艾滋病肺孢子菌肺炎的临床及影像学表现分析

目的 :总结艾滋病肺孢子菌肺炎(PCP)的影像学特征,以提高该病影像学诊断水平。方法 :回顾性分析3例艾滋病PCP确诊患者的胸部影像学资料及特点。结果 :例1首次胸片及CT检查示双肺随机分布的多发斑片状、大片状渗出性高密度影,伴磨玻璃密度渗出影;抗渗出治疗1周复查,病变进展至双肺弥漫渗出伴实变。例2初次CT检查示双肺弥漫分布的磨玻璃渗出及部分实变影,伴间质渗出改变;抗感染抗病毒治疗5 d复查CT,双肺渗出无明显吸收,肺实变显著进展,范围扩大,大量纵隔气肿。例3双肺弥漫性多发片状磨玻璃影及实变影,以肺门为中心向心性实变、背侧实变,左侧少量胸腔积液。结论:艾滋病PCP影像学表现具有特征性,结合症状、体征及实验室检查,对临床诊断有较好地提示。     

艾滋病卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎患者的临床影像学分析

目的：总结艾滋病肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）的影像学特征,以提高该病影像学诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析3例艾滋病PCP确诊患者的胸部影像学资料及特点。结果：例1首次胸片及CT检查示双肺随机分布的多发斑片状、大片状渗出性高密度影,伴磨玻璃密度渗出影;抗渗出治疗1周复查,病变进展至双肺弥漫渗出伴实变。例2初次CT检查示双肺弥漫分布的磨玻璃渗出及部分实变影,伴间质渗出改变;抗感染抗病毒治疗5 d复查CT,双肺渗出无明显吸收,肺实变显著进展,范围扩大,大量纵隔气肿。例3双肺弥漫性多发片状磨玻璃影及实变影,以肺门为中心向心性实变、背侧实变,左侧少量胸腔积液。结论：艾滋病PCP影像学表现具有特征性,结合症状、体征及实验室检查,对临床诊断有较好地提示。     

艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎的影像学表现特征及分型

目的：探讨艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）的影像学特征、动态变化及CT影像分型。方法：回顾性分析经临床诊断或病理证实的40例艾滋病合并肺孢子菌肺炎的临床、影像学资料,总结其影像学特征,且按照影像学形态、病理基础及动态变化过程进行分型,并评价其在临床应用中的价值。结果：40例艾滋病合并PCP患者中,表现磨玻璃影22例,肺气囊9例,而且两肺弥漫性表现者占77%以上。依据PCP的CT影像学表现及利于临床诊断与鉴别诊断,将其分为5型,即磨玻璃型、肺气囊型、斑片型、间质型、混合型。影像学动态变化特点：最初小片状渗出、磨玻璃样改变向双肺散在斑片状及弥漫实变过渡,最后常遗留间质性改变。结论：AIDS合并PCP的特征性影像学表现是肺部磨玻璃影及肺气囊。影像学分型在临床诊断及鉴别诊断中具有一定指导意义。     

艾滋病并发卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的X线和CT诊断

目的 :探讨艾滋病 (AIDS)并发卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎 (PCP)的胸部X线和CT表现。材料和方法 :对 6例经证实的艾滋病并发卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎患者的胸部X线照片 ( 6例 )和CT扫描 ( 2例 )进行回顾性分析。结果 :典型表现为双侧肺门周围以及中、下肺野弥漫性网状阴影 ,部分渗出性病变可以相互融合 ,呈斑片样或磨玻璃样改变。少见表现有肺囊性改变、肺实变、肺门淋巴结增大、胸腔积液及气胸等。结论 :艾滋病并发卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎的特异性诊断是找到病原体 ,但是HIV抗体检测阳性者出现典型胸部影像表现结合临床症状 ,并排除其他免疫低下所致的细菌性感染或肿瘤 ,复方新诺明治疗有效 ,诊断AIDS并PCP可以成立。     

艾滋病患者卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的影像学表现(附18例报告)

目的探讨艾滋病(AIDS)患者继发卡氏肺囊虫肺炎(PCP)的影像学表现.方法搜集经临床及病理证实的艾滋病患者继发卡氏肺囊虫肺炎18例,均摄有胸部X线片和CT扫描片,HIV抗体检查均为阳性.分析其影像学表现.结果典型的胸部表现:双肺门周围及中下肺野弥漫性不对称的网状或网织结节状影和对称的毛玻璃样影以及更多融合均匀的肺实变影.非典型表现:局部气囊性改变,大叶实变,肺门和/或纵隔淋巴结肿大,胸腔积液,气胸,肺不张,肿块和空洞性结节等.结论胸部X线片及CT扫描对本病有重要诊断价值,典型的胸部影像学表现,并结合临床和血清HIV抗体阳性,诊断可以成立.     

严重急性呼吸综合征(SARS)死亡病例的影像学表现

目的　探讨SARS死亡病例胸部影像学在诊断中的作用。方法　回顾性分析我院 11例符合SARS诊断标准的死亡病例的胸部平片和CT图像的影像学表现和特征。结果　胸部检查发现 11例SARS死亡患者肺部阴影均较明显 ,病变范围在 80 %～90 % 6例 ,90 %以上 5例。病变部位为双侧多叶病变 11例 (10 0 % ) ,病灶呈斑片及片絮状高密度影 8例 (72 .7% ) ,部分病变融合成大片实变阴影 ,其中磨玻璃样改变 1例 (9.1% ) ,肺内可见支气管充气像。结论　重症SARS患者的影像学表现以多叶、肺实质渗出、实变和间质性炎症为主。     

肾移植术后卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的影像学表现

目的：探讨肾移植术后卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的影像学表现。资料与方法：搜集经病理证实的肾移植术后继发卡氏肺囊虫肺炎5例，均摄胸部X线片，其中2例行胸部CT扫描。结果：胸片示病变呈双侧性网状结节影、浓密的斑片状影和云团状影及全肺实变影。CT扫描示肺内毛玻璃样、片状影以及正常肺与病变肺交织嵌合构成马赛克图形。结论：卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的影像表现呈多样性，X线胸片对本病的诊断有重要价值，最终确诊有赖于病理检查。     

SARS的胸部CT表现

目的 探讨SARS的胸部CT表现。方法 搜集6例临床确诊为SARS的患者共9次胸部CT扫描(复查3例)资料，采用标准肺窗、纵隔窗、宽窗宽条件分别摄片。分析胸部CT影像。结果 6例中双肺多叶、多段实变灶5例，无明显肺叶、肺段或特定体位分布趋势；双肺病变均为大片肺实变与多发小实变灶并存；大片肺实变表现为一侧或双侧2～4片沿支气管树分布的肺段实变；内有明显的空气支气管征；相邻肺段实变融合或在叶间裂处相邻的肺叶实变扩展，于影像接触部位融合，形成更大片实变影，未观察到病变越过叶间裂蔓延至邻近肺叶的现象；肺内小病灶均为双肺多发，呈类圆形或棉球状，沿肺纹理分布最多见；大片肺实变可呈均匀致密实变、磨玻璃样变、蜂窝状实变，小病灶与大片实变灶一致，磨玻璃样变可出现在初诊和吸收期病例；胸膜反应性增厚常见，胸腔积液罕见；无纵隔、肺门淋巴结肿大。结论 CT改变提示：SARS在病程发展阶段，病变有经支气管肺泡系播散的特点。     

肺泡蛋白沉积症胸部高分辨率CT诊断

目的 探讨高分辨率CT(HRCT)对肺泡蛋白沉积症(PAP)的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析6例确诊的PAP患者胸部CT表现与相应病理学改变.结果 在HRCT上,6 例患者在不同层面可见磨玻璃影,4例表现为两肺斑片状磨玻璃影与周围肺组织分界清楚,呈地图样改变,3例因肺小叶间隔增厚交织成铺路石样改变,3例可见肺泡实变融合成密度较高的斑片状阴影.3例患者活检肺组织在光镜下显示肺泡腔内充满大量块状或颗粒状嗜伊红物质,PAS染色阳性,AB染色阴性,其中1例肺泡间隔正常,2例肺泡间隔增宽,可见成纤维细胞增生和胶原沉积.结论 PAP的胸部HRCT表现与病理改变一致,具有一定的特征性,对提高本病的诊断具有重要价值.     

卡氏肺囊虫肺炎的影像学表现

目的：探讨卡氏肺囊虫肺炎（FCP）的影像学表现。方法：我院1998年以来收治8例肾移植后已明确诊断为卡氏肺囊虫肺炎，就其x线与CT影像表现做一分析。结果：x线胸片：3例均表现为双肺弥漫性病变，以近肺门、下肺后及下基底段病变明显，未见肺门区淋巴结影；1例为双肺弥漫性间质改变及大片状边缘模糊毛玻璃样改变，2例为肺纹增粗伴双肺下对称性斑片状影。CT胸片：5例为双肺弥漫性渗出性病变，病灶呈边缘模糊片状和小片状影，部分融合呈片状，其中2例片状改变影中可见支气管影，另2例为两肺弥漫性间质改变，小叶间增厚，呈网络状，间有小斑片渗出影。结论：CT观察具有高分辨率扫描，可帮助PCP病理改变的理解。X线胸片表现可以比较充分较早地提示PCP的存在，对本病早期诊断有一定价值。     

甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎的影像表现

目的 探讨甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎的影像表现.方法 分析确诊的甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎患者51例,均摄床旁X线胸片,44例同期行胸部CT检查.按肺内病变程度将所有患者分为轻度、中度、重度3型.结果 轻度患者4例,表现为肺内局限片状阴影;中度33例,肺内片状阴影超过2个肺野,其中双侧病变30例,单侧病变3例;重度14例,肺内广泛分布片状及磨玻璃密度阴影,可以合并间质改变,其中2例合并感染,成人呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)6例,并发皮下气肿1例.结论 甲型H1N1流感合并肺炎以片状影及磨玻璃密度阴影为主,可见间质病变,合并感染后影像表现多样,部分患者可进展为ARDS.     

Severe acute respiratory syndrome: temporal lung changes at thin-section CT in 30 patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate lung abnormalities on serial thin-section computed tomographic (CT) scans in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) during acute and convalescent periods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serial thin-section CT scans in 30 patients (17 men, aged 42.5 years +/- 12.2 [SD]) with SARS were reviewed by two radiologists together for predominant patterns of lung abnormalities: ground-glass opacities, ground-glass opacities with superimposed linear opacities, consolidation, reticular pattern, and mixed pattern (consolidation, ground-glass opacities, and reticular pattern). Scans were classified according to duration in weeks after symptom onset. Longitudinal changes of specific abnormalities were documented in 17 patients with serial scans obtained during 3 weeks. Each lung was divided into three zones; each zone was evaluated for percentage of lung involvement. Summation of scores from all six lung zones provided overall CT score (maximal CT score, 24). RESULTS: Median CT scores increased from 1 in the 1st week to 12.5 in the 2nd week. Ground-glass opacities with or without smooth interlobular septal thickening and consolidation were predominant patterns found during the 1st week. Ground-glass opacities with superimposed irregular reticular opacities, mixed pattern, and reticular opacities were noted from the 2nd week and peaked at or after the 4th week. After the 4th week, 12 (55%) of 22 patients had irregular linear opacities with or without associated ground-glass opacities and CT scores greater than 5; five of these patients had bronchial dilatation. When specific opacities were analyzed in 17 patients, consolidation generally resolved completely (n = 4) or to minimal residual opacities; six (55%) of 11 patients with ground-glass opacities had substantial residual disease (CT scores > 5) on final scans. CONCLUSION: There is a temporal pattern of lung abnormalities at thin-section CT in SARS. Predominant findings at presentation are ground-glass opacities and consolidation. Reticulation is evident after the 2nd week and persists in half of all patients evaluated after 4 weeks. Long-term follow-up is required to determine whether the reticulation represents irreversible fibrosis.     

Radiological aspects of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage

PURPOSE: This paper describes chest X-ray (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) findings of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 23 episodes of DAH in 20 patients, 17 of known aetiology and three of unknown aetiology. All cases were studied by CXR and 15 also by CT. Parenchymal consolidations and ground-glass opacities were evaluated after dividing each lung into three regions (upper, middle, lower) for a total of six zones. RESULTS: Consolidations or ground-glass opacities were identified on CXR in 16/20 patients, mainly in the middle fields (73%). In 4/20 patients, all with Wegener's granulomatosis, CXR was negative or demonstrated only nodular opacities; in two of these cases, CT revealed ground-glass opacities. A complete follow-up was available for ten patients: initially, they showed consolidation opacities in 36/60 zones, which persisted in 16/60 after 7 days and in 11/60 after 15 days. Conversely, ground-glass opacities increased after 7 days owing to the partial regression of consolidation opacities, and they markedly diminished after 15 days. CONCLUSIONS: DAH is radiologically characterised by a nonspecific alveolar-filling pattern. Diagnosis or suspicion of DAH needs to be supported by the evidence of haemoptysis and/or rapid-onset anaemia. CT is superior in detecting ground-glass opacities and is required in cases of suspected DAH with normal CXR findings.     

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation: case report with emphasis on the high-resolution CT findings

A 6-year-old female patient who underwent bone marrow transplantation because of Fanconi anaemia presented with fever, dyspnoea and cough 17 days after the procedure. The physical examination revealed diffuse crackles. Chest radiographs demonstrated diffuse alveolar opacities in both lungs. High-resolution CT showed a diffuse and bilateral lung lesion characterized by multifocal areas of air-space consolidation associated with ground-glass attenuation and small centrilobular nodules. The culture of the material obtained with bronchoalveolar lavage only demonstrated growth of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. The patient rapidly presented respiratory insufficiency and death in the same day.     

Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection in Children: Chest Radiographic and CT Evaluation

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the chest radiographic and CT findings of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in children, the population that is more vulnerable to respiratory infection than adults.

Materials and Methods

The study population comprised 410 children who were diagnosed with an H1N1 infection from August 24, 2009 to November 11, 2009 and underwent chest radiography at Dankook University Hospital in Korea. Six of these patients also underwent chest CT. The initial chest radiographs were classified as normal or abnormal. The abnormal chest radiographs and high resolution CT scans were assessed for the pattern and distribution of parenchymal lesions, and the presence of complications such as atelectasis, pleural effusion, and pneumomediastinum.

Results

The initial chest radiograph was normal in 384 of 410 (94%) patients and abnormal in 26 of 410 (6%) patients. Parenchymal abnormalities seen on the initial chest radiographs included prominent peribronchial marking (25 of 26, 96%), consolidation (22 of 26, 85%), and ground-glass opacities without consolidation (2 of 26, 8%). The involvement was usually bilateral (19 of 26, 73%) with the lower lung zone predominance (22 of 26, 85%). Atelectasis was observed in 12 (46%) and pleural effusion in 11 (42%) patients. CT (n = 6) scans showed peribronchovascular interstitial thickening (n = 6), ground-glass opacities (n = 5), centrilobular nodules (n = 4), consolidation (n = 3), mediastinal lymph node enlargement (n = 5), pleural effusion (n = 3), and pneumomediastinum (n = 3).

Conclusion

Abnormal chest radiographs were uncommon in children with a swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) infection. In children, H1N1 virus infection can be included in the differential diagnosis, when chest radiographs and CT scans show prominent peribronchial markings and ill-defined patchy consolidation with mediastinal lymph node enlargement, pleural effusion and pneumomediastinum.     

CT features of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

OBJECTIVE: This investigation describes the CT features of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a large group of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of 139 chest CT scans (79 thick-section scans and 60 thin-section scans) from 27 patients with pathologically proven pulmonary alveolar proteinosis was performed. Two independent observers assessed the intraslice patterns and zonal distribution of disease on three CT images of each lung. The observers also graded the percentage of ground-glass opacities, air-space opacities, fibrosis, interlobular opacities, intralobular opacities, and emphysema in each slice. CT scans obtained before and after lavage related to 12 whole-lung lavage treatments on nine patients were evaluated. RESULTS: The dominant intraslice pattern was geographic, but a diffuse pattern was sometimes seen. The most common zonal pattern was uniform; a lower zone predominance was next most frequent. Ground-glass, air-space, and fibrotic opacities had a generally homogeneous craniocaudal distribution, but there was a trend toward more interlobular opacities at the lung bases (p < 0.002). Ground-glass opacities were seen on at least one scan in 100% of the patients. Interlobular opacities (85%), air-space opacities (78%), substantial fibrosis (7%), and intralobular opacities (7%) occurred less frequently. Compared with thick-section images, thin-section images showed more interlobular opacities, but no difference in ground-glass, air-space, or fibrotic disease. The proportion of lung affected by ground-glass and interlobular opacities decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after lavage. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis does not present only with alveolar disease. The CT appearance typically combines different types of opacities with a geographic pattern and a uniform zonal distribution with variation over time.     

Fibrosing alveolitis: chest radiography and CT as predictors of clinical and functional impairment at follow-up in 26 patients.

Findings on the original and follow-up chest radiographs and computed tomographic (CT) scans were correlated with clinical and functional parameters in 26 patients with fibrosing alveolitis. Assessment of chest radiographs included determination of a standard profusion score and an average profusion score. The CT assessment included pattern, extent, and distribution of disease. The standard profusion score showed no significant correlation with clinical or functional parameters (P greater than .05). However, the average profusion score of the six lung zones correlated with severity of dyspnea and with static lung volumes (P less than .01). Extent of irregular linear opacities on CT scans correlated with severity of dyspnea and impairment in gas transfer (carbon monoxide-diffusing capacity) (P less than .01). The profusion of ground-glass opacities on the radiograph showed no significant correlations (P greater than .05). The profusion and extent of ground-glass opacities on CT scans correlated with severity of dyspnea, impairment in gas transfer, and reduction in static lung volumes (P less than .01). Ground-glass opacities on CT scans preceded and predicted the development of irregular linear opacities on follow-up CT scans and correlated with an increase in the average profusion score of the chest radiograph (P less than .01).     

The changing face of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in AIDS patients

The classic presentation of PCP is a bilateral interstitial pattern, which may be characterized as finely granular, reticular, or ground-glass opacities. When chest radiographic findings are normal or equivocal, high-resolution CT may be helpful because it is more sensitive than chest radiography for detecting PCP. The typical CT finding is extensive ground-glass attenuation. The face of PCP is changing. The classic radiographic presentation is being encountered less frequently. Increasingly recognized characteristic patterns of PCP include cystic lung disease, spontaneous pneumothorax, and an upper lobe distribution of parenchymal opacities. The spectrum of abnormalities associated with PCP is broadening and now includes abnormalities of the lung parenchyma, airways, lymph nodes, and pleura. An awareness of the varied presentations of PCP is important because the radiologist is often the first to suggest the diagnosis of PCP.     

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia: CT features in 14 patients

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia is a disease characterized by the presence of granulation tissue within small airways and the presence of areas of organizing pneumonia. We retrospectively reviewed the chest radiographs, CT scans, and biopsy specimens in 14 consecutive patients with proved bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Six patients were immunocompromised because of leukemia or bone-marrow transplantation. In all patients, 10-mm collimation CT scans were available. In 11 of the 14 patients, select 1.5-mm scans were obtained. The CT findings included patchy unilateral (n = 1) or bilateral air-space consolidation (n = 9), small nodular opacities (n = 7), irregular linear opacities (n = 2), bronchial wall thickening and dilatation (n = 6), and small pleural effusions (n = 4). All patients had areas of air-space consolidation, small nodules, or both. A predominantly subpleural distribution of the air-space consolidation was apparent on the radiographs of two patients and on CT scans of six. Pathologically, the nodules and the consolidation represented different degrees of inflammation in bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli. Although most of the findings were apparent on the radiographs, the CT scans depicted the anatomic distribution and extent of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia more accurately than did the plain chest radiographs.     

Lung diseases in patients with common variable immunodeficiency: chest radiographic, and computed tomographic findings

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate chest radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) findings of lung disease related to common variable immunodeficiency. METHODS: Thirty-five chest radiographs and 30 CT scans of 46 patients were assessed. Lung parenchymal abnormalities that were evaluated included airspace consolidation, ground-glass attenuation, nodules, bronchiectasis, and air trapping. RESULTS: On CT, ground-glass attenuation and nodules were the most frequent findings, observed in 60% (n = 18/30) and 83% (n = 25/30), respectively. Three major CT patterns were identified: airway disease (n = 13), nodules (n = 8), and parenchymal opacification (n = 6). All 13 patients with airway disease showed centrilobular opacities. One patient with peribronchial nodules showed lymphoid interstitial pneumonia, and 1 with randomly distributed nodules showed noncaseating granulomas. Patients with a CT pattern of parenchymal opacification showed lower lung predominance; surgical biopsies showed organizing pneumonia in 1 patient and lymphoid interstitial pneumonia with nonnecrotizing granulomas in another. CONCLUSIONS: Common variable immunodeficiency is associated with 3 major CT patterns: airway disease, nodules, and parenchymal opacification.