市售制剂中罗汉果总皂苷的含量测定

目的 测定市售制剂中罗汉果总皂苷含量.方法 运用水提正丁醇萃取后,过D101大孔树脂的方法提取制剂中罗汉果总皂苷,香草醛-高氯酸显色的方法进行显色,在589 nm处测定吸光度,计算罗汉果总皂苷的含量.结果 测得不同罗汉果制剂及提取物中总皂苷含量从0.6%～48%.结论 该方法稳定,重复性良好,可为含罗汉果的食品、保健食品及药物制剂的质量控制提供依据.     

两种紫外-可见分光光度法测定黄芪中总皂苷含量的比较研究

目的 建立香草醛-硫酸法和香草醛-高氯酸法测定黄芪中总皂苷含量的紫外-可见分光光度法,并比较其差异.方法 对香草醛-硫酸法和香草醛-高氯酸法测定黄芪中总皂苷含量的测定条件和方法学进行研究,比较2种方法测定结果的差异.结果 香草醛-硫酸法的测定结果高于香草醛-高氯酸法,香草醛-硫酸法在精密度、重复性和准确度方面均优于香草醛-高氯酸法.结论 香草醛-硫酸法比香草醛-高氯酸法更适用于测定黄芪中总皂苷的含量.     

比色法测定四味消扶散中总三萜酸含量

目的建立测定四味消扶散中总三萜酸含量的香草醛-高氯酸比色法。方法选用熊果酸为对照品,采用5%香草醛-冰醋酸溶液、高氯酸显色,考察了显色条件、供试品制备条件、精密度、线性关系、重现性、稳定性、加样回收率等。结果 5%香草醛-冰醋酸溶液0.4 mL,高氯酸1.0 mL,60℃水浴加热10 min,冰浴冷却,加冰醋酸5.0 mL摇匀,在544 nm波长20 min内测定,重现性好、吸光度值稳定、回收率高。结论该方法为测定四味消扶散中总三萜酸的含量提供了可靠的手段。     

市售制剂中罗汉果总皂苷的含量测定

目的测定市售制剂中罗汉果总皂苷含量。方法运用水提正丁醇萃取后,过D101大孔树脂的方法提取制剂中罗汉果总皂苷,香草醛-高氯酸显色的方法进行显色,在589 nm处测定吸光度,计算罗汉果总皂苷的含量。结果测得不同罗汉果制剂及提取物中总皂苷含量从0.6%~48%。结论该方法稳定,重复性良好,可为含罗汉果的食品、保健食品及药物制剂的质量控制提供依据。     

比色法测定参芪含片中总皂苷的含量

目的：测定参芪含片中总皂苷的含量以建立质控方法。方法：采用香草醛-硫酸比色法测定总皂苷的含量。结果：以人参皂苷Re为对照品作校正曲线,在0.025～0.175mg·mL-1范围内线性关系良好。加样回收率为98.65%,RSD为3.9%。测得2批参芪含片中总皂苷含量分别为17.25mg·g-1和17.47mg·g-1。结论：该方法简便、准确、灵敏、重复性好,可作为参芪含片中总皂苷的质控方法。     

藏药雪灵芝中总皂苷含量的测定

目的：建立一种较为简单的测定雪灵芝中总皂苷含量的方法。方法：人参皂苷Rb1为对照品,通过正交实验对香草醛比色法实验条件进行优化,确定最佳条件为：5％香草醛-冰乙酸0．2ml,高氯酸0．8ml,70℃水浴加热15min,检测波长550nm。结果：标准曲线的回归方程为A=4．395C-0．0012（r=0．9996）,对照品在0～167．8μg范围内线性良好。平均加样回收率为为102．71％,RSD为1．03％。结论：该方法简便准确,重复性好,可用于雪灵芝总皂苷含量的测定。     

金盏菊花提取物粉喷雾干燥工艺条件研究

目的采用喷雾干燥法制备金盏菊提取物粉。方法以粉体中总皂苷含量为指标,采用正交试验法,对影响粉体总皂苷含量的进风温度、进料流量、固形物含量、β-环糊精添加量进行研究,并将喷雾干燥工艺和热风干燥、冷冻干燥工艺进行比较。结果喷雾干燥最佳工艺条件为:进风温度200℃、进料流量28 mL·min~(-1)、可溶性固形物含量18%、β-环糊精量6%。该条件下制备的粉体中总皂苷含量为(34.91±0.12)%。同时,喷雾干燥的粉体中总皂苷含量较热风干燥高,喷雾干燥的干燥时间远小于冷冻干燥的时间。结论喷雾干燥是适宜的金盏菊提取物粉制备方法。     

大孔吸附树脂分离纯化五鹤续断总皂苷的工艺研究

［摘要］目的研究大孔吸附树脂分离纯化五鹤续断总皂苷的工艺，确定最佳工艺条件和参数。方法用95%乙醇溶液提取五鹤续断后，浓缩提取液至无醇味的浸膏，水溶解后上大孔吸附树脂柱，用香草醛 浓硫酸显色反应比色法在波长532 nm测定总皂苷的含量，以总皂苷的含量为考察指标,对影响总皂苷分离纯化的工艺参数进行考察。结果D101型大孔树脂为五鹤续断总皂苷的最佳分离纯化树脂，工艺条件：上样浓度为0.75 mg·mL 1，1 g树脂最大吸附量为0.85 g五鹤续断生药材，洗脱剂为50%乙醇，洗脱剂用量为5倍量树脂柱床体积。结论D101型大孔树脂在所确定的工艺条件下能较好地分离纯化五鹤续断总皂苷，其固形物中总皂苷的含量＞50%，总皂苷的回收率＞91%。该法适用于工业上大规模制备五鹤续断总皂苷。     

酸枣仁皂苷提取物的制备与酸枣仁皂苷A和B的含量测定

目的优化酸枣仁总皂苷的大孔吸附树脂纯化工艺;并进一步建立RP-HPLC法同时测定酸枣仁皂苷提取物中酸枣仁皂苷A和B的含量。方法采用单因素方法对纯化工艺条件进行优化,得到酸枣仁皂苷提取物,进而建立RP-HPLC法对酸枣仁提取物中酸枣仁皂苷A和B进行含量测定。结果最佳纯化工艺为:采用AB-8型大孔吸附树脂进行纯化,上样吸附时间为1.5 h,洗脱流速为1.0 mL.min-1,体积分数为70%的乙醇溶液洗脱160 mL。采用此纯化方法得到的酸枣仁皂苷提取物中皂苷的质量分数为52%,测得其酸枣仁皂苷A和B的含量质量分数分别为2.298%和0.789%。酸枣仁皂苷提取物中酸枣仁皂苷A和B的质量浓度分别在14.7～293.0 mg.L-1(r=0.999 7,n=6)、7.2～144.0 mg.L-1(r=0.999 6,n=6)内与峰面积呈良好线性关系;平均回收率(n=9)分别为103.7%、101.9%。结论该工艺稳定可行且提取物中皂苷含量高,具有广泛的应用前景;建立的RP-HPLC法可为酸枣仁皂苷提取物质量标准的建立提供一定依据。     

紫外分光光度法测定合欢皮总皂苷的含量

目的 建立测定合欢皮总皂苷含量的方法.方法 采用紫外分光光度法,以齐墩果酸为对照品,测定合欢皮总皂苷的含量,并分析方法的可行性.结果 合欢皮提取物中总皂苷的含量可达63.49%,加样同收率为107.86%.结论 新建方法操作简便,精密度、准确度、重复性均好,可用于合欢皮总皂苷的含量测定及质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.