不同浓度布比卡因硬膜外阻滞用于分娩镇痛的临床观察

不同浓度布比卡因硬膜外阻滞用于分娩镇痛的临床观察毛恩青＊瞿健＊＊南京市妇幼保健院麻醉科（２１０００４）我院自１９９４年１月至１９９６年８月，采用不同浓度布比卡因或复合芬太尼、氯胺酮硬膜外阻滞用于无痛分娩共６０例，观察其对产程的影响，现报告如下。资料与...     

老年患者左旋布比卡因硬膜外运动阻滞的半数有效浓度

目的 研究老年和青壮年患者左旋布比卡因硬膜外运动阻滞的半数有效浓度(EC50).方法 60例下肢或下腹部择期手术患者分成老年组(A组,≥70岁)和青壮年组(Y组,<70岁),每组30例.硬膜外穿刺置管后注入15 ml不同浓度的左旋布比卡因:每组第一位患者左旋布比卡因浓度均定为0.375%,其后各患者所用浓度按序贯法进行选择,浓度变化梯度定为0.025%.以改良Bromage评分法判断运动阻滞程度,计算硬膜外左旋布比卡因运动阻滞的EC50.结果 A组左旋布比卡因硬膜外运动阻滞的EC50为0.349%(95%可信区间:0.327%～0.373%),显著低于Y组的0.453%(95%可信区间:0.424%～0.484%)(P<0.01).结论 与青壮年患者相比,老年患者左旋布比卡因硬膜外运动阻滞的EC50明显降低.     

不同浓度布比卡因硬膜外阻滞剖腹产的探讨

本文用3种不同浓度的布比卡因作硬膜外阻滞于剖腹产,A组为0.4％、B组0.5％和C组0.75％,每组30例,进行对比性临床观察。结果是A和B组较为安全可靠。体质差伴有心脏储备功能降低、失血和妊毒症产妇等,以A组更为合适。     

罗比卡因硬膜外阻滞对乳腺癌根治术中通气功能的影响

罗比卡因 (ropivacaine)由于具有是痛觉与运动阻滞分离的特性 ,用在高位硬膜外阻滞 ,可能会对通气功能的影响较其他局麻药轻。本文对 0 2 5 %罗比卡因与布比卡因在高位硬膜外复合浅全麻乳腺癌根治术中的通气功能及心脏毒性进行对比观察。资料与方法一般资料　选择 4 0例乳腺癌根治手术患者 ,术前无心、肺、肝、肾功能明显异常 ,无神经 肌肉传递障碍 ,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级。随机分为两组各 2 0例 ,两组病例的年龄、体重及术前用药无明显差异。麻醉方法　患者入手术室后开放静脉 ,然后侧卧位行T4～ 5硬膜外穿刺置管 ,并给予 1 %利多卡因 5ml,出现…     

妇科硬膜外左旋布比卡因最低感觉及运动阻滞浓度

目的 测定妇科手术左旋布比卡因最低感觉及运动阻滞浓度即半数有效浓度(EC50).方法 70例妇科手术患者随机分为感觉组和运动组,每组35例.择L2～3行硬膜外穿刺置管后分次给予预定浓度芹旋布比卡因总量为15 ml:第一例感觉组浓度为0.150%,运动组为0.375%,其后各患者的药物浓度以序贯法进行选择,相邻级别浓度比感觉组为0.980.运动组为0.944.以VAS和改良Bromage评分法分别判断感觉和运动阻滞程度.结果 硬膜外左旋布比卡因感觉阻滞EC50为0.140%(95% CI:0.136%～0.144%),显著低于运动阻滞的EC50 0.385%(95% CI:0.359%～0.414%)(P＜0.01),左旋布比卡因感觉与运动阻滞分离区间是0.140%～0.385%.结论 妇科硬膜外左旋布比卡因感觉和运动阻滞EC50.分别为0.140%和0.385%.     

罗比卡因与布比卡因高位硬膜外阻滞对肺功能影响的比较

目的　探讨 0 375 %罗比卡因与 0 2 5 %布比卡因高胸段硬膜外麻醉对肺功能的影响。方法　选择在胸段硬膜外麻醉下行乳腺切除术的ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级患者 31例 ,随机分成 0 375 %罗比卡因 (罗 )组和 0 2 5 %布比卡因 (布 )组。麻醉前、后定时测定血压 (BP)、心率 (HR)、血氧饱和度 (SpO2 )、呼吸频率 (RR)、潮气量 (VT)、肺活量 (VC)、用力肺活量 (FVC)、一秒钟用力肺活量 (FEV1)、感觉被阻滞范围以及其他不良反应。结果　硬膜外阻滞 2 0分钟后 ,两组感觉阻滞范围相似 (C4～T8)。两组均显著影响肺功能 :罗组和布组的VC分别从 2 7L降至 1 3L和从 2 6L降至 1 1L ;FVC分别从2 2L降至 1 2L和从 2 1L降至 1 1L ;FEV1分别从 1 7L降至 1 1L和从 1 7L降至 1 1L(P <0 0 1)。VT 值分别从 0 6 2L降至 0 4 3L和 0 4 1L ,RR从 15次 /分上升至 18次 /分 ,HR从 86次 /分降至 6 8次 /分 ,SpO2 下降幅度在 2 %之内 ,BP相似 ,组间无差异。结论　 0 375 %罗比卡因与 0 2 5 %布比卡因均可获得满意的麻醉效果 ,两组都明显影响肺功能。但两组SpO2 、BP均较稳定 ,无明显不良反应发生。     

不同浓度布比卡因胸段硬膜外阻滞对单肺通气期间动脉氧合的影响

目的观察不同浓度布比卡因胸段硬膜外阻滞对单肺通气(OLV)期间动脉氧合的影响。方法择期行经左胸食管癌根治术患者120例,年龄50~65岁,随机数字表法均分为四组:A、B、C组采用静脉全麻复合硬膜外阻滞,硬膜外分别给予0.5%、0.25%、0.125%布比卡因,D组为单纯静脉全麻,每组30例。A、B、C三组患者诱导前硬膜外注入5ml相应浓度布比卡因,术中以3~5ml/h持续硬膜外泵入。分别于OLV前(T0)、OLV 15min(T1)、OLV 30min(T2)抽取桡动脉血和混合静脉血行血气分析。结果 T1、T2时A组Qs/Qt明显高于其他三组(P0.05),PaO2明显低于其他三组(P0.05)。T0~T2时A、B组SBP、DBP均明显低于D组(P0.05)。与D组比较,A、B、C组术中阿片类药物和丙泊酚的用量均明显减少(P0.05)。结论静脉全麻复合0.125%和0.25%布比卡因胸段硬膜外阻滞在OLV期间不会增加肺内分流和降低动脉氧合。     

Time course of the effects of cervical epidural anesthesia on pulmonary function

Background and Objectives. During cervical epidural anesthesia the C4, C5, and sometimes C3 nerve roots are anesthetized. One might therefore expect pulmonary compromise due to the block of the phrenic nerve if anesthesia extends to C3. This study was conducted to measure the effects of cervical epidural anesthesia using 2% lidocaine on pulmonary function, with specific attention given to the time course of pulmonary changes in relation to spread of analgesia. Methods. Fifteen adult patients without preexisting lung disease undergoing carotid endarterectomy, breast surgery, or cervical epidural steroid injection were enrolled. Cervical epidural anesthesia was performed at the C7–T1 interspace using 300 mg lidocaine with epinephrine. Pulmonary function, including forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and SpO₂ while breathing room air were measured prior to and 5, 10, 20, and 40 minutes after lidocaine injection. Results. Analgesia to pinprick reached median dermatomes of C3 to T8 (range: C2–T12) by 20 minutes after lidocaine injection. FEV₁ and FVC decreased approximately 12–16% between 20 and 40 minutes after injection. Maximum inspiratory pressure and SpO₂ did not significantly change. Conclusions. Cervical epidural anesthesia using 300 mg lidocaine results in measurable reduction in bedside pulmonary functions concomitant with the spread of analgesia to the C3 dermatome. These changes were complete 20 minutes after lidocaine injection. In patients without preexisting lung disease, these changes were not clinically significant, except in one patient. We conclude that motor block of the phrenic nerve is incomplete under the conditions of this study.     

Effects of thoracic paravertebral block with bupivacaine versus combined thoracic epidural block with bupivacaine and morphine on pain and pulmonary function after cholecystectomy

Twenty patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy via a subcostal incision were randomized in a double-blind study to either thoracic paravertebral blockade with bupivacaine 0.5% (15 ml followed by 5 ml/h) or thoracic epidural blockade with bupivacaine 7 ml 0.5% + morphine 2 mg followed by 5 ml/h + 0.2 mg/h, respectively for 8 h postoperatively. Mean initial spread of sensory analgesia on the right side was the same (Th3,4-Th11 versus Th2,6-Th11), but decreased (P less than 0.05) postoperatively in the paravertebral group. All patients in the epidural group had bilateral blockade, compared with three patients in the paravertebral group. In both groups only minor insignificant changes in blood pressure and pulse rate were seen postoperatively. Pain scores were significantly higher in the paravertebral group, as was the need for systemic morphine (P less than 0.05). Pulmonary function estimated by forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume and peak expiratory flow rate decreased about 50% postoperatively in both groups. In conclusion, the continuous paravertebral bupivacaine infusion used here was insufficient as the only analgesic after cholecystectomy. In contrast, epidural blockade with combined bupivacaine and low dose morphine produced total pain relief in six of ten patients.     

Lung function under high thoracic segmental epidural anesthesia with ropivacaine or bupivacaine in patients with severe obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing breast surgery

BACKGROUND: Because general anesthesia with tracheal intubation can elicit life-threatening bronchospasm in patients with bronchial hyperreactivity, epidural anesthesia is often preferred. However, segmental high thoracic epidural anesthesia (sTEA) causes pulmonary sympathetic and respiratory motor blockade. Whether it can be safely used for chest wall surgery as a primary anesthetic technique in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma is unclear. Furthermore, ropivacaine supposedly evokes less motor blockade than bupivacaine and might minimize side effects. To test the feasibility of the technique and the hypotheses that (1) sTEA with ropivacaine or bupivacaine does not change lung function and (2) there is no difference between sTEA with ropivacaine or bupivacaine, the authors studied 20 patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1] = 52.1 +/- 17.3% of predicted [mean +/- SD]) or asthma who were undergoing breast surgery. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized fashion, sTEA was performed with 6.6 +/- 0.5 ml of either ropivacaine, 0.75% (n = 10), or bupivacaine, 0.75% (n = 10). FEV1, vital capacity, FEV1 over vital capacity, spread of analgesia (pin prick), hand and foot skin temperatures, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and local anesthetic plasma concentrations were measured with patients in the sitting and supine positions before and during sTEA. RESULTS: Segmental high thoracic epidural anesthesia (segmental spread C4-T8 [bupivacaine] and C5-T9 [ropivacaine]) significantly decreased FEV1 from 1.22 +/- 0.54 l (supine) to 1.09 +/- 0.56 l (ropivacaine) and from 1.23 +/- 0.49 l to 1.12 +/- 0.46 l (bupivacaine). In contrast, FEV1 over vital capacity increased from 64.6 +/- 13.5 to 68.2 +/- 14.5% (ropivacaine) and from 62.8 +/- 12.4 to 66.5 +/- 13.6% (bupivacaine). There was no difference between ropivacaine and bupivacaine. Skin temperatures increased significantly, whereas arterial pressure and heart rate significantly decreased indicating widespread sympathetic blockade. All 20 patients tolerated surgery well. CONCLUSIONS: Despite sympathetic blockade, sTEA does not increase airway obstruction and evokes only a small decrease in FEV1 as a sign of mild respiratory motor blockade with no difference between ropivacaine and bupivacaine. Therefore, sTEA can be used in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma undergoing chest wall surgery as an alternative technique to general anesthesia.     

Nonanalgesic effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia

Thoracic epidural anesthesia, which has been performed since the 1950s, has progressed from being one analgesic technique among others to its present status as the technique of choice for managing pain after major abdominal and thoracic surgery. In addition to providing effective analgesia, the epidural infusion of local anesthetic agents produces a sympathetic block that offers advantages over other types of pain control, particularly with respect to the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems. Thoracic epidural anesthesia provides dynamic pain relief, allowing the patient to resume activity early. It also permits early extubation and is associated with fewer postoperative pulmonary complications, shorter duration of paralytic ileus, and a better response to the stress of anesthesia and surgery. However, meta-analyses have not yet demonstrated that postoperative outcomes are improved. This review describes the nonanalgesic effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia.     

Transient acute respiratory failure and thoracic epidural anesthesia

A case is reported of acute respiratory failure occurring during upper abdominal surgery in a patient not previously known to have chronic respiratory failure. Preoperatively, this 68 year old patient presented with mild obesity, slight effort dyspnoea and paralysis of the right hemidiaphragm, a sequela of polytrauma she suffered the year before. Respiratory tests were not considered useful with regard to the results of clinical examination. Moreover, she had already several previous general anaesthetics without any problems. A thoracic epidural anaesthesia was performed with a mixture of 150 mg lidocaine, 37.5 mg bupivacaine with adrenaline and 100 micrograms fentanyl, injected in the T8-T9 epidural space via a catheter. Ten minutes after the starting of surgery, the patient became agitated and complained of difficulty in breathing. Blood gas analysis showed hypercapnia, with respiratory acidosis (Pao2: 28.19 kPa; Paco2: 9.2 kPa; pH 7.273). Clinical examination revealed a bilateral Horner syndrome (T1-T4 sympathetic blockade). The patient was intubated and ventilated after adequate sedation. She was extubated 3 h 30 min after the initial epidural injection. Epidural analgesia was maintained during 72 h, with 0.1% bupivacaine, with no recurrence of respiratory failure.     

The physiological effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia and analgesia on the cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems

Studies of regional anesthesia are increasing in popularity not only for the purpose of technical advancement, but also to better understand the effects of neural deafferentation on the function of various organs. Thoracic epidural anesthesia (TEA) is one of the most versatile and widely utilized neural deafferentation techniques. The aim of this article is to critically review published data regarding the most relevant effects of TEA on the cardiovascular, respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. In the cardiovascular system, TEA modifies the electrical activity of the heart in addition to ventricular function and wall motion. Improvements in regional blood flow and a reduction of the major determinants of cardiac oxygen consumption lead to less severity of the ischemic injury. Although TEA negatively affects the performance of intercostal muscles, it spares diaphragmatic function and, when it is limited to the first five thoracic segments, affects pulmonary volumes to a lesser extent. TEA can be safely used in patients with compromised respiration. Splanchnic sympathetic block is achieved when thoracic fibers from T5 to T12 are affected in a dose-dependent manner. Improved gastrointestinal blood flow and motility are clear in animals, and in clinical studies, TEA has been shown to improve recovery after major abdominal surgery. TEA thus presents a powerful tool available to anesthesiologists for perioperative intervention, but its use alone cannot prevent postoperative morbidity and mortality. It is therefore necessary to address its use in the context of multimodal intervention.