Dietary total antioxidant capacity is negatively associated with some metabolic syndrome features in healthy young adults

ObjectiveOxidative stress has been related to the development of obesity and other features accompanying chronic diseases. Furthermore, dietary antioxidant intake has been suggested to protect against oxidative damage and related clinical complications. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the potential associations among dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and several early metabolic syndrome manifestations in healthy young adults.MethodsAnthropometric variables and blood pressure from 153 healthy subjects (20.8 ± 2.7 y old) were measured. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire and a 3-d record, which were also used to calculate TAC and to adjust by daily energy intake. Fasting blood samples were collected for measuring biochemical markers.ResultsDietary TAC showed positive and significant associations with fiber, folic acid, vitamin A and C, magnesium, selenium, and zinc intakes, after adjusting by sex and daily energy intake. Interestingly, systolic blood pressure, serum glucose, and free fatty acids were also found to be negatively associated with dietary TAC independently of sex and daily energy intake. Also, a relevant relation was found between body mass index and TAC values. Interestingly, after adjusting by sex and daily energy intake, complement factor-3 circulating levels appeared to be negatively and significantly associated with dietary TAC, whereas blood plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and homocysteine concentrations showed an inverse marginally statistical trend.ConclusionsThese data suggest that dietary TAC may be also a potential early estimate of the risk to develop metabolic syndrome features and that dietary TAC could be a useful research tool in assessing antioxidant intake.     

Waist circumference is positively correlated with markers of inflammation and negatively with adiponectin in women with metabolic syndrome

The purpose of this study was to correlate biomarkers of metabolic syndrome (MetS), with markers of inflammation and macronutrient intake in 89 women (25-72 years) with MetS. We hypothesized that waist circumference (WC) would have the stronger correlations with inflammatory parameters and would correlate with carbohydrate intake. Values for WC (108.7 ± 11.1 cm) and plasma triglycerides (202.7 ± 52.1 mg/dL) were elevated, whereas plasma glucose levels varied from 66 to 179 mg/dL, with 42% of women having insulin resistance. Plasma levels of interleukin 6 (0.2-15.9 mg/L), tumor necrosis factor α (1.47-12.3 mg/L), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (0.06-3.08 mg/dL) varied widely, with most women being above values considered normal. Subjects had high intake of total sugar (92.3 ± 56.4 g/d), high glycemic index (59.8 ± 6.5), and glycemic load (127.2 ± 56.1), whereas dietary fiber (17.1 ± 9.1 g/d) was below recommended intake. Waist circumference was positively correlated with insulin (r = 0.275, P < .01) and with the inflammatory markers interleukin 6 (r = 0.307, P < .01) and tumor necrosis factor α (r = 0.228, P < .05) and negatively correlated with plasma adiponectin (r = −0.309, P < .0001). In addition, WC was positively correlated with total carbohydrate, added sugar, and glycemic load (P < .05) but not with fat or protein. These results are consistent with central obesity being a key marker of the inflammatory state, and they also suggest that carbohydrates, particularly those that are digested rapidly, contribute to increased risk of central obesity and development of MetS.     

Cardiovascular risk factors in young,overweight, and obese European adults and associations with physical activity and omega-3 index

Excess body fat is associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. The hypothesis of the study was that physical activity and omega-3 index, a marker of past long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids consumption, counteract the negative associations between fatness and CVD risk factors in young overweight and obese adults. A total of 324 subjects (20-40 years, body mass index [BMI], 27.5-32.5 kg/m², from Iceland, Spain, and Ireland) were investigated cross-sectionally. Dietary intake, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, CVD risk factors, and fatty acids in erythrocyte membrane were analyzed. Information on physical activity was collected. Linear models were constructed to find out the associations of BMI, physical activity (quartiles), and omega-3 index with CVD risk factors. The most frequently increased risk factors were blood lipids (41.4%) and blood pressure (32.1%); fewer participants experienced disturbed glucose metabolism (11.8%). Body mass index was significantly associated with increased CVD risk factors (P = .001-.029), with the exception of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein. The highest physical activity quartile had a lower fat mass (P = .005, at a given BMI), leptin (P = .008, in male participants only), and interleukin 6 (P = .021) but higher high-density lipoprotein (P = .020) than other quartiles; however, an approximate dose-response relationship could only be observed for leptin. The omega-3 index was not associated with lower low-density lipoprotein (P = .056), but docosahexaenoic acid in erythrocyte membrane was associated to it (P = .016). It is concluded that physical activity and docosahexaenoic acid diminish some of the negative health effects associated with overweight and obesity; however, body fatness remains the most important variable associated with increased CVD risk factors in young overweight and obese adults.     

Folate and vitamin B12 status is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome in morbid obesity

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Soy protein-based compared with casein-based diets fed during pregnancy and lactation increase food intake and characteristics of metabolic syndrome less in female than male rat offspring

We hypothesized that soy protein (S)-based diets fed during pregnancy and lactation increase food intake and the presence of characteristics of the metabolic syndrome to a lesser extent in female than in male rats. Soy protein- and casein (C)-based American Institute of Nutrition-93G diets were fed to 2 groups (n = 12 per group) of pregnant Wistar rats from day 3 of gestation and throughout lactation. Their effects on characteristics of metabolic syndrome and food intake regulation in female pups maintained for 15 weeks on the C diet were compared. Body weight (BW) and food intake (FI) were measured weekly. Fat pad mass was measured at birth, at weaning, and at week 15. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were conducted at weeks 8 and 12; and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Plasma was collected at weaning and at the end of the studies for glucose, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide YY, and ghrelin. Food intake in response to protein preloads was measured at week 7. Feeding the S diet throughout gestation and lactation resulted in higher systolic blood pressure (P < .005), FI (P < .05), and glucagon-like peptide 1 and lower peptide YY at weaning and higher BW during weeks 11 to 15 and fat pad mass at week 15 (all Ps < .05). However, no sign of insulin resistance was found; nor was short-term FI in response to protein preloads affected. In conclusion, S- compared with C-based American Institute of Nutrition-93 G diets consumed throughout gestation and lactation increased BW and FI later and resulted in fewer characteristics of metabolic syndrome in female than in male offspring.     

Dietary intervention with emphasis on folate intake reduces serum lipids but not plasma homocysteine levels in hyperlipidemic patients

Hyperlipidemia and hyperhomocysteinemia are regarded as major risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Medical nutrition therapy (MNT), which involves a combination of nutritional diagnosis, therapy, and counseling for at-risk patients, has been proposed as a protocol to control these risk factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an intensive MNT, specifically tailored to Korean hyperlipidemic patients, on levels of serum lipids and plasma homocysteine. Forty hyperlipidemic patients with blood levels of total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL or triacylglycerol ≥150 mg/dL were recruited from the Kyung Hee University Medical Center (Seoul, Korea). They were randomly divided into control (no treatment) or experimental (MNT treatment) groups. A registered dietitian performed MNT, emphasizing dietary folate intake based on the guidelines for Korean hyperlipidemic patients; this was performed 5 times during the 12 weeks of the experiment. After the MNT period, we observed that body mass index (P < .001) and fat percentage (P < .05) was significantly decreased in the experimental group but not in the control group. Daily energy consumption, as well as carbohydrate, fat, and cholesterol intakes, all decreased significantly (P < .05) in the MNT group, whereas folate intake increased (P < .05). Blood levels of triacylglycerol (−30.8%), total cholesterol (−20.9%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−14.5%), and ratio of low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein (−17.1%) were significantly lower in the experimental group after MNT (P < .001) compared with the control group. Plasma homocysteine levels were unchanged (P = .98); however, the levels of folate (P < .01), vitamin B₆ (P < .01), and vitamin B₁₂ (P < .05) increased significantly in the experimental group. These results indicate that MNT, with an emphasis on folate intake, can be effective at reducing blood levels of lipids and improving the blood levels of folate, vitamin B₆, and vitamin B₁₂ in Korean hyperlipidemic patients.     

Dietary zinc intake is inversely associated with systolic blood pressure in young obese women

Zinc may participate in blood pressure regulation and in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The study examined the relationship between zinc status and blood pressure in obese Korean women. Forty obese women (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m²) aged 19-28 years participated in this study. Zinc intake was estimated from one 24 hour recall and 2-day diet records. Serum and urinary zinc concentrations were determined by atomic absorbance spectrophotometry. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured using an automatic sphygmometer. Metabolic variables, such as waist circumference, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, fasting glucose, and fasting insulin, were also measured. Dietary zinc intake of obese women was averagely 7.5 mg/day. Serum zinc and urinary zinc concentrations were 13.4 µmol/L and 378.7 µg/day, respectively. Averages of SBP and DBP were 119 mmHg and 78 mmHg. Dietary zinc intake was negatively correlated with SBP after adjusting for energy intake (P < 0.05), but serum and urinary zinc concentrations were not found to be correlated with SBP or DBP. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that dietary zinc intake was inversely associated with SBP in obese women after adjusting for body weight, energy intake and sodium intake (P = 0.0145). The results show that dietary zinc intake may be an independent risk factor of elevated SBP in obese Korean women.     

The lipid accumulation product is highly related to serum alanine aminotransferase level in male adults

Studies confirm that the lipid accumulation product (LAP), which is based on the waist circumference and fasting serum triglycerides, is highly related to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome and closely correlated with the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation. Abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia are the important risk factors for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Our aim was to examine the correlation between the LAP and ALT in apparently healthy adults. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 587 adults. The blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, fasting and postload glucose, insulin, fasting lipid profile, and liver enzymes were measured. The LAP was calculated. For each gender, the subjects were divided into 3 groups according to the ALT level. The correlation between the LAP and ALT was analyzed. The LAP increased progressively across the ALT tertiles. A Pearson correlation analysis demonstrated that the LAP positively associated with the ALT in men and women (both P < .05) but independently related to the ALT only in men. Furthermore, after adjusting for the other confounding factors, the subjects in the upper quartile of LAP was 3.61 times more likely to show ALT elevation compared with those in the lower quartiles in men. In addition, in men, the LAP was considered as the best marker to predict increased ALT. Our findings suggested that the LAP was independently correlated with the ALT but only in men. The LAP was the main risk marker and might be superior to other variables in recognizing increased ALT.     

Race differences in the relation of vitamins A,C, E,and β-carotene to metabolic and inflammatory biomarkers

Using archival data, we conducted a secondary analysis to examine race differences in the relation of serum vitamins A, C, E and β-carotene to insulin resistance (IR), fasting insulin and glucose, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and leukocyte count in 176 non-smoking, healthy, white, and African American (AA) adults aged 18 to 65 years (48% women, 33% AA). We hypothesized that micronutrient concentrations would be associated with early risk markers of cardiometabolic diseases in a race-dependent manner. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for micronutrients, insulin, glucose, hs-CRP, and leukocyte count. Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostatic model assessment. After adjusting for age, body mass index, gender, educational level, use of vitamin supplements, alcohol intake, leisure time physical activity, menopausal status, and total cholesterol, we observed that β-carotene was significantly associated with insulin resistance and fasting insulin in a race-dependent manner. Among AA, lower β-carotene levels were associated with higher estimates of insulin resistance and fasting insulin; whereas, these same associations were not significant for whites. Race also significantly moderated the relation of vitamin C to leukocyte count, with lower vitamin C being associated with higher leukocyte count only in AA but not whites. For all subjects, lower β-carotene was associated with higher hs-CRP. In AA, but not whites, lower levels of β-carotene and vitamin C were significantly associated with early risk markers implicated in cardiometabolic conditions and cancer. Whether or not lower levels of micronutrients contribute uniquely to racial health disparities is a worthwhile aim for future research.     

Total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake is inversely associated with serum C-reactive protein in young Japanese women

Little is known about the relation of dietary factors to circulating C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in young adults and non-Western populations. We cross-sectionally examined associations between dietary intake and serum CRP concentrations in young Japanese women. The subjects were 443 female Japanese dietetic students aged 18 to 22 years. Dietary intake was assessed with a validated, self-administered, comprehensive, diet history questionnaire. Serum CRP concentrations were measured by highly sensitive nephelometry. The prevalence of elevated CRP (≥1 mg/L) was 5.6%. After adjustment for possible confounding factors including body mass index, a significant inverse association was seen between total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and elevated CRP. The multivariate adjusted odds ratios of elevated CRP for women with intake below and above the median (1.1% of energy) were 1.00 and 0.33 (95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.82; P = .02), respectively. Intake of eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid and α-linolenic acid was not associated with elevated CRP concentrations (P = .62 and P = .27, respectively). Vitamin C intake was independently inversely associated with elevated CRP, although the association was nonsignificant (P = .10). No clear associations were observed for other dietary factors examined including total fat, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, total dietary fiber, soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber, and magnesium; fruits, vegetables, and fish and shellfish; and dietary glycemic load (P = .27 to P = .99). In conclusion, total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake showed an independent inverse association with elevated serum CRP concentration in a group of young Japanese women.     

Cognitive performance is associated with macronutrient intake in healthy young and middle-aged adults

Abstract

Primary objective: The objective was to examine whether dietary intakes of macronutrients are associated with neuropsychological performance.

Research design and method: Study participants were 3960 adults aged 20–59 years, who completed three neuropsychological tests and a 24-hour dietary recall as a part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Poor performance was defined as the test score below gender-specific 15th percentile.

Main outcomes and results: While holding the energy percentages from different macronutrients, additional 100 kcal intake of energy was associated with a reduced odds of poor performance on serial digital learning test (OR = 0.98, 95%CI = 0.96, 0.99) and symbol digital substitution test (OR = 0.97, 95%CI = 0.96, 0.99). Compared with equivalent energy from carbohydrates, each 5% of energy from poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) or total fat was associated with a reduced OR of poor performance on simple reaction time test (PUFA: OR = 0.77, 95%CI = 0.63–0.95 and total fat: OR = 0.93, 95%CI = 0.87, 0.99). Poor global cognition was associated with an additional intake of 100mg cholesterol (OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.05, 1.23). These associations were more salient in men.

Conclusion: Habitual intake of macronutrients is weakly but significantly associated with cognitive functioning. These relationships are more evident in men.     

Dietary protein intake is associated with favorable cardiometabolic risk factors in adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study

In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that dietary protein content and type are related to cardiometabolic risk factors including body mass index, waist circumference (WC), serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), serum fasting glucose, and blood pressure. This population-based study was conducted on 2537 subjects aged 19 to 70 years and selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006-2008). Dietary data were collected using a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Associations between intakes of total protein as well as the animal-to-plant (A/P) protein ratio and cardiometabolic risk factors were analyzed using multivariate linear regression models. Dietary protein intakes were 13.7% and 13.6% of energy, in men and women, respectively; the A/P protein ratio in women was significantly higher than in men (1.8±1.4 vs 1.4 ± 0.9). Body mass index was associated with total protein intake in men (β = 0.14, P = .01) and A/P protein ratio in women (β = 0.075, P = .01). Waist circumference was associated with total protein intake (β = −0.048, P = .03) and A/P protein ratio (β=0.031, P = .05) in women. Serum fasting glucose was associated with both total protein intake (β=0.061 and 0.11, P < .05) and the A/P proteinratio (β = −0.078 and −0.056, P < .05) in both men and women, respectively. Serum HDL-C was associated with total protein intake (β = 0.107 and 0.07, P < .05) in both men and women, whereas diastolic blood pressure in women was associated with total protein intake (β = −0.125, P = .01). In conclusion, higher dietary protein intake was associated with enhanced HDL-C levels, WC, and diastolic BP, and a higher ratio of A/P protein intake was related with lower serum fasting glucose andWC.     

Insulin resistance is not strictly associated with energy intake or dietary macronutrient composition in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation. Around 60% of PCOS patients are obese. Weight loss has consistently been shown to improve the clinical status of women with PCOS. We hypothesized that dietary factors are associated with the hormonal and metabolic abnormalities of PCOS. This case-control study included 43 women with PCOS and 37 ovulatory, nonhirsute controls matched to the study group by body mass index. Age ranged from 14 to 38 years. Both groups underwent anthropometric, laboratory, and nutritional assessment. End points included diet composition, body fat, and hormonal and metabolic variables related to insulin resistance. The groups had similar intake of energy, carbohydrate (53.51% ± 8.36% vs 51.83% ± 10.06%), protein (15% [12-18] vs 16% [13-19]), and total fat (30.51% ± 7.90% vs 30.80% ± 7.97%). Total body fat, sum of trunk skinfold measurements, and waist circumference were higher in the PCOS group (P < .05). Sex hormone-binding globulin was lower in PCOS patients than in controls, whereas total testosterone, free androgen index, postprandial glucose, fasting and postprandial insulin, homeostatic model assessment index, triglycerides, and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < .050) were higher. Homeostatic model assessment index was correlated with central obesity in PCOS patients and controls alike. No association was detected between androgen status and macronutrient intake. In conclusion, central obesity and insulin resistance were not strictly associated with energy intake or dietary macronutrient composition in women with PCOS.     

Yogurt consumption is associated with better diet quality and metabolic profile in American men and women

The evidence-based Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends increasing the intake of fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products. However, yogurt, a nutrient-dense milk product, has been understudied. This cross-sectional study examined whether yogurt consumption was associated with better diet quality and metabolic profile among adults (n = 6526) participating in the Framingham Heart Study Offspring (1998-2001) and Third Generation (2002-2005) cohorts. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake, and the Dietary Guidelines Adherence Index (DGAI) was used to measure overall diet quality. Standardized clinical examinations and laboratory tests were conducted. Generalized estimating equations examined the associations of yogurt consumption with diet quality and levels of metabolic factors. Approximately 64% of women (vs 41% of men) were yogurt consumers (ie, consumed >0 servings/week). Yogurt consumers had a higher DGAI score (ie, better diet quality) than nonconsumers. Adjusted for demographic and lifestyle factors and DGAI, yogurt consumers, compared with nonconsumers, had higher potassium intakes (difference, 0.12 g/d) and were 47%, 55%, 48%, 38%, and 34% less likely to have inadequate intakes (based on Dietary Reference Intake) of vitamins B2 and B12, calcium, magnesium, and zinc, respectively (all P ≤ .001). In addition, yogurt consumption was associated with lower levels of circulating triglycerides, glucose, and lower systolic blood pressure and insulin resistance (all P < .05). Yogurt is a good source of several micronutrients and may help to improve diet quality and maintain metabolic well-being as part of a healthy, energy-balanced dietary pattern.     

Low HDL cholesterol is associated with increased atherogenic lipoproteins and insulin resistance in women classified with metabolic syndrome

Both metabolic syndrome (MetS) and elevated LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) increase the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We hypothesized that low HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) would further increase CVD risk in women having both conditions. To assess this, we recruited 89 women with MetS (25-72 y) and LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L. To determine whether plasma HDL-C concentrations were associated with dietary components, circulating atherogenic particles, and other risk factors for CVD, we divided the subjects into two groups: high HDL-C (H-HDL) (≥ 1.3 mmol/L, n = 32) and low HDL-C (L-HDL) (< 1.3 mmol/L, n = 57). Plasma lipids, insulin, adiponectin, apolipoproteins, oxidized LDL, Lipoprotein(a), and lipoprotein size and subfractions were measured, and 3-d dietary records were used to assess macronutrient intake. Women with L-HDL had higher sugar intake and glycemic load (P < 0.05), higher plasma insulin (P < 0.01), lower adiponectin (P < 0.05), and higher numbers of atherogenic lipoproteins such as large VLDL (P < 0.01) and small LDL (P < 0.001) than the H-HDL group. Women with L-HDL also had larger VLDL and both smaller LDL and HDL particle diameters (P < 0.001). HDL-C was positively correlated with LDL size (r = 0.691, P < 0.0001) and HDL size (r = 0.606, P < 0.001), and inversely correlated with VLDL size (r = -0.327, P < 0.01). We concluded that L-HDL could be used as a marker for increased numbers of circulating atherogenic lipoproteins as well as increased insulin resistance in women who are already at risk for CVD.     

Modified resveratrol Longevinex improves endothelial function in adults with metabolic syndrome receiving standard treatment

Resveratrol is known to improve endothelial function in animals, but little is known about its effect on human subjects. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors underlying endothelial dysfunction. We hypothesized that the modified resveratrol, Longevinex, improves endothelial function in patients with MetS. Thirty-four patients who had been treated for MetS and lifestyle-related disease were randomly assigned to group A, in which Longevinex was administered for 3 months and then discontinued for 3 months, whereas in the time-matched group B, Longevinex was administered between 3 and 6 months. These 2 groups of patients received similar drugs at baseline for diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, or hypertension. Flow-mediated dilatation significantly increased during the administration of Longevinex but decreased to baseline 3 months after the discontinuation of Longevinex in the group A patients. Conversely, in the group B patients, flow-mediated dilatation remained unchanged for the first 3 months without Longevinex but was significantly increased 3 months after the treatment with Longevinex. Longevinex did not significantly affect blood pressure, insulin resistance, the lipid profile or inflammatory markers during 6-month follow-up. These results demonstrate that Longevinex specifically improves endothelial function in subjects with MetS who were receiving standard therapy for lifestyle-related disease.     

哈萨克族代谢综合征与游离脂肪酸及胰岛素抵抗关系

目的 探讨游离脂肪酸(FFA)、胰岛素抵抗(IR)与新疆哈萨克族代谢综合征(MS)关系。方法 在哈萨克族人群现况调查中,随机抽取MS患者195例和健康者120人进行病例对照研究;检测糖代谢相关指标,采用比色法测定FFA浓度,采用放射免疫法测定空腹胰岛素(FINS)浓度,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA_IR)。结果 MS病例组男性FFA为(0.57±0.22)mmol/L,女性为(0.65±0.24)mmol/L,对照组男性为(0.46±0.22)mmol/L,女性为(0.52±0.17)mmol/L;MS病例组男性HOMA_IR为(5.17±4.89),女性为(3.75±3.37),对照组男性为(1.62±1.29),女性为(2.20±1.53);2组男、女性FFA、HOMA-IR差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01);随着FFA浓度与HOMA_IR的增加,MS患者比例增加;多因素logistic回归分析显示,FFA浓度为0.55 mmol/L～、0.69 mmol/L～,对MS的影响分别OR=4.374(95%CI=1.271～15.046)和OR=4.208(95%CI=1.068～16.586);HOMA_IR为3.96～时,对MS的影响OR=8.552(95%CI=2.064～35.428);FFA、HOMA_IR与MS各组分的相关均有统计学意义(P<0.05);调整年龄、性别、HOMA_IR等影响后,FFA只与腰围、舒张压相关(P<0.05)。结论 胰岛素抵抗可能是新疆哈萨克族人群中MS重要的独立危险因素,而FFA可能不是一个独立危险因子,它可能通过其他机制影响机体产生胰岛素抵抗,从而导致MS及其各组分的发生和发展。     

The content of docosahexaenoic acid in serum phospholipid is inversely correlated with plasma homocysteine levels in patients with end-stage renal disease

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have a high morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. An elevated homocysteine level is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with ESRD. Interestingly, some studies have found an inverse relationship between the content of marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and homocysteine levels, but data are ambiguous. In patients with ESRD, we hypothesized that serum phospholipid n-3 PUFA content would inversely correlate with homocysteine levels in plasma and that supplementation with n-3 PUFA would reduce plasma homocysteine levels. In a double-blind, randomized, controlled design, 206 patients with documented cardiovascular disease and treated with hemodialysis for a minimum of 6 months were randomized to treatment with daily supplement of 1.7 g n-3 PUFA or placebo (olive oil) for 3 months. The content of n-3 PUFA in serum phospholipids and homocysteine levels in plasma were measured at baseline and after 3 months of intervention. A dietary questionnaire was filled out at baseline, and study participants were divided into groups of low, intermediate, and high fish intake. Docosahexaenoic acid was inversely correlated with homocysteine at baseline (coefficient = −0.161; P = .03). Homocysteine was not related to self-reported fish intake. Supplementation with n-3 PUFA did not reduce homocysteine levels compared with placebo (mean ± SD difference, −0.3 ± 7.8 versus 0.3 ± 7.1; P = .58). The content of docosahexaenoic acid in serum phospholipids is inversely correlated with plasma homocysteine levels, and supplementation with n-3 PUFA does not reduce homocysteine levels in patients with ESRD.     

Intake of milk,but not total dairy,yogurt, or cheese,is negatively associated with the clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents

Epidemiologic studies have reported an inverse association between dairy product consumption and cardiometabolic risk factors in adults, but this relation is relatively unexplored in adolescents. We hypothesized that a higher dairy product intake is associated with lower cardiometabolic risk factor clustering in adolescents. To test this hypothesis, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 494 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years from the Azorean Archipelago, Portugal. We measured fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, body fat, and cardiorespiratory fitness. We also calculated homeostatic model assessment and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. For each one of these variables, a z score was computed using age and sex. A cardiometabolic risk score (CMRS) was constructed by summing up the z scores of all individual risk factors. High risk was considered to exist when an individual had at least 1 SD from this score. Diet was evaluated using a food frequency questionnaire, and the intake of total dairy (included milk, yogurt, and cheese), milk, yogurt, and cheese was categorized as low (equal to or below the median of the total sample) or “appropriate” (above the median of the total sample).The association between dairy product intake and CMRS was evaluated using separate logistic regression, and the results were adjusted for confounders. Adolescents with high milk intake had lower CMRS, compared with those with low intake (10.6% vs 18.1%, P = .018). Adolescents with appropriate milk intake were less likely to have high CMRS than those with low milk intake (odds ratio, 0.531; 95% confidence interval, 0.302-0.931). No association was found between CMRS and total dairy, yogurt, and cheese intake. Only milk intake seems to be inversely related to CMRS in adolescents.