The hypocholesterolemic activity of açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) is mediated by the enhanced expression of the ATP-binding cassette,subfamily G transporters 5 and 8 and low-density lipoprotein receptor genes in the rat

Previous studies have demonstrated that the ingestion of açaí pulp can improve serum lipid profile in various animal models; therefore, we hypothesized that açaí pulp (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) may modulate the expression of the genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis in the liver and increase fecal excretion, thus reducing serum cholesterol. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the expression of 7α-hydroxylase and ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G transporters (ABCG5 and ABCG8), which are genes involved with the secretion of cholesterol in the rat. We also evaluated the expression of sterol regulatory element–binding protein 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R), and apolipoprotein B100, which are involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. Female Fischer rats were divided into 4 groups: the C group, which was fed a standard AIN-93 M diet; the CA group, which was fed a standard diet supplemented with 2% açaí pulp; the H group, which was fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (25% soy oil and 1% cholesterol); and the HA group, which was fed a hypercholesterolemic diet supplemented with 2% açaí pulp. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were euthanized, and their blood and livers were collected. The HA group exhibited a significant decrease in serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and atherogenic index and also had increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cholesterol excretion in feces compared with the H group. In addition, the expression of the LDL-R, ABCG5, and ABCG8 genes was significantly increased by the presence of açaí pulp. These results suggest that açaí pulp promotes a hypocholesterolemic effect in a rat model of dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia through an increase in the expression of ATP-binding cassette, subfamily G transporters, and LDL-R genes.     

豆渣纤维的降脂作用及对血液流变学影响的研究

以ＳＤ大鼠为对象，研究了豆渣纤维对高胆固醇膳动物脂质代谢和血流变性的影响，并与果胶和纯纤维素进行比较，结果表明：８周实验后，豆渣与果胶组动物的血清总胆固醇（ＴＣ）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＬＤＬ－Ｃ）显著降低，但豆渣组的血脂水平比果胶组更低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。而纯纤维素组未显出降脂作用。各组大鼠的甘油三醋（ＴＧ）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（ＨＤＬ－Ｃ）也无明显变化。实验同时表明，６％的豆渣纤维与果胶均可使高脂大鼠的血粘度及血小板聚集率降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），且前者优于后者。相关分析显示，血脂与血流变学指标间存在显著相关性（Ｐ＜０．０５），其中ＴＣ与ＬＤＬ－Ｃ是影响血流变性的重要因素。６％的以上各种纤维摄入量均不影响大鼠的摄食量与生长。     

Isoflavone and Protein Constituents of Lactic Acid-Fermented Soy Milk Combine to Prevent Dyslipidemia in Rats Fed a High Cholesterol Diet

A high cholesterol diet induces dyslipidemia. This study investigated whether isoflavone aglycones in lactic acid-fermented soy milk (LFS) improve lipid metabolism in rats fed a high cholesterol diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged seven weeks were fed an AIN-93G diet, a 1% cholesterol diet (a high cholesterol diet), a high-cholesterol diet containing 4% isoflavone extract of LFS (LFS extract diet), a high-cholesterol diet containing 19.4% ethanol-washed LFS (ethanol-washed LFS diet, isoflavone-poor diet), or a high cholesterol diet containing 23.2% intact LFS (intact LFS diet) for five weeks. The plasma total cholesterol (TC) level was increased in the rats fed the LFS extract diet compared with those fed the high cholesterol diet. The TC level was decreased by the intact LFS and ethanol-washed LFS diets. The cholesterol-lowering effect was stronger in the rats fed the intact LFS diet than those fed the ethanol-washed LFS diet. The plasma triglyceride (TG) level was unchanged in the rats fed the LFS extract diet, but it decreased in rats fed the intact LFS and ethanol-washed LFS diets. Although, compared with the high cholesterol diet, the LFS extract and ethanol-washed LFS diets did not reduce hepatic cholesterol and TG, both levels were remarkably lowered by the intact LFS diet. These results suggest that the improvement in lipid metabolism of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet containing LFS isoflavone aglycones is not due to an independent effect but due to a cooperative effect with soy protein.     

Polymorphisms in ABCG5/G8 transporters linked to hypercholesterolemia and gallstone disease

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters function in the homeostasis of lipids. Dysfunction of ABC transporters is frequently associated with disease. This review examines links between polymorphisms of ABC G5 (ABCG5) and G8 (ABCG8) transporter genes to hypercholesterolemia and to gallstone disease risk. Various polymorphisms (A632V, T400K, D19H, M429V, and C54Y) in the ABCG8 and ABCG5 (Q604E) gene have been found to be associated with several facets of cholesterol metabolism, including baseline cholesterol level, cholesterol kinetics, individual responsiveness of plasma cholesterol to dietary and pharmaceutical interventions for hypercholesterolemia, and increased risk of gallstones. Clearly, the ABCG5 and ABCG8 genes play an important role in cholesterol homeostasis. However, more research is needed to establish how specific polymorphisms of these genes confer to higher risk of these diseases.     

载脂蛋白A5 c.553G>T基因多态性与新疆汉族人群冠心病相关性研究

目的 研究新疆汉族人群载脂蛋白A5(ApoA5)c.553G＞T多态性与冠心病及血脂水平的相关性.方法 采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性方法,检测486例冠心病患者和501例对照的ApoA5 c.553G＞T多态性,同时测定血脂水平.结果 ApoA5 c.553G＞T的不同基因型在冠心病组和对照组分布频率的差异具有统计学意义(x2=8.757,P=0.013).通过非条件logistic回归校正年龄、性别、吸烟史、血脂、高血压和糖尿病史等影响因素后,T等位基因携带者(TT+GT基因型)的个体患冠心病的风险是GG型的1.753倍(OR=1.753,95%CI:1.030～2.983,P＜0.05).冠心病组和对照组c.553G＞T基因型亚组间甘油三酯(TG)水平的差异有统计学意义(t=-5.242,P＜0.01;t=-3.499,P=0.001),T等位基因携带者较GG型有更高的TG水平;冠心病组T等位基因携带者较GG型有更高的胆固醇(TC)水平(t=-2.465,P=0.014).结论 ApoA5c.553G＞T多态性对新疆汉族人群血清TG、TC水平有影响,且与冠心病的发生有一定相关性,T等位基因可能是冠心病的一个危险因素.

Abstract：

Objective The aim is to investigate the association between coronary heart disease (CHD) and c.553G＞T polymorphism of apolipoprotein A5 (ApoA5) gene and the influence of serum lipid level in the Hah ethnic population of Xinjiang. Methods The polymorphism of ApoA5 gene in 486 patients with CHD and 501 controls was analyzed by methods of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Level of serum lipid in each patient was detected at the same time. Results There was significant difference in the distribution of genotypes between CHD group and controls group ( x2 = 8.757, P= 0.013 ). Non-conditioned logistic regression analyses, after adjusted for age, gender, smoking, total serum cholesterol, presence of hypertension and diabetes, revealed that individuals who carried T allele (TT + GT genotype) had an increased risk of CHD, compared to GG genotype (OR= 1.753,95%CI: 1.030-2.983, P＜0.05 ). There was also a remarkable difference noticed in the level of serum triglyceride by genotypes in CHD group and control group (t=5.242, P＜0.01; t=-3.499, P=0.001 ). Individuals in the two groups who carried T allele had higher level of serum triglyceride than those carried GG genotype. Individuals in CHD group who carried T allele had higher level of serum total cholesterol than those carried GG genotype (t=-2.465, P=0.014). Conclusion It seemed that the c.553G＞T polymorphism of ApoA5 gene had influenced on the level of serum triglyceride and the total cholesterol among Han population in Xinjiang. c.553G＞T polymorphism was associated with the development of CHD, while T allele might be an influencing risk factor on CHD.     

Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B5 used as a nutritional supplement, favorably alters low-density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism in low- to moderate-cardiovascular risk North American subjects: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigation

Safety and efficacy of a biologically active derivative of vitamin B₅ (pantethine) on total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) metabolism was studied in North American subjects at conventional low to moderate cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. A total of 120 subjects initiated a therapeutic lifestyle change (TLC) diet 4 weeks before randomization (baseline) and maintained the diet throughout a 16-week study period; at baseline, subjects were randomized in a triple-blinded manner to either pantethine (600 mg/d, baseline to week 8, and 900 mg/d, weeks 9-16) or identically labeled, nonbiologically active placebo (n = 60 per group). We hypothesized that pantethine would lower TC and low-density lipoprotein in low-CVD-risk North American subjects in a similar manner as reported in high-CVD-risk subjects studied mainly in Italy and Japan. While sustaining a TLC diet and in comparison with placebo, pantethine demonstrated significant (P < .005) and sustained reductions (from baseline to week 16) in TC (6 mg/dL, 0.16 mmol/L, 3%), LDL-C (4 mg/dL, 0.10 mmol/L, 4%), and apolipoprotein B (4 mg/dL, 0.04 g/L, 5%). Our data suggest that pantethine supplementation for 16 weeks (600 mg/d for weeks 1-8 then 900 mg/d for weeks 9-16) is safe and significantly lowers TC and LDL-C over and above the effect of TLC diet alone. Although the absolute magnitude of these effects was small in these low- to moderate-risk North Americans (4-6 mg/dL), the results are noteworthy as prior studies have shown that, for each 1 mg/dL (0.026 mmol/L) reduction in LDL-C, there is a concomitant 1% reduction in overall future CVD risk.     

Red yeast rice improves lipid pattern,high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,and vascular remodeling parameters in moderately hypercholesterolemic Italian subjects

Despite a recent health claim by the European Agency on Food Safety, the effect of high doses of dietary monacolin supplements from red yeast rice on cholesterolemia has not been tested in Italian subjects. Our aim via a crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial was to test if a short-term treatment with 10 mg monacolins could improve lipid pattern, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and vascular remodeling biomarkers in a small cohort of Mediterranean subjects. Thus, 25 healthy, mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects were enrolled, and after 4 weeks of a stabilization diet, subjects were randomized to the sequence placebo-washout-monacolins or monacolins-washout-placebo, with each period being 4 weeks long. At each study step, a complete lipid pattern, safety parameters, hs-CRP, and matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 levels were measured. When compared to the placebo group, monacolins-treated patients experienced a more favorable percent change in total cholesterol (-12.45%, 95% CI −16.19 to −8.71), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−21.99%, 95% CI −26.63 to −17.36), non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−14.67%, 95% CI −19.22 to −10.11), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (−28.05%, 95% CI −35.18 to −20.93), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (−27.19%, 95% CI −36.21 to −18.15), and hs-CRP (−23.77%, 95% CI −30.54 to −17.01). No significant differences were observed in regards to triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and safety parameters. On the basis of our data, we demonstrate that a 10-mg monacolin nutraceutical appears to safely reduce cholesterolemia, hs-CRP, and markers of vascular remodeling in Italian subjects. These results have to be confirmed in larger patient samples and longer studies.     

葡萄籽油对高脂大鼠血脂水平的影响

葡萄籽油含有74％的亚油酸、多种维生素和微量元素。大鼠每日饲以葡萄籽油4ml/kg可使高脂血清总胆固醇降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著升高。高密度脂蛋白/总胆固醇比值升高。     

Bakery products lower serum cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men

Several foods rich in water-soluble fiber have documented hypocholesterolemic effects. To determine the cholesterol-lowering effects of high-soluble-fiber intake from refined, wheat-based bakery products, 10 hypercholesterolemic subjects ate a high-carbohydrate, high-fiber control diet in a metabolic ward for 7 d, followed by a diet rich in soluble fiber from bakery products for 21 d. Both control and bakery diets provided 25 g total dietary fiber/d; however, the bakery diet provided 6 g soluble fiber/d more than the control diet. Average serum total cholesterol concentrations stabilized during the control diet and then decreased 6.4% during the bakery diet. Serum low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol decreased 8.5% (P less than 0.05), apolipoprotein B-100 decreased 8.7% (P less than 0.05), and the ratio of apolipoprotein B-100 to apolipoprotein A-I decreased 9.5% (P less than 0.05) during the bakery diet. Results confirm previous reports that a small increase in soluble-fiber intake of approximately 6 g/d modestly decreases atherogenic serum cholesterol concentrations, regardless of fiber source.     

膳食纤维不同成分对大鼠脂质代谢的影响

本文观察了3种不同膳食纤维(DF)制成品(纤维素、果胶、琼脂)对高胆固醇膳大鼠脂质代谢的影响。结果发现:果胶和纤维素组自实验2周末,琼脂组于6周末与对照组相比有明显的降低血清TC作用;3种DF均有不同程度降低肝胆固醇作用;各组血清TG、HDL-C,HDL_2-C,HDL_3-C间无显著差异;纤维素组和果胶组HDL-C/TC比值明显高于对照组。3种DF均可使大鼠排粪量增加,对大鼠摄食量及生长无影响。     

载脂蛋白A5基因多态性及血清水平与代谢综合征的相关性研究

目的探讨载脂蛋白A5（ApoA5）基因多态性及其血清水平与代谢综合征的相关性。方法选择代谢综合征（MS）患者100例（代谢综合征组）和健康人100例（对照组）。用ELISA法检测两组的载脂蛋白A5血清浓度,采用PCR—RFLP法测定两组的ApoA5—1131T〉C基因多态性,并用全自动分析仪测空腹血糖（FPG）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）及白细胞、血红蛋白、血小板、肝肾功能。结果代谢综合征组与对照组比较：ApoA5血清浓度明显降低[（96．68±18．09）n∥mlvs（128．32±23．78）μg／ml,P〈0．01],TG明显升高[（2．35±1．07）mmol／LVS（1．62±1．13）mmol／L,P〈0．01）],而且代谢综合征组的ApoA5—1131C基因型频率明显高于对照组（30％vs16．5％,P〈0．05）。结论代谢综合征患者的ApoA5血清浓度明显降低,ApoA5—1131C与代谢综合征有相关性。     

血清总胆固醇水平对大豆蛋白降血脂作用的影响

摘要：目的　探讨血清总胆固醇水平对大豆蛋白降血脂作用的影响。方法　招募单纯高脂血症志愿者９０人
［平均年龄（５１．６５±１０．７８）岁］,随机分为大豆分离蛋白组（狀＝４５）和酪蛋白组（狀＝４５）,在不改变饮食
及运动习惯的基础上,酪蛋白组每人每天补充２４ｇ酪蛋白,大豆分离蛋白组每人每天补充１８ｇ大豆分离蛋
白＋６ｇ酪蛋白混合物,共８周。试验前和试验结束时,测量身高、体质量、计算体质指数,测定血清脂质
水平。以研究对象干预前血清总胆固醇ＴＣ 水平的中位数６．７３ ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ 作为分界点,分析干预前血清总胆
固醇（ＴＣ）水平低于或高于６．７３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ 的高脂血症者血清脂质的变化情况。结果　大豆分离蛋白组和酪
蛋白组血清ＴＣ＜６．７３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ 的研究对象干预前后血脂水平变化差异无统计学意义。大豆分离蛋白组血
清ＴＣ≥６．７３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ 的研究对象血清ＴＣ、ＬＤＬ Ｃ、ＡｐｏＢ 水平分别比干预前降低７．３％、１１．７％ 和６．４％
（犘＜０．０５）,ＴＣ∶ ＨＤＬ Ｃ,ＬＤＬ Ｃ∶ ＨＤＬ Ｃ,ＡｐｏＢ∶ ＡｐｏＡ１ 比值分别比干预前降低６．６％、９．５％ 和
１１．６％ （犘＜０．０５）。大豆分离蛋白组和酪蛋白组之间血脂水平差异无统计学意义。结论　高脂血症者血清
总胆固醇水平可影响大豆蛋白的降血脂作用,大豆蛋白对血清胆固醇水平较高的人效果较好。
关键词：血清总胆固醇水平;大豆蛋白;血脂
中图分类号：Ｒ１５１　　文献标识码：Ａ　　文章编号：１００９ ６６３９ （２０１４）０６ ０５９７ ０４     

White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) lowers blood glucose and cholesterol levels in diabetic and hypercholesterolemic rats

Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom; WBM) contains high levels of dietary fibers and antioxidants including vitamin C, D, and B₁₂; folates; and polyphenols that may provide beneficial effects on cardiovascular and diabetic diseases. The objective of this study was to examine the hypothesis that intake of the fruiting bodies of WBM regulates anticholesterolemic and antiglycemic responses in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet (0.5% cholesterol; 14% fat) and rats with type 2 diabetes induced by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (50 mg/kg body weight), respectively. The STZ-induced diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats fed the Agaricus bisporus powder (ABP; 200 mg/kg of body weight) for 3 weeks had significantly reduced plasma glucose and triglyceride (TG) concentrations (24.7% and 39.1%, respectively), liver enzyme activities, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase (11.7% and 15.7%, respectively), and liver weight gain (P < .05). In hypercholesterolemic rats, oral feeding of ABP for 4 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (22.8% and 33.1%, respectively) (P < .05). A similar significant decrease in hepatic cholesterol and TG concentrations was observed (36.2% and 20.8%, respectively) (P < .05). Decrease in TC, LDL, and TG concentrations was accompanied by a significant increase in plasma high-density lipoprotein concentrations. It was concluded that A bisporus mushroom had both hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in rats.     

北京市城区学龄儿童载脂蛋白E多态性与血脂谱水平的关系

目的 了解载脂蛋白E（ApoE)基因多态性与儿童血脂谱水平的关系。方法 采用聚合酶链反应－限制性内切酶图谱分析法,对307名7－11岁在校儿童进行血脂谱水平测定及ApoE基因多态性检测.结果 307名儿童最常见基因型E3／3检出率为54．7％,其他基因型依次为E4／3（23．8％）、E4／4（9．1％）、E3／2（8．1％）、E4／2（3．9％）、E2／2（0．3％）,不同性别基因型构成的差异无显性;常见等位基因E3频率为70．7％,E4、E2分别为23．0％和6．4％,其中E4频率明显高于国内其他报道,E2频率接近于国内报道;男童E4／3、E3／3基因型总胆固醇（TC,4．19、4．29、3．41mmol/L)、低密度脂蛋白－胆固醇（LDL－C）、载脂蛋白AI（ApoA I)、载脂蛋白B（ApoB)水平高于E3／2基因型,E4／2基因型TC（4．28和3．42mmol/L)、ApoA I水平高于E3／2基因型,女童不同基因型血脂谱水平的差异无显性;高胆固醇组与正常组儿童ApoE-Hha I位点基因型分布比较差异无显性;ApoE2可使TC水平降低0．377mmol/L,LDL-C水平降低0．329mmol/L。结论 ApoE基因多态性与男童血清胆固醇水平相关,E2等位基因携带TC、LDL－C、ApoB水平最低。     

大豆异黄酮对高胆固醇模型大鼠血清胆固醇浓度和肝脏胆固醇代谢的影响

目的观察大豆异黄酮对高脂模型大鼠血清胆固醇浓度及其肝脏胆固醇代谢关键酶基因表达的影响。方法 9周龄SD雄性大鼠8只喂饲AIN93M饲料（阴性对照组）,18只喂饲高脂饲料建立高胆固醇模型。14 d后将高胆固醇大鼠随机分为异黄酮组（每天灌胃360 mg/kg BW大豆异黄酮）和高脂对照组,喂饲高脂饲料至实验结束。30 d后测血脂,实时定量聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）测定肝脏羟甲戊二酰辅酶A还原酶（3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase,Hmgcr）、胆固醇7α-羟化酶（cytochrome P450,family 7,subfamily a,polypeptide 1,Cyp7a1）、低密度脂蛋白受体（low density lipoprotein receptor,Ldlr）mRNA表达量。结果异黄酮组大鼠血清总胆固醇（total cholesterol,TC）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（low density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDLC）浓度分别比高脂对照组降低了23.7%（q=2.79,P=0.010）和23.2%（q=2.63,P=0.015）;动物肝脏的Hmgcr和Cyp7a1 mRNA表达量均出现下降,但差异无统计学意义（均有P〉0.05）。结论大豆异黄酮可明显降低高胆固醇大鼠血清TC和LDLC浓度,有可能影响肝脏胆固醇代谢。     

Influence of mitochondrial DNA 5178 C/A polymorphism on serum cholesterol changes: a short-term follow-up in middle-aged Japanese men

Objective

The mitochondrial DNA 5178 cytosine/adenine (Mt5178 C/A) polymorphism is reportedly associated with longevity in the Japanese population, and the Mt5178A genotype may exert anti-atherogenic effects. The aim of this study was to determine whether there were longitudinal differences in serum lipid levels between carriers of the Mt5178C genotype and those of the Mt5178A genotype and to assess the impact of these genotypes on serum cholesterol levels.

Methods

The serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) were measured and the Mt5178 C/A genotypes determined in 110 Japanese men aged 41–66 (mean 52.3) years who had received medical checkups twice in the period 1999–2005. The longitudinal changes of TC, HDLC, and LDLC were calculated according to genotype.

Results

The serum levels of TC at baseline and follow-up were significantly different, whereas those of HDLC and LDLC were not. The changes in HDLC differed significantly between the two Mt5178 C/A genotype groups, with the changes in HDLC level being significantly greater in the Mt5178A genotype group than in the Mt5178C group (p = 0.015).

Conclusions

The Mt5178 C/A genotype may modify longitudinal changes in serum TC and HDLC levels in middle-aged Japanese men.     

槲皮素对大鼠体内胆固醇分布的影响

目的研究槲皮素对大鼠体内胆固醇分布的影响。方法将50只雄性Wistar大鼠以AIN-93G基础饲料适应喂养1w后,根据体重和血低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平分为5组,即对照组和0.1%、0.2%、0.4%和0.8%槲皮素组。在第5w末,测定血清总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triacylglyceride,TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)浓度,并取心、肝、肾、小肠及睾丸组织,测定其中胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、游离胆固醇(free cholesterol,FCH)及胆固醇酯(cholesterolester,CE)浓度。结果补充槲皮素后,血LDL-C浓度升高,其中0.4%槲皮素组与对照组比较有统计学意义,各组血TC、TG及HDL-C浓度差异无统计学差异;心、肝、肾和小肠中TC、FCH及CE含量有所下降,但睾丸表现为上升趋势。结论槲皮素具有影响胆固醇在体内组织中分布的作用。[营养学报,2013,35(2):172-175]     

Effect of soy versus beef diets on blood and tissue cholesterol and body composition of growing swine

Growing pigs were fed diets, similar in protein and fat content, based on soy protein isolate and soybean oil (soy) or ground beef containing 21% fat (beef). Ground corn, vitamins and minerals completed the diets. Egg yolk was added to balance the intake of cholesterol. No significant differences were seen in total plasma cholesterol or liver cholesterol concentrations. Soy-fed pigs had significantly greater concentrations of cholesterol in the viscera excluding the liver (p<.001), aorta (p<.04), carcass (p<.001) and whole body (liver + other viscera + carcass) (p<.001). No evidence of fatty streaking or plaque formation was seen in Sudan IV-stained aorta segments of either treatment group. Although pigs fed the soy diet gained weight at a slower rate, their carcasses contained a significantly greater (p<.02) concentration of fat.Our data show that the soy diet, as compared to the beef diet, increased the proportion of fat in the carcass and increased tissue cholesterol deposition.     

Probiotic Soy Product Supplemented with Isoflavones Improves the Lipid Profile of Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that specific probiotics affect the host’s metabolism and may influence the cardiovascular disease risk. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of an isoflavone-supplemented soy product fermented with Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus helveticus 416 on cardiovascular risk markers in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Design: Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial Setting: São Paulo State University in Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Participants: 49 male healthy men with total cholesterol (TC) >5.17 mmol/L and <6.21 mmol/L Intervention: The volunteers have consumed 200 mL of the probiotic soy product (group SP-10¹⁰ CFU/day), isoflavone-supplemented probiotic soy product (group ISP–probiotic plus 50 mg of total isoflavones/100 g) or unfermented soy product (group USP-placebo) for 42 days in a randomized, double-blind study. Main outcome measures: Lipid profile and additional cardiovascular biomarkers were analyzed on days 0, 30 and 42. Urine samples (24 h) were collected at baseline and at the end of the experiment so as to determine the isoflavones profile. Results: After 42 days, the ISP consumption led to improved total cholesterol, non-HDL-C (LDL + IDL + VLDL cholesterol fractions) and electronegative LDL concentrations (reduction of 13.8%, 14.7% and 24.2%, respectively, p < 0.05). The ISP and SP have prevented the reduction of HDL-C level after 42 days. The C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels were not improved. The equol production by the ISP group subjects was inversely correlated with electronegative LDL concentration. Conclusions: The results suggest that a regular consumption of this probiotic soy product, supplemented with isoflavones, could contribute to reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in moderately hypercholesterolemic men, through the an improvement in lipid profile and antioxidant properties.     

Effects of micronized okara dietary fiber on cecal microbiota,serum cholesterol and lipid levels in BALB/c mice

Abstract

Micronized by a dry grinding method (D-ODF) or a wet granulating method (W-ODF), okara dietary fiber (ODF), was fed to BALB/c mice for 28?d. The water holding capacity of D-ODF and W-ODF was significantly enhanced after micronization. W-ODF had a larger swell capacity and a higher content of soluble dietary fiber than crude ODF and D-ODF. After feeding for 28?d, the populations of Escherichia coli and Lactobacilli in the cecum were significantly lower and higher in the W-ODF group than other groups, respectively, while the population of Bifidobacterium increased in all groups. The effect of each diet on the population of E. coli. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacterium was all maintained for a short period of time except that the effectiveness of W-ODF diet on the Bifidobacterium population lasted slightly longer than other diets. At the end of the feeding period, serum total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride in D-ODF and W-ODF diets were significantly lower and HDL-C/TC ratio was significantly higher than those in crude ODF.