Macro- and microelements in canned sprats

The content of macro- and microelements and toxic metals in the most popular canned sprat was described in this paper. The research included the following canned sprat: sprat in tomato, smoked and steamed sprat in oil. The following analyses were carried out: content of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, iron, manganese, chromium, selenium, fluorine, iodine, cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic. Fluorine, iodine, selenium, and calcium and phosphorous are provided to customer organism in large amount by canned sprat, however canned sprat cannot be considered as a source of copper, chromium, and manganese. On the base of assessment data one canned sprat (weight 170 g) provides to customer organism more than 50% recommended daily intake of calcium and phosphorus, 85-233% fluorine, 62.5% iodine, 43% recommended selenium, more than 25% zinc, about 15% daily intake of magnesium, potassium and iron. It was found that all of the analyzed canned sprat contained relatively low content of cadmium, lead, mercury and arsenic, thus confirming the established safety standards.     

The role of vitamin D in toxic metal absorption: a review.

Vitamin D increases intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption. Not so well known, however, is that vitamin D stimulates the co-absorption of other essential minerals like magnesium, iron, and zinc; toxic metals including lead, cadmium, aluminum, and cobalt; and radioactive isotopes such as strontium and cesium. Vitamin D may contribute to the pathologies induced by toxic metals by increasing their absorption and retention. Reciprocally, lead, cadmium, aluminum, and strontium interfere with normal vitamin D metabolism by blocking renal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This is the first review of the role of the vitamin D endocrine system in metal toxicology.     

Non-carcinogenic Health Risk Assessment and Source Apportionment of Selected Metals in Source Freshwater Khanpur Lake,Pakistan

Selected metals (calcium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, lead, strontium and zinc) were measured in water samples from a source freshwater Lake. Average levels of cadmium, cobalt, chromium and lead in the waters were significantly higher than the guideline values. Health risk assessment was then carried out to determine health risk via oral route and dermal contact. Hazard quotient (via ingestion) levels of cadmium, cobalt, chromium and lead were higher than unity; suggesting potential adverse effects on local residents. Principal component analysis revealed considerable anthropogenic contributions of the metals in the water reservoir.     

血微、常量元素水平与儿童支气管哮喘的相关性研究

【目的】 观察支气管哮喘患儿全血锌、铁、钙、镁、铜、铅、锰、硒等微、常量元素含量的变化,并探讨其在支气管哮喘发病机制中的意义。 【方法】 采用原子吸收光谱法检测1 986例支气管哮喘患儿和856例正常对照组儿童全血锌、铁、钙、镁、铜、铅、锰、硒8种元素含量,并对检测结果作比较分析。 【结果】 支气管哮喘患儿组锌、铁和钙含量较正常对照组低,血铅含量较正常对照组高,两组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而铜、镁、硒、锰两组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。在哮喘的急性发作期,血锌、钙含量低于缓解期(P＜0.05)。 【结论】 锌、铁、钙缺乏,铅暴露增加,是造成哮喘患儿免疫功能减低、免疫调节紊乱的重要原因,在治疗中需适当补充锌、铁、钙,减少铅暴露。     

Effect of short-term ethanol administration on cadmium retention and bioelement metabolism in rats continuously exposed to cadmium

The present study was performed to assess the effect of short-term ethanol administration on cadmium retention and accumulation as well as on bioelement metabolism (zinc, copper, calcium, and magnesium) in rats exposed to an aqueous solution of cadmium chloride for 8 weeks. Intoxication with cadmium led to accumulation of this toxic metal, particularly in the liver and kidney, which was linked to metallothionein synthesis as well as to a disturbance in the metabolism of zinc, copper, and calcium. These effects were dependent on the level of exposure. The administration of ethanol in the final phase of cadmium treatment increased cadmium retention and accumulation in the body with simultaneous elevation in liver and kidney metallothionein concentration. Ethanol alone or with cadmium caused or intensified the cadmium-induced changes in metabolism of zinc and copper. Calcium metabolism disturbed by cadmium was not influenced by ethanol. Neither agents had any effect on magnesium metabolism. We conclude that even short-term ethanol consumption in conditions of exposure to cadmium can increase this heavy metal body burden and lead to more serious disturbances in metabolism of important elements such as zinc and copper. Cadmium- and ethanol-induced changes in the homeostasis of these microelements are probably connected with the ability of both xenobiotics to cause metallothionein induction.     

高血压患者血清锌、铜、钙、钴、镉、镁、镍、铬、钛的测定

本文应用直流等离子体原子发射光电直读光谱仪测定了60例正常人,45例高血压患者血清锌、铜、钙、钴、镉、镁、镍、铬、钛含量。结果表明,正常人血清锌19.70±3.75μmol/L(1.2876±0.2457μg/ml),铜17.23±3.48μmol/L(1.0945±0.2213μg/ml),钙2211.09±430.72μmol/L(104.6523±17.2634μg/ml),钴2.87±1.05μmol/L(0.3694±0.0616μg/ml),锅0.44±0.27μmol/L(0.0491±0.0300μg/ml),镁783.71±294.29μmol/L(19.0520±7.1543μg/ml),镍0.42±0.27μmol/L(0.0252±0.0156μg/ml),铬0.28±0.24μmol/L(0.0148±0.0123μg/ml),钛0.82±0.50μmol/L(0.0391±0.0243μg/ml),与文献报道值类似。高血压患者血清锌16.45±2.85μmol/L(1.0754±0.1863μg/ml),钙2308.32±276.29μmol/L(92.5175±11.0738μg/ml),钴2.23±0.62μmol/L(0.1316±0.0368μg/ml)和钛0.61±0.31μmol/L(0.0292±0.0147μg/ml),均低于正常对照组(分别为p<0.001,p<0.05)。镉0.85±0.40μmol/L(0.0951±0.0452μg/ml),镁1022.20±399.91μmol/L (24.8497±9.721 8μg/ml)和镉/锌比值高于正常对照组(P<0.001)。而铜17.58±3.11μmol/L(1.1169±0.1973μg/ml),镍0.39±0.01μmol/L(0.0231±0.0045μg/ml),铬0.31±0.12μmol/L(0.0163±0.0     

南京地区正常人和病人血中十一种元素含量的测定

本文报告用原子吸收光谱分析法(AAS),测定南京地区正常人血清中钙、镁、铜、锌、铁、铬、锰、镍、硒及全血中铅、镉元素的含量,经过分组统计处理,探讨了微量元素与性别及年龄的关系,同时通过大量病例测定,探讨了某些疾病与元素含量的关系。     

西安市4 210例少儿血中微量元素及重金属元素结果分析

目的 通过检测0～12岁少儿血中钙、铁、锌、镁、铜、铅和镉水平,为预防疾病,科学合理的膳食提供理论依据。方法 收集灞桥区0～12岁少儿手指血样4 210例,进行微量元素和重金属元素的检测,分为4个年龄组,分别为0～1岁,1～3岁,3～7岁,7～12岁,进行资料收集和统计分析。结果 不同年龄段儿童的微量元素和重金属元素的平均值之间存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）;0～12岁儿童钙、铁和锌元素的总体缺乏率分别为24.94%,19.19%和13.85%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;镁和铜元素的缺乏率在不同年龄段中无统计学差异;未见铅镉水平超标;男童和女童在钙、铁、锌元素的缺乏率上存在差异,镁和铜元素在男女童之间无明显差异。结论 灞桥区儿童钙、铁缺乏较为明显,锌其次,铜和镁元素基本不缺乏。应提高家长和民众对微量元素和重金属元素的认识,同时发现微量元素的缺乏,应该尽早纠正,科学补充微量元素。     

血中金属元素含量与儿童智力的相关性分析

目的研究血铅、镉、钙、锌、铜5种元素对儿童智力的影响及其关联程度。方法采用分层抽样方法,抽取安徽省池州市某区4~7岁儿童共214名。用中国-韦氏儿童智力量表(C-WYCSI)对儿童进行智力测试和问卷调查(家长用);采集指血214份,运用PE-AA800原子吸收光谱仪进行血铅、镉、钙、锌、铜5种元素检测。结果血铅与血镉之间存在相关性,钙、锌、铜3种元素间分别存在着相关性;高血铅组儿童操作智商(PIQ)和总智商(TIQ)得分显著低于正常血铅组儿童,高血镉组的TIQ和言语智商(VIQ)得分显著低于正常血镉组得分(P<0.05);儿童血铅水平与PIQ(β=-0.138)间存在负相关(P<0.05),血镉水平与VIQ(β=-0.120)和TIQ(β=-0.110)得分间均存在负相关。儿童血锌与知识(β=0.169)、血钙与领悟(β=0.263)得分存在正相关(P值均<0.05)。结论血铅、镉对儿童智商有严重的负面影响,而钙、锌则对儿童智力发育起到保护和促进作用。     

孕期妇女全血5种微量元素的测定

摘要:目的　了解不同孕期妇女外周血铜、锌、钙、镁、铁元素水平的变化。方法　选取2012年7月-2014年6月在我院进行孕前、妊娠及产后体检的20～35岁健康女性为研究对象,选择孕前样本100例,妊娠样本900例（4周为一孕期,每孕期100例）,产后样本收集69例,以原子吸收光谱法测定外周血5种元素含量。结果　血铜水平与孕期正相关（r＝0.388,P＜0.01）,产后下降接近孕前。孕前、孕4～8周及产后血铜水平显著低于其他孕期（-462.09＜H＜-257.67,P＜0.001）。血锌水平孕20周前与孕期负相关（r＝-0.218,P＜0.01）,孕20周后与孕期正相关（r＝0.106,P＜0.01）;血锌水平在产后显著高于孕前～孕32周各期（-373.42＜H＜-193.76,P值介于0.000～0.003）,在孕37～40周显著高于孕4～24周各期（-278.45＜H＜-155.18,P值介于0.000～0.021）,在孕33～36周显著高于孕9～24周各期（-226.90＜H＜-149.10,P值介于0.000～0.035）,在孕前（H分别为160.68,155.39,P值分别为0.013,0.020）及孕29～32周（H分别为-179.66,-174.37,P值分别为0.002, 0.004）高于孕13～20周各期。血镁水平与孕期负相关（r＝-0.165,P＜0.01）,产后恢复至孕前。血镁水平在孕前（156.69＜H＜181.90,P值介于0.002～0.018）、孕4～8周（151.22＜H＜176.43,P值介于0.003～0.029）及产后-211.75＜H＜-186.54,P值介于0.001～0.006）高于孕37～40周及孕17～32周各期,在产后高于孕33～36周（H＝-167.22,P＝0.03）。血铁水平与孕期负相关（r＝-0.264,P＜0.01）,孕33周后逐步恢复。血铁水平在孕前高于孕9～40周各期（163.42＜H＜322.71,P值介于0.000～0.010）,在孕4～8周高于孕17～40周各期（170.15＜H＜228.42,P值介于0.000～0.005）,在孕9～12周高于孕21～28周各期（148.96＜H＜159.29,P值介于0.036～0.015）,在产后分别高于孕21～28周（-187.16＜H＜-176.83,P值介于0.006～0.014＜0.05）及孕33～36周（H＝-166.03,P＝0.032）。不同孕期妇女血钙水平无统计学差异（P＝0.098）。结论　血铜在孕期增高,血镁水平在孕17～32周达到最低,血铁在21～36周达到最低,血锌在孕20周达到最低。妊娠期微量元素的补充应根据该元素在孕期的变化规律有所侧重。     

Accessibility of trace metals,co-precipitated with calcium phytate,to soluble chelating agents

This study was designed to show the extent to which some trace metals, i.e. cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc, when co-precipitated in vitro with calcium phytate, are accessible to soluble chelating agents. Accessibility was found to range from 58% to 92%, depending on the metal, temperature, ratio of trace metal to phytate, and concentration of calcium phytate. Zinc was most sensitive to the conditions under which precipitation occurred. Less cadmium, copper, and zinc were accessible when co-precipitated at 37°C compared with co-precipitation at 20°C, and more cadmium and zinc were accessible at lower ratios of trace metal to phytate, than at higher ratios. At the lower concentration of calcium phytate, co-precipitated zinc was less accessible.     

Distribution of serum selenium, copper, and zinc in normal human pregnancy

The distribution of the serum levels of selenium, zinc, and copper in human pregnancy at various gestational ages were determined from two ethnically and geographically different populations (Rosebud Indian Reservation and southeastern South Dakota) of 410 normal subjects. As gestation age increased, there was a significant increase and a slight decrease in the mean levels of copper and zinc, respectively. No change in the levels of selenium was observed. Significantly higher levels of both pregnancy and non-pregnancy serum copper were observed in the Rosebud population compared to that in southeastern South Dakota, possibly due to the significantly higher level of copper in the Rosebud water. No differences were observed in the zinc or selenium levels between the two populations. Serial measurements of these trace metals during the third trimester of pregnancy were performed on 18 subjects, and supported the trends described for copper and selenium. No decrease in zinc was observed in the individual subjects.     

Contribution of heavy metals to the development of reproductive disorders

In order to evaluate the role of heavy metals in the reproductive status, a complex hygienic evaluation of total daily entry of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper in the organism, biomonitoring of metals in indicator biosubstrates, and epidemiological follow-up of the reproductive function were carried out in 6962 healthy women living in industrial cities of the Dnepropetrovsk region. Total daily entry of lead is 0.27 mg, that of cadmium 0.029 mg, which meets the WHO requirements. However the entry of copper and particularly zinc is 1.5-3 times below the physiological norm. Biomonitoring showed high concentrations of lead and cadmium in the body. Regular entry of abiotic metals even in low concentrations in the presence of deficiency of essential metals is fraught with risk of reproductive diseases, which was proven mathematically for all stages of the reproductive function: gestation, labor, and neonatal period.     

An examination of the association of selected toxic metals with total and central obesity indices: NHANES 99-02

It is conceivable that toxic metals contribute to obesity by influencing various aspects of metabolism, such as by substituting for essential micronutrients and vital metals, or by inducing oxidative stress. Deficiency of the essential metal zinc decreases adiposity in humans and rodent models, whereas deficiencies of chromium, copper, iron, and magnesium increases adiposity. This study utilized the NHANES 99-02 data to explore the association between waist circumference and body mass index with the body burdens of selected toxic metals (barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, lead, antimony, thallium, and tungsten). Some of the associations were significant direct relationships (barium and thallium), and some of the associations were significant inverse relationships (cadmium, cobalt, cesium, and lead). Molybdenum, antimony, and tungsten had mostly insignificant associations with waist circumference and body mass index. This is novel result for most of the toxic metals studied, and a surprising result for lead because high stored lead levels have been shown to correlate with higher rates of diabetes, and obesity may be a key risk factor for developing diabetes. These associations suggest the possibility that environmental exposure to metals may contribute to variations in human weight gain/loss. Future research, such as prospective studies rather than the cross-sectional studies presented here, is warranted to confirm these findings.     

Trace element status in healthy subjects switching from a mixed to a lactovegetarian diet for 12 mo.

The consequences of a change from a mixed to a lactovegetarian diet for 12 mo on trace element concentrations in plasma, hair, urine, and feces were studied in 16 women and 4 men. After the diet shift, intakes of zinc and magnesium did not change but that of selenium decreased by 40%. Three months after the diet shift, plasma and hair concentrations of zinc, copper, and selenium had decreased but those of magnesium had increased and the concentrations of mercury, lead, and cadmium in hair were lower. Also, the excretion of zinc, copper, and magnesium in urine, and that of selenium in urine and feces had decreased. Only small changes occurred during the remaining lactovegetarian-diet period. Three years later trace element concentrations had reverted towards baseline concentrations; copper values were similar to baseline concentrations but data for magnesium were slightly higher, and more complex patterns were observed for zinc and selenium. It is concluded that a shift to a lactovegetarian diet changes trace element status.     

Reproductive toxicity of low-level lead exposure in men

Parameters of semen quality, seminal plasma indicators of secretory function of the prostate and seminal vesicles, sex hormones in serum, and biomarkers of lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and selenium body burden were measured in 240 Croatian men 19-52 years of age. The subjects had no occupational exposure to metals and no known other reasons suspected of influencing male reproductive function or metal metabolism. After adjusting for age, smoking, alcohol, blood cadmium, and serum copper, zinc, and selenium by multiple regression, significant (P<0.05) associations of blood lead (BPb), delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), and/or erythrocyte protoporphyrin (EP) with reproductive parameters indicated a lead-related increase in immature sperm concentration, in percentages of pathologic sperm, wide sperm, round sperm, and short sperm, in serum levels of testosterone and estradiol, and a decrease in seminal plasma zinc and in serum prolactin. These reproductive effects were observed at low-level lead exposure (BPb median 49 microg/L, range 11-149 microg/L in the 240 subjects) common for general populations worldwide. The observed significant synergistic effect of BPb and blood cadmium on increasing serum testosterone, and additive effect of a decrease in serum selenium on increasing serum testosterone, may have implications on the initiation and development of prostate cancer because testosterone augments the progress of prostate cancer in its early stages.     

Biliary and urinary excretion of metals in humans

Fifteen metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, inorganic mercury, organic mercury, iron, manganese, magnesium, chromium, zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, tin, and aluminum) were determined in the hepatic bile and urine collected simultaneously from three Japanese individuals (2 males, 1 female). The presence of these metals was classified as follows: hepatic biliary concentrations were higher than urinary concentrations (lead, arsenic, and iron); urinary concentrations were higher than hepatic biliary concentrations (cadmium, inorganic mercury, tin, cobalt, magnesium, chromium, copper, zinc, and nickel); hepatic biliary concentrations were almost equal to urinary concentrations (manganese and organic mercury); and relationship between hepatic biliary and urinary concentrations changed occasionally (aluminum). Eight essential metals (iron, manganese, magnesium, zinc, chromium, copper, nickel, and cobalt) were detected at considerable concentrations in hepatic bile. Accounting for the daily flow volume of hepatic bile and the reabsorption of these metals, the supplementation of these metals should occur during treatment of diseases accompanied by loss of hepatic bile.     

The effects of a 2-year switch from a mixed to a lactovegetarian diet on trace element status in hypertensive subjects.

Trace element status of 20 hypertensive subjects (14 women and 6 men, mean age 52 years) was compared to that of normotensives. The changes in trace element status, body weight and blood pressure after a 2-year switch from a mixed to a lactovegetarian diet were also compared between these groups. The concentration of copper in plasma and that of lead in hair were higher in hypertensive subjects than in normotensives, but the concentrations of zinc, magnesium and selenium in plasma, urine and hair were similar to those of normotensives. In the hypertensive subjects, 3 months after the diet shift there was a decrease in the concentrations of zinc in plasma, hair and urine, that of copper in plasma and hair, of magnesium in urine, of selenium in plasma and hair, and an increase in the magnesium content in plasma and hair. Also the concentrations of mercury, lead and cadmium in hair decreased after the diet switch. Among the hypertensives, the relative increase of magnesium in plasma was greater than that of normotensives; their relative decreases of selenium and lead in hair were lower, that of cadmium greater and that of copper in urine was lower. Four years after the start of the experiment when most subjects had resumed a mixed diet, mineral and trace element concentrations in plasma, hair and urine were similar to their baseline levels. Three months after the diet switch the relative decrease in body weight was more marked among hypertensive women (5%) than in female normotensives (3%), but similar among men of both groups (5%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Serum levels of selenium, calcium, copper magnesium, manganese and zinc in various human diseases.

Serum selenium as well as serum zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium and manganese were investigated in a control group of adult males and in 11 groups of patients in various disease states. Not only the change of each trace element but also the possible association between elements was studied in the various groups. All patients were fasting when sampled and studied only after the acute phase of the disease was corrected. Trace metal determinations were performed by atomic absorption spectrophometry (Mg, Ca, Cu, Zn) and by neutron activation analysis (Se, Mn). All patients showed low serum zinc when compared to controls. Cirrhotic patients had a low serum selenium level as well as low calcium, magnesium and zinc. Emphysemia and cancer patients had an elevated serum copper concentration while copper and manganese levels were elevated in congestive heart failure, infection and pschoses. To our knowledge this is the first time low serum selenium values have been demonstrated to be associated with the low serum zinc, calcium and magnesium levels found in cirrhotic patients.