头孢类抗生素致敏红细胞的检测

目的:探究药物诱导型溶血性贫血在临床中的发生频率。方法:采用微柱凝胶抗球蛋白法对1 595例血标本进行直接抗人球蛋白试验(DAT),对DAT阳性标本采用抗生素类药物诱导型溶血性贫血检测试剂盒(微柱凝胶法)进行抗体特异性分型。结果:1 595例被检者中DAT阳性108例,阳性率为6.77%,DAT阳性类型分布为IgG型28例(25.93%),IgG+C_3型70例(64.81%),C_3型10例(9.26%)。检出自身免疫因素诱导红细胞致敏12例(11.11%),非自身免疫因素96例(88.89%),其中确定为头孢类抗生素诱导红细胞致敏3例(3.13%),非药物依赖性自身抗体8例(8.33%)。有输血史者DAT阳性率显著高于无输血史者(P0.01)。结论:临床大量使用抗生素类药物的患者有可能诱导机体红细胞致敏而发生药物诱导型溶血性贫血,因此抗生素类药物致敏红细胞的检测具有重要意义。     

IH-1000全自动血型仪在不规则抗体筛查中的应用

目的:探讨IH-1000全自动血型仪在不规则抗体筛查中的应用。方法:用IH-1000全自动血型仪对2013年01-12月申请输血患者标本进行检测并统计阳性报告;对2013年09-12月IH-1000报告可疑结果进行手工卡式直接抗球蛋白试验(DAT)。结果:33 048例输血申请者中,不规则抗体阳性246例,阳性率为0.74%;9例仪器报告"?"或"+/-",谱细胞鉴定未检出特异性不规则抗体,但其中7例手工卡式直接抗球蛋白试验阳性,用卡式抗人球法随机选择献血员与受血者配血相合,输注后未发生输血不良反应。结论:IH-1000全自动血型仪用于不规则抗体筛查检测快速,敏感度高。对于仪器复查后仍报告可疑的结果,可在排除标本质量问题后补充DAT,若DAT阳性而又无法确定原因时,建议用卡式抗人球法配血,保证患者输血安全。     

自身免疫性溶血性贫血患者抗-LW抗体和自身抗-D抗体鉴定及输血策略

目的:对自身免疫性溶血性贫血(AIHA)患者的不规则抗体进行鉴定分析,为其制定输血策略,指导临床科学合理用血。方法:在河北省血液中心进行疑难交叉配血的AIHA患者2例,分别采用试管法和微柱凝胶法对其进行ABO血型和Rh血型鉴定、直接抗球蛋白试验(DAT)、抗体筛查试验及交叉配血试验,采用二硫苏糖醇(DTT)处理和未经处理的谱细胞鉴定患者血浆抗体特异性。结果:2例患者均为RhD抗原阳性,DAT及抗体筛查试验阳性,其中1号患者血浆与DTT未处理谱细胞反应呈抗-D特异性,与DTT处理后谱细胞反应结果呈全阴性;2号标本血浆与DTT处理及未处理谱细胞反应均呈阴性。2例患者与同型RhD阴性红细胞均呈交叉配血相合状态。结论:1号患者体内的不规则抗体为抗-LW抗体,2号患者抗体为自身抗-D抗体,此类AIHA患者均可输注同型RhD阴性悬浮红细胞。     

漳州地区献血人群不规则抗体筛查分析

目的:探讨对献血者进行不规则抗体筛查的临床意义及其对保证输血安全的价值。方法:用盐水介质法对153 009例漳州地区献血人群的血浆标本进行不规则抗体筛查,用抗人球蛋白法做进一步鉴定。结果:153 009例标本不规则抗体筛选阳性92例(0.06%)。通过性别分组以及抗人球蛋白法进一步鉴定发现,58 440例女性献血者中检出不规则抗体为61例(0.104%),94 569例男性献血者中检出不规则抗体为31例(0.033%),女性组不规则抗体检出率高于男性组的不规则抗体检出率(P0.01)。同时,检出的不规则抗体中IgM抗体65例(0.042%),IgG抗体27例(0.018%),IgM抗体检出率高于IgG抗体(P0.01)。结论:对献血者进行不规则抗体检测能减少不规则抗体进入受血者体内的可能性,从而有效提高输血的安全性。     

微柱凝胶法与试管法检测新生儿溶血病免疫性抗体的比较

目的：比较微柱凝胶法与试管法对母婴血型不合新生儿溶血病（HDN）免疫性抗体的检出率。方法：对临床表现为高胆红素血症、疑似HDN的患儿血标本同时用微柱凝胶法和试管法进行直接抗人球蛋白试验、抗体游离试验及抗体放散试验,并对患儿阳性血标本进行血型不规则抗体特异性鉴定及其效价测定。结果：在275例临床表现为高胆红素血症、疑似HDN的患儿血标本中,用试管法检出直接抗人球蛋白试验阳性180例（65.5%）,抗体游离试验阳性197例（71.6%）,抗体放散试验阳性210例（76.4%）;用微柱凝胶法检出直接抗人球蛋白试验阳性224例（81.5%）,抗体游离试验阳性238例（86.5%）,抗体放散试验阳性251例（91.3%）。微柱凝胶法比试管法的凝集强度高1＋～2＋。结论：微柱凝胶法的敏感性略高于试管法,具有操作简便,影响因素少,易于标准化,结果客观及保存时间长等优点。     

新生儿不规则抗体检测的临床意义

目的：检测新生儿红细胞血型不规则抗体,探讨不规则抗体与新生儿溶血病的关系。方法：对521例新生儿溶血病待确诊患儿通过微柱凝胶卡进行直接抗人球白试验、游离抗体测定、放散试验,不规则抗筛选阳性标本进一步进行不规则抗体鉴定,同时进行不规则抗筛选阳性患儿母亲血型鉴定及不规则抗体筛选、鉴定。结果：检测出抗-D 4例,抗-E 3例,抗-c1,抗-M 1例。结论：应重视孕妇IgG类红细胞血型不规则抗体筛查;根据不规则抗体的特性,可为患儿选择无相应抗原的血液进行综合治疗和换血。     

微柱凝胶直接抗人球蛋白试验阳性分型与临床疾病相关性探讨

目的:分析抗人球蛋白试验阳性患者的病种分布及抗体分型,探讨抗人球蛋白试验阳性分型与临床疾病的相关性。方法:采用微柱凝胶技术进行1 760例DAT检测,阳性结果进一步采用DAT分型卡进行分型试验,分析DAT阳性结果的临床资料。结果:临床1 760例患者中,147例阳性(8.35%),主要为系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)36例(24.49%)、自身免疫性溶血性贫血(AIHA)16例(10.88%)、Evans综合征12例(8.16%)、白血病20例(13.61%);对108例阳性结果进行了抗体分型,分型结果为:IgG型73.15%、IgG+C3d型18.52%、C3d型8.33%。结论:抗人球蛋白试验阳性与AIHA、SLE、Evans综合征、白血病等疾病密切相关,抗体分型以IgG及IgG+C3d为主,DAT检测为疾病的辅助诊断、严重程度判断及治疗方案提供了依据。     

抗线粒体抗体M2亚型IgG和IgA在原发性胆汁性肝硬化诊断中的作用

目的 评价以新型天然M2抗原和BPO融合蛋白M2-3E(BPO)为靶抗原的酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法(抗-M2-3E ELISA)检测抗线粒体抗体M2亚型(AMA-M2)IgG和IgA抗体在原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)诊断中的敏感性、特异性以及其临床意义.方法 分别用间接免疫荧光法(IFL)、以丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体为靶抗原的ELISA法(抗-PDC ELlSA),抗-M2-3E ELISA法检测107例PBC患者,87例疾病对照患者和26名健康体检者的AMA-M2 IgG和(或)IgA抗体.检测ALT,AST,总胆红素、白蛋白、Y-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶、血清肌酐、IgG、IgM及IgA.对于符合正态分布的计量数据采用t检验,不符合正态分布者采用秩和检验. 结果 107例PBC患者抗-M2-3E ELISA法AMA-M2 IgG的检出率(90.6%)高于IFL法(81.3%)和抗-PDCELISA法(72.9%),t值分别为4.32和6.03,P值均<0.05.抗M2-3E ELISA法检测AMA-M2 IgA的检出率为55.1%,特异性为97.2%,而总体AMA-M2 IgG和(或)IgA的检出率为92.5%,特异性为95.2%.20例IFL检测AMA-M2 IgG为阴性的PBC患者中,抗-M2-3E ELISA法检出率为45%,AMA-M2 IgG和(或)IgA的检出率为55%,抗-M2-3E ELISA可以在超过一半的IFL阴性的患者中检出AMA-M2 IgG和(或)IgA.AMA-M2 IgG呈阳性的患者(97例)比呈阴性的患者(10例)有更加严重的组织学变化和更高的IgG,IgM和碱性磷酸酶水平.结论 抗-M2-3E ELISA法具有比IFL和抗-PDC ELISA法更高的敏感性和特异性,可作为第一轮AMA-M2的筛查.AMA-M2 IgG阳性可能说明该PBC患者有更加严重的疾病,但是AMA-M2 IgG和IgA都不能单独用于诊断PBC.     

抗核抗体与抗可溶性抗原抗体的相关性分析

目的:探讨抗核抗体(ANA)与抗可溶性抗原(ENA)抗体之间的关系,明确临床疾病的诊断。方法:对武汉市协和医院88例ANA间接免疫荧光法阴性与ENA免疫印迹法阳性模式的住院样本,收集临床资料,其中46例SSA阳性的样本,采用ELISA对特异性自身抗体进行测定,稀释比例设为1∶32和1∶10时采用IIF再次检测ANA。结果:在1 770例住院标本中,ANA IIF(-)LIA(+)模式在4种模式中占4.97%。LIA阳性抗体有抗SSA、抗组蛋白、抗nRNP等。IIF(-)LIA(+)实验组与IIF(-)LIA(-)对照组相比,2组在1∶32转阳率(41.3%和2.5%)、1∶10转阳率(56.5%和7.5%)之间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05),稀释度从1∶100降为1∶32及1∶10后,ANA的阳转率均有提高。结论:对于ANA IIF(-)LIA(+)检测模式,降低稀释度时可减少ANA的漏检,提高IIF与LIA的一致性,确保临床诊断的准确性。     

应用微柱凝胶技术筛查新生儿ABO溶血病及结果分析

目的：探讨微柱凝胶技术在新生儿溶血病（HDN）筛查中的应用以及结果分析。方法：采用微柱凝胶技术对633例疑似HDN患儿进行检测,用经典抗球蛋白法做对照。结果：633例筛查实验微柱凝胶技术阳性率为30.5%,28%为ABO-HDN,2.5%为RH-HDN,其中直接抗球蛋白实验阳性率为6.8%,患儿红细胞抗体放散实验阳性率为30.5%（抗A抗体阳性89例,抗B抗体阳性45例,抗AB抗体阳性43例,抗D抗体阳性10例,抗E抗体阳性6例）,血清游离抗体鉴定阳性率为13%,而经典抗球蛋白法的直接抗球蛋白实验阳性率为3%,患儿红细胞抗体放散实验阳性率为仅为24.7%。结论：在温州地区的HDN以ABO-HDN最为常见,抗体分布特征为抗A抗体〉抗B抗体〉抗AB抗体〉抗D抗体〉抗E抗体。新生儿溶血微柱凝胶技术能快速准确检测出HDN,具有很高的灵敏度,并能够检出经典抗球蛋白法所不能检出的阴性标本,是直观可靠的方法。     

Augmented histamine test,ewald test meal,and diagnex test

Summary and conclusions The augmented histamine test, the Ewald test meal, and the Diagnex tests have been compared in a series of 130 patients. The results indicate that although the results of these tests follow the same trend in a group of patients, no one test can be used to predict satisfactorily the results of the other two tests in the majority of individual patients.Although the Ewald test is as informative as the augmented histamine test in supporting a clinical diagnosis of duodenal ulcer, the latter shows most clearly the wide variations in the degree of hypersecretion in different patients with duodenal ulcer and is the most reliable test for establishing the presence of achlorhydria. The augmented histamine test is virtually free of any serious side effects and, furthermore, provides a reliable index of the parietal-cell mass. The augmented histamine test would thus appear to be of particular value as a guide to the nature and extent of surgery necessary for the satisfactory reduction of acid secretion in patients with peptic ulcer.Our findings support the claims made by previous workers regarding the value of the Diagnex test in the screening of large numbers of patients for achlorhydria or marked hypochlorhydria. Apart from its usefulness as an initial screening test in cancer detection programs, the test has a limited place in excluding a diagnosis of pericious anemia or duodenal ulcer.We wish to record our deep obligation to E. R. Squibb and Sons, New York, for supplies of Diagnex Blue and Diagnex reagent, and to Merck Sharp and Dohme, West Point, Pa. for supplies of Neo-Antergan maleate.     

Spirometry: quantitative test criteria and test acceptability

Quantitative test criteria have been developed to assess the acceptability of spirometric tracings. Most automated spirometers have been programmed with the criteria in order to assist in data collection. These instruments compare computed parameters from the collected tracings with the criteria and, after 3 acceptable FVC maneuvers have been collected, print out a statement indicating that "tests meet acceptability criteria." Technicians, nurses, and even their medical supervisors are beginning to rely on these statements as assuring overall test quality. However, a review of actual curves indicates that unacceptable results can be obtained from tests that comply with these standards. Although quantitative test criteria are a positive step toward quality assurance, they should be treated as they were developed, as "minimum" criteria. All curves should be inspected for visible defects, especially if the results are used to follow subjects longitudinally.     

Multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test

Excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue are common complaints in the sleep clinic. The objective evaluation and quantification of these symptoms is important for both the diagnosis of underlying health problems and for gauging treatment response. The multiple sleep latency test measures physiologic sleepiness, whereas the maintenance of wakefulness test (MWT) aims to measure manifest sleepiness. Neither test correlates well with subjective measures of sleep such as the Epworth sleepiness scale and the Stanford sleepiness scale. Although in the past methodological testing differences existed, in 2005 updated practice parameters were published, promoting the standardization of testing procedures. In recent years, there has been an effort to document daytime sleepiness when associated with occupational risk. However, these laboratory-based tests may not reflect or predict real-life experience. Normative data for both tests, particularly the MWT, are limited, and are inadequate for the evaluation of pediatric patients, shift workers, and others.     

Multiple sleep latency test and maintenance of wakefulness test

In addition to overnight polysomnography, there are two special tests with which every sleep technologist should be familiar: the multiple sleep latency test and the maintenance of wakefulness test. These two tests classify excessive daytime sleepiness using objective data. The role of the sleep technologist is to understand and perform an accurate test so that sleep clinicians can use that data in diagnosing and treating their patients. This article provides step-by-step directions for performing these tests.