Comparative characterization of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth and dental pulp stem cells

ObjectiveThis study focused on the characterization of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) in comparison with dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) to certify SHED as a key element in tissue engineering.MethodsIn the present study, SHED and DPSCs were assayed for their cell surface antigens and proliferation by measuring the cell cycles, growth rates, Ki67-positive efficiencies, and colony-forming units (CFUs). The evaluation of multi-differentiation was performed using alizarin red and oil red O and real-time PCR in vitro. The mineralization capability of the cells was examined in vivo by implanting with ceramic bovine bone (CBB) into subcutaneous of immunocompromised mice for 8 weeks. A three-dimensional pellet cultivation system is proposed for SHED and DPSCs to recreate the biological microenvironment that is similar to that of a regenerative milieu.ResultsSHED showed a higher proliferation rate and differentiation capability in comparison with DPSCs in vitro, and the results of the in vivo transplantation suggest that SHED have a higher capability of mineralization than the DPSCs. The mRNA expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2), tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were higher in SHED than that in DPSCs. In addition, the expression levels of Col I and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in SHED sheets were significantly higher than those in DPSCs sheets.ConclusionsThis study systematically demonstrated the differences in the growth and differentiation characteristics between SHED and DPSCs. Consequently, SHED may represent a suitable, accessible and potential alternative source for regenerative medicine and therapeutic applications.     

人乳牙牙髓干细胞和恒牙牙髓干细胞的蛋白质组学比较

目的 采用蛋白质组学方法研究人乳牙牙髓干细胞（SHED）和恒牙牙髓干细胞（DPSC）中的蛋白表达差异.方法 应用双向凝胶电泳技术分离SHED和DPSC的细胞总蛋白.通过比较两种细胞的蛋白组学图谱,确定差异表达的蛋白点,而后对差异点进行基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱分析和蛋白数据库信息检索,对差异蛋白进行功能分类.结果 建立了SHED和DPSC的蛋白质组图谱,经软件分析出45个差异蛋白点,其中26个表达上调,19个表达下调,再经质谱鉴定出48种蛋白,其生物学功能涉及细胞周期、代谢等.结论 SHED与DPSC中蛋白的差异表达体现了两种细胞在结构和功能上的异同性,为进一步研究SHED和DPSC在增殖、分化中的差异,以及牙齿相关干细胞在组织工程和再生医学研究中的应用提供参考.     

人乳牙牙髓干细胞和成人牙髓干细胞研究进展

近年来,成体干细胞不断地从不同的组织中被分离出来,该类细胞具有多向分化潜能、较强的增殖能力和持久的自我更新能力,具备充当组织工程种子细胞的天然优势。2000年和2003年,研究者先后从成人牙髓组织和人乳牙牙髓组织中分离出具有干细胞特征的细胞,这两种细胞的发现对牙组织工程将产生重要的意义。现就这两种成体干细胞的研究进展做一综述,并展望其应用前景。     

乳牙牙髓干细胞的研究进展

乳牙牙髓干细胞（SHED）来源于脱落的乳牙牙髓,具有较强的增殖能力、自我更新能力、多向分化潜能,而且乳牙为生物废弃物,符合伦理要求,所以渐渐成为干细胞领域研究的新热点。本文就SHED的生物学特征、培养方法、鉴定方法、多向分化潜能及其在疾病治疗中应用的研究进展作一综述。     

乳牙牙髓干细胞库的构建及其研究进展

干细胞库是指以人体干细胞移植为目的,具有采集、处理、保存和提供多向分化干细胞能力的储存库,曾被人称为"生命银行".从个体牙髓中获取干细胞并储存入库备用是一个可行的、相对微创且能取代从其他组织来源获取干细胞的途径.乳恒牙替换是一个正常的生理现象,从脱落的乳牙牙髓中分离培养出干细胞用于储存是建立干细胞库的简单、较易被接受的...     

人乳牙牙髓干细胞在干细胞治疗中的应用

乳牙牙髓干细胞（SHED）是牙源性干细胞的一种,属外胚间充质干细胞。作为一种理想的干细胞来源,SHED在干细胞治疗中有良好的应用前景。本文阐述了SHED的生物学特征及其在干细胞治疗中的优势,探讨了SHED在组织再生和修复中发挥的多向分化潜能、细胞分泌功能和免疫调节功能等方面的功能作用。此外,本文还介绍了SHED在各系统、器官疾病治疗中的临床应用,重点阐述了用SHED进行干细胞移植在牙髓—牙本质再生、颌骨再生、神经系统疾病治疗和免疫系统疾病治疗方面的研究进展。     

Dental pulp tissue engineering

Dental pulp is a highly specialized mesenchymal tissue that has a limited regeneration capacity due to anatomical arrangement and post-mitotic nature of odontoblastic cells. Entire pulp amputation followed by pulp space disinfection and filling with an artificial material cause loss of a significant amount of dentin leaving as life-lasting sequelae a non-vital and weakened tooth. However, regenerative endodontics is an emerging field of modern tissue engineering that has demonstrated promising results using stem cells associated with scaffolds and responsive molecules. Thereby, this article reviews the most recent endeavors to regenerate pulp tissue based on tissue engineering principles and provides insightful information to readers about the different aspects involved in tissue engineering. Here, we speculate that the search for the ideal combination of cells, scaffolds, and morphogenic factors for dental pulp tissue engineering may be extended over future years and result in significant advances in other areas of dental and craniofacial research. The findings collected in this literature review show that we are now at a stage in which engineering a complex tissue, such as the dental pulp, is no longer an unachievable goal and the next decade will certainly be an exciting time for dental and craniofacial research.     

丹参促进人脱落乳牙牙髓干细胞神经分化的研究

目的 探讨中药丹参对人脱落乳牙牙髓干细胞(SHED)神经分化功能的影响.方法 利用不同浓度的丹参注射液和神经诱导培养基诱导SHED分化为神经元样细胞.通过观察SHED经诱导后细胞的形态变化和采用Real-Time PCR方法检测神经元标记蛋白Nestin、早期神经元标记蛋白Ⅲ-Tubulin、神经细胞粘附因子NCAM、神经分化因子NeuroD、辅助T淋巴细胞因子TH、NEF等的表达,来鉴定神经元样细胞.结果 丹参注射液诱导后SHED胞体收缩,突起伸出,形似神经元;Real-TimePCR结果显示丹参注射液促进神经元标记蛋白Nestin、早期神经元标记蛋白Ⅲ-Tubulin、神经细胞粘附因子NCAM、神经分化因子NeuroD、NEF的表达.丹参注射液联合神经培养基诱导SHED神经分化的最佳丹参注射液浓度为50mg/ml.结论 中药丹参在一定浓度范围内可促进SHED向神经元样细胞分化.     

Conditioned-medium of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth prevent apoptosis of neural progenitors

PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective ability of the conditioned medium of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (CM-SHED) to prevent glutamate-induced apoptosis of neural progenitors.Materials and methodsNeural progenitors were isolated from two-day-old rat brains, and the conditioned medium was obtained from a mesenchymal stem cell SHED. Four groups were examined: neural progenitor cells cultured in neurobasal medium with (N + ) and without (N-) glutamate and glycine, and neural progenitor cells cultured in CM-SHED with (K + ) and without (K-) glutamate and glycine.ResultsThe expression of GABA A1 receptor (GABAAR1) messenger RNA (mRNA) in neural progenitor measured by real-time quantitative PCR. GABA contents were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas the apoptosis markers caspase-3 and 7-aminoactinomycin D were analysed with a Muse® cell analyzer. The viability of neural progenitor cells in the K + group (78.05 %) was higher than the control group N- (73.22 %) and lower in the N + group (68.90 %) than in the control group. The K + group showed the highest GABA content, which significantly differed from that in the other groups, whereas the lowest content was observed in the N + group. The expression level of GABAAR1 mRNA in the K + group was the highest compared to that in the other groups. CM-SHED potently protected the neural progenitors from apoptosis.ConclusionsCM-SHED may effectively prevent glutamate-induced apoptosis of neural progenitors.     

Dental pulp tissue engineering of pulpotomized rat molars with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

The major goal of dental pulp tissue engineering is to enable the healing of inflamed tissue or to replace necrotic pulp tissue with newly formed dental pulp tissue. Here, we report a protocol for pulp tissue engineering in vivo in pulpotomized rat teeth using constructs of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, preformed biodegradable scaffolds, and hydrogel. The constructs were implanted into pulpotomized pulp chambers for 3, 7, or 14 days. At 3 days, cells were located mainly along the preformed scaffolds. At 7 days, pulp tissue regeneration was observed in almost the entire implanted region. At 14 days, pulp tissue regeneration further progressed throughout the implanted region. In immunohistochemistry, at 3 days, a number of small and round macrophages immunoreactive to CD68 were predominantly distributed around the scaffolds. The density of CD68+ macrophages decreased until 14 days. On the other hand, nestin-expressing odontoblast-like cells beneath the dentin at the border of implanted region increased until 14 days. Quantitative gene expression analysis revealed that odontoblast differentiation marker dentin sialophosphoprotein mRNA in the implanted region gradually increased until 14 days. Together, the results suggested that regeneration of dental pulp tissue had occurred. Thus, our study provides a novel experimental rat model of dental pulp regeneration.     

Chondrogenic potential of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth in vitro and in vivo

Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the chondrogenic potential of stem cells from human exfoliated teeth (SHED). Materials and methods. SHED cultures were isolated from human exfoliated deciduous teeth. Colony-forming capacity, odonto/osteogenic and adipogenic potential were measured. SHED were cultured for 2 weeks in chondrogenic differentiation medium containing dexamethasone, insulin, ascorbate phosphate, TGF-β3 and bFGF. Toluidine blue staining and safranin O staining were used for chondrogenesis analysis. The related markers, type II collagen and aggrecan, were also investigated using immunohistochemistry. SHED were seeded onto the β-TCP scaffolds and transplanted into the subcutaneous space on the back of nude mice. The transplants were recovered at 2, 4 and 8 weeks post-transplantation for analysis. Results. SHED showed colony-forming capacity, odonto/osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity. Chondrogenic differentiation was confirmed by toluidine blue staining, safranin O staining, type II collagen and aggrecan immunostaining. After in vivo transplantation, SHED recombined with β-TCP scaffolds were able to generate new cartilage-like tissues. Conclusions. The ?ndings demonstrate the chondrogenic differentiation capacity of SHED both in vitro and in vivo models, suggesting the potential of SHED in cartilage tissue engineering.     

改良富血小板血浆促进乳牙牙髓干细胞成骨分化作用研究

目的：体外研究改良富血小板血浆（modified platelet-rich plasma,mPRP）促进人乳牙牙髓干细胞成骨分化的作用。方法：以α-MEM作为基础培养基,分别加入1％、2％、5％、10％4种不同浓度 mPRP 或者10％胎牛血清（对照）,对第4代SHED 连续培养并诱导矿化,碱性磷酸酶试剂盒检测 ALP 活性的变化,qRT-PCR 方法检测细胞内 RUNX2和骨钙素 mRNA 含量的改变。结果：不同浓度的 mPRP 均可以促进乳牙牙髓干细胞的 ALP 活性,且浓度为2％时 A 值最高;qRT-PCR 检测显示2％ mPRP 可以上调乳牙牙髓干细胞内 RUNX2及骨钙素 mRNA 的含量。结论：一定浓度的 mPRP 对乳牙牙髓干细胞的成骨分化具有一定的促进作用。     

N-Acetyl-l-cysteine enhances ex-vivo amplification of deciduous teeth dental pulp stem cells

ObjectiveObtaining high number of stem cells is of interest for cell based therapies. N-Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) acts as a source of sulfhydryl groups and an anti-oxidative agent. The aim of this study was to test different NAC concentration on proliferation and differentiation of deciduous teeth dental pulp stem cells (DTSCs) in vitro as well as to define the possible underlining mechanism of its effect.DesignNumber of viable, apoptotic and senescent DTSCs was determined after addition of NAC (0.1 mM, 1.0 mM, 2.0 mM). Also, cell cycle analysis, HIF1-α expression, LDH isoenzymes, superoxide-dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, sulfhydryl groups content, the level of lipids’ and proteins’ oxidative damage and differentiation capacity of NAC treated DTSCs was determined.ResultsDTSCs expressed HIF-1α in all conditions. The lowest NAC dose (0.1 mM) increased the number of DTSCs by one fifth comparing to the control, most likely stimulating entry of cells into S phase of cell cycle and enhancing the activity of LDH5 isoenzyme. The highest NAC dose (2 mM) inhibited DTSCs proliferation. Also, DTSCs had the lowest level of oxidative damage with 0.1 mM NAC. All tested NAC concentrations enhanced DTSCs osteo-chondrogenesis.ConclusionThe lowest NAC dose exerted significant positive effect on DTSCs proliferation as well as antioxidative protection creating beneficial environment for stem cells in vitro cultivation especially when their clinical use is important for stimulation of osteo-chondrogenesis.     

小型猪乳牙牙髓干细胞体外分离培养及鉴定

目的体外分离培养小型猪乳牙牙髓干细胞,并对其进行生物学鉴定。方法采用滤纸片法挑取单克隆小型猪乳牙牙髓细胞,免疫组织化学染色检测,体外比较单克隆牙髓干细胞及混合牙髓干细胞向矿化组织、脂肪细胞、及神经细胞诱导分化能力。结果分离培养的小型猪乳牙牙髓干细胞呈集落状生长,克隆形成率2．74％。波形丝蛋白、间充质于细胞表面标志STRO-1染色阳性,神经干细胞特异性标志nestin染色阳性。矿化诱导结果显示单克隆牙髓干细胞及混合牙髓干细胞,均为Von-kossa染色阳性,ATJP表达明显,两者无明著差异。单克隆牙髓干细胞及混合牙髓干细胞经IBMX、胰岛素、消炎痛和氢化可的松诱导3周后,可分化为脂肪细胞,两者成脂率均较低。单克隆乳牙牙髓干细胞向神经细胞诱导分化后免疫荧光鉴定β-tubulin III表达阳性,STRO-1表达阴性。混合牙髓干细胞无明显神经元样细胞分化。结论单克隆分离培养的小型猪乳牙牙髓干细胞具有很强的克隆形成能力及多向分化潜能,其矿化能力与混合的乳牙牙髓干细胞无明显差异。     

Dental stem cells for craniofacial tissue engineering

This article focuses on the biological characterization and discussion of the potential application of oral-derived adult stem cells for craniofacial tissue engineering applications. The authors reviewed experimental (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical reports regarding the isolation, characterization, modulation, and translational clinical application of human precursor cell populations derived from postnatal dental tissues. Five different human dental stem/progenitor cell populations have been isolated and characterized. These postnatal populations present mesenchymal stem cell-like characteristics and enjoy forceful capabilities regarding the differentiation into odontogenic/osteogenic lineages, supporting evidence-in preclinical and clinical trials-for the regeneration of oral/dental tissues.