;(2)应用冰帽后耳温下降幅度大于腋温下降幅度,以6h内下降最明显,P<0.01;12h、24h两部位温差相比,P<0.05。结论相同条件下,耳温比腋温更能较早准确地反映脑温的变化,指导临床治疗,改善预后,且测量耳温操作简单,节省时间,可准确提供患者脑温变化的信息,值得在临床应用和推广。     

儿童体温不同测试方法的观察

目的 比较口温、腋温、耳温测量法在儿童体温测试中的差异，以寻求一种简便、准确的儿童体温测量方法。方法对100例住院患儿在同一时间段测量口温、腋温、耳温，进行对比分析。结果腋温平均值为（37．11±1．01）℃，口温平均值为（37．65±0．99）℃，耳温平均值为（37．70±1．00）℃。结论根据测量结果，给儿童测量体温，可用耳温测量法代替口温、腋温测量法。     

两种体温计测温效果比较

目的探讨红外耳温仪和汞柱式体温计测温之间的关系,为红外耳温仪测温提供依据。方法测量204例住院患者的左右耳温和口温,采用自身对照的方法比较耳温和口温及左右耳温之间的差异。结果耳温高值、均值、低值与口温分别比较,差异均有统计学意义（Z分别为-8．703,-6．970,-4．111;（P〈0．01）;左耳温（36．8897±0．36354）℃与右耳温（36．9275±0．35098）℃比较,差异有统计学意义（t=3．492,P〈0．01）;耳温的变异系数均小于口温,稳定性比口温好;耳温均值和口温的相关性最好（r=0．758,P〈0．01）。结论红外线耳温仪可广泛应用于住院患者体温测量,但需测量双耳取平均值,且耳温的结果判断标准与口温不同。     

红外线耳温计与水银体温计测量结果的比较研究

目的研究红外线快速耳温计与水银体温计测量结果的差异性。方法采用自身对照研究的方法,对616例患者同时测量口腔温度与耳温,对数值作Kolmogorov-Smirnov正态性检验,并采用秩和检验分析比较在不同年龄段、室温段、口腔温度段条件下口腔温度、耳温的差异。结果不同条件下,口腔温度与耳温的差异均无统计学意义。以水银体温计所测得的口腔温度为标准,耳温计测得的耳温与水银体温计测得的口腔温度的符合率为95.8%。结论红外线耳温在临床上可准确真实地反映体温情况,耳温与口腔温度一致性程度高。     

产妇腋温和口温测量结果比较

目的:比较产妇的腋温和口温差别,以便临床获取产妇正确体温.方法:选择自然分娩和剖宫产产妇各60例,120例产妇共测量体温1 200次,其中两组产妇口温和腋温各测量300次.结果:两组产妇之间的口温和腋温比较差异无统计学意义,组内口温和腋温比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:建议当产妇产后饮食无规律时,为其测量腋温,测得结果加0.1～0.4 ℃代替口温;产后奶胀哺乳造成腋温数据不稳定时,为其测量口温.     

红外线额温测量仪在提高老年科患者体温测量正确性的效果研究

目的探讨红外线额温测量仪在提高老年科患者体温测量正确性的效果。方法对2015年3~4月的老年科住院患者62例,436人次进行红外线额温与水银温度计腋温的同时测量,比较两种方法所测结果的差异性。结果红外线额温与水银温度计腋温的平均差值为0.05℃,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论红外线额温测量能客观反应患者的体温值,有效提高护士工作效率,具有操作简单、测量速度快,不需要患者配合、无交叉感染和汞污染危险等优点,红外线额温测量仪适合在老年科使用,可为护理信息电子化创造条件。     

红外耳温计与玻璃体温计测量中的差异比较与研究

目的探讨红外耳温计与玻璃体温计在测量中的差异,研究耳温和腋温之间的关系。方法把110例病人,分为普通组30例,发热组80例,分别比较普通组、发热组耳温和腋温之间的差异。结果红外耳温计能反映正常体温变化,左右耳的平均温度误差较小,发热组病人的耳温和腋温的差异有高度显著性。结论红外耳式体温计测温快速、安全、测量准确、使用简单方便。     

A comparison of tympanic thermometer readings to pulmonary artery catheter core temperature recordings

The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy of FirstTemp (Intelligent Medical Systems, Carlsbad, CA) tympanic thermometer readings compared with core body temperatures obtained via pulmonary artery catheter (PAC). Five measurements were obtained on 19 cardiovascular surgery patients. Tympanic thermometer measurements tended to be higher than PAC measurements. However, most of the differences were not clinically significant. Differences found between right and left ear measurements were most likely due to poor measurement technique. When the correct technique is used, nurses can be confident that tympanic temperature readings are clinically accurate.     

The patient: a novel source of error in clinical temperature measurement using infrared aural thermometry

INTRODUCTION: The vital signs are an important component of patient assessment. With respect to body temperature; there has been a move away from mercury-in-glass thermometers toward the relatively inexpensive, safer to use infrared tympanic, auricular, or ear thermometer. Although already in widespread use, the reliability of these devices has increasingly been called into question. Few studies, however, have considered that the problem might reside outside the device itself. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between left ear temperature and right ear temperature using an infrared tympanic thermometer (ITT). DESIGN: A prospective, single-blind trail with randomized assignment of the first ear to be assessed. SETTING/LOCATION: Welsh Institute of Chiropractic (WIOC), University of Glamorgan. SUBJECTS: One hundred and thirty two (132) asymptomatic subjects who were opportunistically sampled on entry into the WIOC. None of the subjects had any neurologic deficit, or any known underlying pathologic problems. All were students at the University of Glamorgan (age range, 18-48 years). A smaller sample of the same cohort was used on a separate occasion to compare ITTs from 2 different manufacturers using the same protocol. INTERVENTION: Measurement of ear (ear canal/tympanic) temperature bilaterally using an ITT. OUTCOME MEASURES: Bilateral asymmetry in ear canal temperature. Analysis consisted of nonparametric statistical tests, using Spearman's correlation for comparison and the Wilcoxon matched pairs test for differences. RESULTS: In 132 subjects who completed the main study, although a degree of correlation was found, the relationship did not extrapolate through zero. At temperatures more than 0.4 degrees C above or below 36.7 degrees C, there was a significant difference in temperature in the left compared with the right ear. Additionally, the left ear tended to register a lower temperature than the right ear at temperatures below 36.7 degrees C, whereas the left ear tended to read a higher temperature than the right ear above 36.7 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: The authors suggest that clinicians consider measuring both ears, and take the greater of the readings to be a more accurate reflection of the patient's core temperature. The difference may perhaps even be related to the person's health. This change in methodology should increase the reliability of the measurement and go some way toward restoring confidence in the use of ITT devices.     

Infrared tympanic thermometers are unreliable in low ambient temperatures

Study objective To assess the accuracy of infrared emission detection tympanic thermometers at ambient temperatures near and below their specified operating ambient temperature range. Methods In a pilot and subsequent study, two operators, using two brands of infrared emission detection thermometers in ambient temperatures ranging from 24.6°C to ?22.1°C measured tympanic temperatures of five healthy male volunteers. Each tympanic temperature measurement was taken twice by each operator, with both thermometers, in both ears of each subject. Results were compared with the subjects’ rectal temperatures taken simultaneously. Results A total of 240 tympanic temperature readings were made. In all ambient temperatures there was close agreement between operators and between left and right ears. With decreasing ambient temperatures there was an increasing and significant difference between rectal and tympanic temperatures. Tympanic temperatures were always lower than rectal readings. Both thermometers only gave warning displays of low ambient temperature when used in ambient temperatures well below their specified operating range. Only one brand continued to give readings at very low ambient temperatures and these were substantially inaccurate. Conclusions Infrared emission detection thermometers have limitations in low ambient temperatures. Operators should be aware of these limitations. Development of models of infrared emission detection devices with a wider operating ambient temperature range may be appropriate for use in the field.     

Infrared ear thermometry in water-related accidents-not a good choice

Hypothermia in near-drowning victims is a serious problem that impacts clinical decision-making. The purpose of this trial was to determine the reliability of tympanic temperature measurements compared to oral temperature measurements after immersion in water. After ethical approval was obtained, we studied oral and tympanic temperature in 25 volunteer swimmers (aged 18-49 years). Sublingual (Fixotherm; Tradesell Europe, Eglharting, Germany) and tympanic (First Temp Genius; Sherwood Medical, Sulzbach, Germany) temperature measurements were performed before entering the water, after 45 min of immersion in water, and 15 min after leaving the water. During the immersion phase, the ears were temporarily immersed. A control group (the same 25 volunteers) had to swim for the same amount of time without ever immersing their heads in the water. The trial was performed in an indoor swimming pool at 28 degrees C water and 30 degrees C air temperature. The oral temperature did not change over time in either group. The tympanic temperature was significantly lower after immersion compared to baseline in the "immersed" group (33.7 degrees C vs. 37.5 degrees C, p < 0.001), increased significantly in the recovery period, but remained significantly lower than baseline (36.0 degrees C vs. 37.5 degrees C, p < 0.001). At baseline, the oral temperature was lower compared to the tympanic temperature. This relationship reversed after immersion and remained reversed until the end of the trial in the immersion group. The control group maintained oral temperatures lower than tympanic throughout the study; furthermore, the control group had no clinically relevant change in oral or tympanic temperature over the time (tympanic temperature: 37.4 degrees C vs. 37.2 degrees C, p = 0.06). Our data suggest that in water-related accidents such as near drowning, the values of body (core) temperature obtained via use of infrared ear thermometry are unreliable, and should not be used for clinical decision-making.     

Tympanic thermometer. The left or the right ear?

One alternative method to use of a mercury thermometer to measure body temperature is the reading of the tympanic temperature with an infrared ray thermometer. The authors evaluate the concordance among the temperatures registered with different infrared thermometers in each ear and in the both ears of the same patient. Tympanic temperature was registered in 147 patients, 76 men and 71 women, between the ages of 5 and 88, using two Firstemp Genius model 3000A thermometers. Each patient had their temperature recorded with both thermometers in each ear. The concordance among the temperatures recorded in the same ear of each patient was calculated according to the Bland and Altman method. The temperature between both ears in each patient was compared using a temperature of 38 degrees C as the reference point to use to calculate the Cohen kappa index and the percentage of disparity. The investigators employed a logistical regression to identify factors which are associated with this disparity. In the same ear, with a different thermometer, the same disparity was produced, 8%, in the right ear as well as in the left. When considering different ears, the Cohen kappa index was 0.70 and the disparity was 11%. The disparity which was produced among the recordings in the same ear using identical thermometers and between the right and left ear readings exceed the limits of chance. The authors recommend that tympanic temperature be registered in the right ear or in both ears in which case the highest reading should be recorded.     

护理安全管理在神经内科住院病人中的应用

[目的]探讨神经内科护理安全管理的有效方法。[方法]统计2009年神经内科住院病人意外事件的发生率,分析相关因素,对2010年神经内科住院病人加强护理安全管理,统计意外事件的发生率。[结果]2009年神经内科住院病人意外事件的发生率为4．07％,2010年神经内科住院病人意外事件的发生率为0．71％,两者比较差异有统计学意义。[结论]加强护理安全管理能有效降低神经内科住院病人意外事件的发生,提高护理质量和病人满意度。