Principles for the management of deep infections following total hip replacement

Current methods are presented for the management of deep infection of total hip replacements. The goal of treatment is to maintain the improvement of function gained by hip replacement. In cases without loosening, precise surgical debridement without removal of implants is indicated. Management in septic loosening depends on the general medical condition of the patient, the local bone stock, and the spread of infection. Satisfactory bone stock allows for reimplantation of a new prosthesis, prefably using antibiotic-loaded cement, after scrupulous removal of all potentially infected tissues and particles. The reimplantationcan be done as a one- or two-stage operation. In the two0stage procedure, antibiotic-loaded cement spacer can be used, but both two- and one-stage reimplantation have similar results as regards infection control. Definitive removal of the prosthesis is indicated in patients whose general medical condition is poor, who have no usable bone stock, or who present with a persistent Gram-negative bacterial infection. This procedure is not fully effective, however (infection brought under control in 83% of patients), although it does not cause significant negative effect for the functional status of this group of patients.     

Late instability following total hip arthroplasty

Instability is one of the most common complications after total hip arthroplasty and can present early or late after hip replacement. Late instability is considered if the event occurs five or more years after the primary arthroplasty, and in contrast to early dislocation, it appears to require operative intervention. The incidence of late instability may be greater than initially appreciated, and the cumulative rate rises with longer follow-up. The etiology of hip instability is often multifactorial with the presumed risk factors for late instability including long standing malposition of the components, trauma, deterioration in muscle mass, neurological status impairment and polyethylene wear. This article presents a synopsis of published studies on late instability and outlines our institutional experience with treatment of late dislocation following total hip arthroplasty occurring due to polyethylene wear.     

全髋关节置换后的康复训练程序

背景：全髋关节置换后的康复训练对置换后患者肢体康复起非常重要的作用。目的：回顾分析全髋关节置换后康复训练程序的组成、方法、效果评价、发展及存在的问题。方法：以＂全髋关节置换,康复,物理治疗,功能锻炼＂为中文关键词,以＂totalhip arthroplasty;total hip replacement;physical rehabilitation;rehabilitation trainning＂为英文关键词,采用计算机检索CNKI和Medline数据库1996-01/2012-02关于全髋关节置换后康复训练的文章。结果与结论：全髋关节置换后的康复训练内容主要以体位护理、运动疗法为主,并可配合以人工按摩及磁疗、电疗、超声波疗法等。采用运动疗法时,要注意循序渐进原则,由最初的被动运动,逐渐过渡到主动运动。根据手术类型、假体种类、患者情况等选择合适的康复训练程序可明显提高患者患侧髋关节功能恢复的速度和质量。     

Gait during hydrokinesitherapy following total hip arthroplasty

Purpose.?To obtain gait parameters during hydrotherapy (HT) in patients who were referred for rehabilitation after total hip arthroprostheses.

Method.?The study had a cohort prospective design. Patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) followed a HT rehabilitation program. Twenty-one consecutive patients were enrolled. Five of them dropped out for various reasons, independently of HT. Therefore 16 patients could be evaluated (5 men and 11 women). Sixteen age-matched healthy volunteers were the control subjects. Nine patients had a right THA and 7 a left THA. On average HT duration was 15.7 days (SD 3.8).

Results.?The patients presented with a mean speed of 749 meters per hour (SD 146) at the baseline. At the last session the mean speed was 1175 meters per hour (SD 396). The mean stance duration was 1.59 s (SD 0.28) on the operated side and 1.67 (SD 0.27) on the non-operated side. By contrast, the mean swing duration was 1.02 s (SD 0.20) on the operated side and 0.95 s (SD 0.16) on the non-operated side. The differences in balance were statistically significant. The step duration was the same on both sides. At the beginning of HT the stance/swing ratio was 1.62 (SD 0.40) on the operated side, whereas it was 1.74 (SD 0.42) on the non-operated side. In the controls the ratio was 1.45. During HT both values fluctuated but the trend was toward a better coherence over time. At the beginning the mean stride length was 0.484 meters (SD 0.116) and the value became 0.628 (SD 0.131) after 15 training sessions. At the individual level, recovery occurred in a non-linear fashion, but the mean regression line had a coefficient of 27.1 and the intercept was at 560.3.

Conclusions.?The study design permits accurate definition of stride parameters during rehabilitation which allows optimization of the programme. Increase in speed and regain of balance are monitored on a daily basis and they appear as the targets of a HT programme.     

Gait during hydrokinesitherapy following total hip arthroplasty

Purpose. To obtain gait parameters during hydrotherapy (HT) in patients who were referred for rehabilitation after total hip arthroprostheses.

Method. The study had a cohort prospective design. Patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) followed a HT rehabilitation program. Twenty-one consecutive patients were enrolled. Five of them dropped out for various reasons, independently of HT. Therefore 16 patients could be evaluated (5 men and 11 women). Sixteen age-matched healthy volunteers were the control subjects. Nine patients had a right THA and 7 a left THA. On average HT duration was 15.7 days (SD 3.8).

Results. The patients presented with a mean speed of 749 meters per hour (SD 146) at the baseline. At the last session the mean speed was 1175 meters per hour (SD 396). The mean stance duration was 1.59 s (SD 0.28) on the operated side and 1.67 (SD 0.27) on the non-operated side. By contrast, the mean swing duration was 1.02 s (SD 0.20) on the operated side and 0.95 s (SD 0.16) on the non-operated side. The differences in balance were statistically significant. The step duration was the same on both sides. At the beginning of HT the stance/swing ratio was 1.62 (SD 0.40) on the operated side, whereas it was 1.74 (SD 0.42) on the non-operated side. In the controls the ratio was 1.45. During HT both values fluctuated but the trend was toward a better coherence over time. At the beginning the mean stride length was 0.484 meters (SD 0.116) and the value became 0.628 (SD 0.131) after 15 training sessions. At the individual level, recovery occurred in a non-linear fashion, but the mean regression line had a coefficient of 27.1 and the intercept was at 560.3.

Conclusions. The study design permits accurate definition of stride parameters during rehabilitation which allows optimization of the programme. Increase in speed and regain of balance are monitored on a daily basis and they appear as the targets of a HT programme.     

全髓置换后深静脉血栓的预防

目的:比较低分子肝素和吲哚美辛对预防全髋置换后深静脉血栓发生的疗效.方法:选择北京世纪坛医院骨科收治的股骨头无菌坏死患者120例,男62例,女58例,年龄38～82岁,平均66.9岁;均计划行全髋置换.全部患者随机分为3组,对照组(n=41):没有接受抗凝预防治疗;低分子肝素组(n=40):接受低分子肝素治疗,以患者的体质量计算,给予皮下注射范围1900～3800 U/d;吲哚美辛组(n=39):接受吲哚美辛治疗,剂量为2次/d,口服25 mg/次,均从置换前1d至出院当天.对比观察各组患者全髋置换后深静脉血栓的发生情况.结果:120例患者在全髋置换后第1周行彩色多普勒超声检查,发现65例患者有深静脉血栓(54%),其中18例深静脉血栓发生在非手术侧肢体.在手术侧肢体发生深静脉血栓的患者中18例有临床症状(28%),在非手术侧肢体发生深静脉血栓的患者均未见临床症状.对照组深静脉血栓的发生率为71%,明显高于低分子肝素组48%和吲哚美辛组45%(P<0.05).结论:全髋置换前应用低分子肝素或吲哚美辛明显降低了深静脉血栓发生.     

Isometric performance following total hip arthroplasty and rehabilitation

We compared differences in isometric strength between older adults who have undergone elective unilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA) and completed rehabilitation with a population of community-dwelling older adults who have not had THA. The study was a cross-sectional design, and 22 unilateral THA subjects and 38 community-dwelling older adults participated. THA subjects received on average 13 outpatient or home-based physical therapy sessions before evaluation. THA subjects were evaluated 4 to 5 months postsurgery. We assessed isometric muscle strength by measuring peak hip torque per body weight with a robotic dynamometer during abduction, flexion, and extension. No significant performance differences were observed between operated and nonoperated hips of THA subjects. THA subject operated and nonoperated hips generated significantly less peak torque per body weight during flexion (p = 0.03) compared with community-dwelling older adult hips (THA subject operated hips = 6.96 ft-lb/lb, THA subject nonoperated hips = 8.26 ft-lb/lb, community-dwelling older adult hips = 11.56 ft-lb/lb). No significant differences were observed between THA subjects and community-dwelling older adults during hip extension (p = 0.55) or abduction (p = 0.17). At 4 to 5 months postsurgery, THA subjects were not at the same level of biomechanical performance as community-dwelling older adults. Significant strength deficits were found in THA subject operated versus nonoperated hips during isometric flexion. Additional or modified physical therapy that targets the hip flexors is recommended after THA.     

Physical activity and pain following total hip arthroplasty

Objectives

To determine types and levels of physical activities and hip pain in patients who had a total hip arthroplasty 5-7 years previously.

Participants

Ninety-eight men with a mean age of 61 years (standard deviation 9 years) and 134 women with a mean age of 61 years (standard deviation 6 years).

Methods

Patients reported current physical activities and activity 2 years after surgery. Patients were also asked about pain in the operated hip associated with specific activities, and reduction of activities due to pain.

Results

Ninety-five patients reported hip pain during physical activity, most frequently during bending and lifting activities and least frequently during non-weight-bearing activities. Climbing stairs was also associated with pain. Of 137 patients who decreased their level of activity between the two time points, 57 did so because of hip pain. Their average reduction in activity was 9.1 hours/week (95% confidence interval 6.8 to 11.4 hours/week). These 57 patients reported higher levels of activity 2 years after surgery than those who did not decrease their activity because of pain.

Conclusions

This study provides important information on the types of physical activity in which total hip arthroplasty patients participate, and their association with hip pain and reduction of activity due to pain. There is a need for future research to assess a wide variety of types and levels of activities, and to determine their association with pain and revision surgery.     

异位骨化致全髋关节置换术后髋关节功能障碍的防治研究

目的探讨全髋关节置换术后异位骨化发生的原因、机制及其预防方法。方法将139例接受全髋关节置换的患者随机分为3组,A组53例,B组49例,C组37例,分别于术后次日口服维生素C、消炎痛和布洛芬。结果经统计学分析,异位骨化发生率A组与B组、C组之间有显著差别(P＜0.01),B组与C组之间无显著差别(P＞0.05)。结论非甾体类消炎镇痛类药物可有效地预防全髓关节置换术后发生异位骨化的发生。     

Delayed sciatic nerve palsy following total hip arthroplasty.

Peripheral neuropathy, following total hip arthroplasty, has a reported incidence of 0.7%. However, delayed sciatic nerve palsy has only been reported twice in the literature. We report on two further cases, both of whom developed clinical sciatic nerve palsy at 72 hours after surgery.     

Primary total hip arthroplasty

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TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY (THA) has been proven to decrease a patient's pain and improve function and quality of life. This procedure has been performed in the United States since 1960. Follow-up data suggest long-term success with a decreasing rate of complications and low rate of revision.

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MORE THAN 168,000 THA procedures are performed in the United States every year. There is an 80% chance these hip replacements will last at least 20 years.

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CURRENT IMPROVEMENTS in hip designs, surgical techniques, fixation methods, prophylactic therapies, preadmission education, and rehabilitation have contributed to improved patient outcomes. AORN J 78 (December 2003) 947-969.

     

全髋关节置换后单纯髋臼松动翻修11例

天津医院关节外科于2002-08/2005-02对11例全髋关节置换后单纯髋臼松动而股骨假体固定良好的患者采用改良前外侧切口进行单纯髋臼翻修。平均随访4.2年,11例患者早期均获得良好固定,患者功能良好,1例患者因为感染而再次手术取出假体,放置隔体,1年后再次翻修;1例患者在翻修后4年时出现股骨假体松动,单纯行股骨假体翻修;其余9例翻修后恢复情况良好,X射线片显示髋臼假体无松动、移位,假体周围无透亮带。1例患者出现股外侧皮神经损伤表现,6个月后明显缓解。     

Revision total hip arthroplasty

Endoscopic visualization and pneumatically-powered ballistic chisels that can be used to remove cement and cementless prostheses are recent developmental improvements for revision total hip arthroplasty (THA). Use of these new tools facilitates the revision procedure, reduces tissue trauma, and may reduce surgical time. Understanding the anatomy of the hip joint, pathophysiology that leads to the need for joint replacement, and the implant selection process can assist perioperative nurses in caring for and teaching patients who require revision THA and their family members. This article describes implant choices based on the type of bone deformity present and the use of the ballistic chiseling system during revision THA. Potential postoperative complications also are described. AORN J 76 (Sept 2002) 414-427.     

陶瓷对陶瓷的全髋关节置换

背景:目前陶瓷制造工艺方面仍在不断改进,陶瓷对陶瓷摩擦界面的假体成为关节外科领域关注的焦点,并取得了良好的临床疗效,然而随着陶瓷对陶瓷摩擦界面假体的广泛应用,出现了假体碎裂和高调摩擦音等一系列问题. 目的:探讨陶瓷对陶瓷全髋关节置换的初期临床疗效. 方法:对常熟市第一人民医院2006年1月至2010年6月间小于55岁行陶瓷对陶瓷全髋关节置换的50例患者进行随访,其中男19例(20髋),女31例(33髋),平均年龄45岁,随访时间平均20(12-42)个月.置换前后均采用 Harris 评分进行疗效评估,影像学随访包括髋臼假体外展角和前倾角,假体松动采用 Kawamura 及 Engh 标准,骨溶解采用 Engh 标准,异位骨化依据 Brooker 法评价. 结果与结论:置换前 Harris 评分为(48.10±26.33)分,置换后为(91.10±19.78)分.置换后随访无患者有关节异响的主诉,未见假体松动,未发生假体周围感染,无可观察到的磨损和骨溶解,无明显异位骨化.其中,1例因髋臼陶瓷内衬碎裂翻修.可见陶瓷对陶瓷全髋关节置换对于年轻的骨质量较好的患者短期疗效显著,长期疗效有待于进一步随访.     

微创全髋关节置换后辅助镇痛下的早期康复训练

背景:施行微创全髋关节置换后患者获得更好的关节功能不仅仅取决于手术,而与置换前关节的活动度、置换后康复锻炼等因素密切相关。目的:观察辅助镇痛在微创全髋关节置换后早期康复锻炼中的意义。方法:选择施行微创全髋关节置换的患者42例,随机分为2组,镇痛组在置换后口服塞来昔布下进行早期功能锻炼,对照组不予以止痛药处理。观察镇痛组与对照组目测类比疼痛评分,髋关节功能Harris评分和对手术的整体满意度的差异。结果与结论:镇痛组置换后7d内的目测类比疼痛评分明显优于对照组(P<0.05);镇痛组在置换后6个月内的Harris髋关节功能评分和对手术的整体满意度均明显优于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明辅助镇痛能有效减少置换后患者运动时的疼痛,有效地保证了置换后康复计划的顺利进行,短期内提高了髋关节功能。     

微创全髋关节置换与常规全髋关节置换比较:30例经验的提示

背景:国内已有部分医院采用微创进行髋关节置换,但切口大小报道不一,位置也不尽相同.目的:比较微创全髋关节置换与常规全髋关节置换的置换指标及短期临床随访结果.方法:对30 例30髋进行微创全髋关节置换,同期30例30髋采用常规后外侧入路行全髋关节置换,两组患者年龄、性别及体质量指数均衡(P > 0.05),疾病谱相似.两组病例均采用施乐辉公司生产的非骨水泥型假体,比较两组病例的术中出血量、置换时间、切口长度、置换后早中期的功能锻炼情况及影像学评价结果.结果与结论:微创组与常规组的切口长度、术中出血量、引流量及输血量的差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),微创组均优于常规组;两组患者置换时间、置换后影像学评价及髋臼角测量差异均无显著性意义(P > 0.05).微创全髋关节置换组置换后早期功能恢复较常规全髋关节置换组快,而中期结果相似.置换后及随访时两组假体位置均良好.微创全髋关节置换组除有2例患者术中发生切口近端皮肤擦伤.提示微创全髋关节置换创伤小,围手术期出血少,切口小且不影响假体位置及置换后早期功能锻炼,可选择性用于部分病例的人工全髋关节置换.但应严格选择置换适应证,由拥有相应设备条件的医院及有一定经验的医生开展.     

髋关节置换术后脱位的原因分析及护理对策

髋关节脱位是全髋关节置换 (THA)术后常见的并发症之一。通过分析前组 (1984年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 12月 ) 36例、后组(2 0 0 1年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 8月 ) 3例THA术后发生脱位的原因 ,提出术前需加强心理护理 ,制定肌肉锻炼计划 ;术后严格实施正确的搬运方法和卧位 ,指导患者早期活动和正确上下床 ,教会患者扶拐行走、上下楼梯、入厕的方法 ,并告之髋关节脱位的临床表现和教授家庭护理的要点。本组病例前组髋关节脱位的发生率为 4 % ,后组为 1.8%。     

Strength and mobilization training within the first week following total hip arthroplasty

Study design

Randomized controlled trial.