癫痫患者的认知功能评估及其影响因素研究

目的评估癫痫患者的认知功能,探索影响癫痫患者认知功能的相关因素。方法将2013年1月-2015年1月在三台县人民医院就诊的符合国际抗癫痫联盟(ILAE)1981年癫痫发作分类及1989年癫痫综合征分类标准的癫痫患者48例作为研究组,选取同期在该院的45例健康体检者为对照组。采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)评价两组的认知功能,采用自制调查表收集患者的病历资料,并分析影响癫痫患者认知功能的相关因素。结果研究组MoCA总评分低于对照组[(19.34±7.22)分vs.(28.61±6.89)分],差异有统计学意义(P0.01),MoCA各项目评分研究组低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。发病年龄、病程长短、发作频率、发作持续时间、发作类型及用药情况对患者的认知功能影响显著(P均0.05)。结论癫痫患者存在认知功能障碍,其认知功能损害与发病年龄、病程长短、发作频率、发作持续时间、发作类型及用药情况有关。     

癫痫患者的生活质量及其影响因素的研究进展

癫痫使患者的生活质量显著下降。癫痫患者的抑郁、焦虑及其他心理精神方面的异常远高于社会一般人群;认知功能有明显下降;躯体健康及婚姻、就业等社会功能亦受影响。影响癫痫患者生活质量的因素包括:癫痫患者自身的认知、痫性发作本身的特点(发作频率、发作类型及严重程度、起病年龄和病程等)、药物不良反应、多药治疗及手术等。提高癫痫患者的生活质量,最根本的是控制癫痫发作,同时进行心理干预和认知-行为治疗等。     

癫癇患者认知功能影响因素的研究

目的：研究癫痫患者认知功能的影响因素。方法：对166例癫痫患者进行认知评定。认知评定工具：听觉词语测验、逻辑记忆测验、数字符号转换测验、Stoop字色干扰测验、连线测验、言语流畅性测验、Rey—Osterrieth复杂图片测验及Boston命名测验。影响因素与认知功能评分之间采用一元线性相关及多元逐步回归分析。结果：患者年龄、性别、文化程度、起病年龄、病程、发作频率、发作持续时间、全身强直阵挛发作（GTCS）、复杂部分性发作（CPS）及抗癫癇药物数量与患者的认知功能有相关性。结论：癫癇患者的起病年龄与其认知损害成正比，病程越长对癫癇患者的认知损害越明显，原发或继发全身性强直阵挛发作与言语功能损害、复杂部分性发作与言语记忆损害之间的关系密切，用药种类与记忆、注意力以及精神运动能力的损害有关。     

颞叶癫痫患者认知功能及其影响因素的研究

目的观察颞叶癫痫患者的认知功能状况,并进一步探讨社会人口学、临床发作、癫痫样放电等因素对患者认知功能的影响。方法对129例颞叶癫痫患者和90名健康对照者进行韦氏成人智力量表中国修订本(WAIS-RC)和临床记忆量表测定。结果颞叶癫痫患者总智商(full intelligence quotient,FIQ)、言语智商(verbal intelligence quotient,VIQ)、操作智商(performance intelligence quotient,PIQ)及记忆商(memory quotient,MQ)均明显低于健康对照者(P<0.001)。癫痫患者文化程度越高,其IQ及MQ越高(P<0.01);癫痫患者发作越频繁,其IQ及MQ越低(P<0.01);癫痫患者癫痫样放电越明显,其IQ及MQ越低(P<0.01)。多元逐步回归分析显示,影响患者FIQ和MQ的因素依次为发作频率和脑电图癫痫样放电。结论颞叶癫痫患者存在不同程度的认知功能障碍。关注颞叶癫痫患者的认知功能以及合理选择治疗方法、尽快控制癫痫发作是避免和减少患者认知功能损害的重要前提。     

癫癎患者认知功能障碍及其影响因素分析

目的探讨癫癎患者认知功能障碍及其影响因素。方法采用韦氏儿童智力量表、成人智力量表对102例癫癎患者的认知功能进行评估,分析发病年龄、发作频率、发作时相、服用抗癫癎药物(AEDs)种类等因素对认知的影响。结果韦氏智力量表评估提示癫癎患者认知功能障碍发生率为82.2%。单因素差异分析显示发作频率、发作时相、单药治疗和多药治疗、服用AEDs种类均与认知功能损害程度相关。结论癫癎患者存在明显的认知功能障碍,发作频率、发作时相、AEDs服用情况均是影响癫癎患者认知功能的主要因素。     

结节性硬化症继发癫痫54例临床分析

目的通过对结节性硬化症(Tuberous sclerosis complex,TSC)继发癫痫患者临床特点分析,提高临床医生对该病的认识和诊治水平,改善患者预后。方法 2012年5月-2015年5月收集54例TSC继发癫痫患者的病例资料,并对其一般资料、临床表现、脑电图(EEG)、影像学检查以及治疗预后等相关资料进行回顾性分析及随访,并总结TSC继发癫痫患者的临床特点。结果患者癫痫初发年龄不同,以及是否合并痉挛发作在智能减退上的比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),不同性别、有无皮肤损害、发作类型的种数在患者智能减退上的比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);不同性别、不同癫痫初发年龄在患者是否伴有痉挛发作上的比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),有无家族史、皮肤损害、发作类型的种数在患者是否伴有痉挛发作上的比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);不同智能发育情况在用药方案上的比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),不同性别、癫痫初发年龄、有无家族史、皮肤损害、是否合并痉挛发作以及发作类型的种数在用药方案选择上的比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论癫痫是TSC最常见的神经系统表现,多在婴幼儿期发病,发作类型多样,可合并皮肤损害及智能减退,EEG及头部影像学检查阳性率高,癫痫发作不易控制,需长期随访并及时调整治疗方案。TSC继发癫痫患者的智能水平与癫痫初发年龄、是否合并痉挛发作有关;TSC患者是否伴有痉挛发作与患者性别及癫痫初发年龄有关;TSC继发癫痫患者用药方案与患者智能发育情况有关。     

外伤后癫痫患者认知损害的影响因素分析

目的 分析外伤后癫痫患者的认知损害的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月—2019年1月于中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第904医院神经外科外伤后癫痫（癫痫组）患者45例、健康体检（对照组）患者48例,采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（Montreal cognitive assessment,MoCA）、简明精神状态量表（Mini-mental state examination,MMSE）、听觉词语记忆测验（Audio verbal memory test,AVMT）、Rey-Osterrieth复杂图形测验（Complex figure test,CFT）、连线测验（Trail making test,TMT）进行认知评估。并分析外伤后癫痫患者的性别、年龄、病程、损伤原因、类型、程度及部位,发作频率及抗癫痫发作药物（Anti-seizure medications,ASMs）对认知损害的影响。结果 分析结果显示,所有量表癫痫组与对照组对比均具有统计学差异（P<0.01）。癫痫组的影响因素分析：（1） MoCA及MMSE评分：发作频率及损伤程度组内对比具有统计学差异（P<0.0...     

癫痫患者认知功能障碍及其影响因素的分析

目的探讨癫痫患者认知功能障碍及其影响因素。方法采用韦氏儿童智力量表及成人智力量表对125例癫痫患者的认知功能进行测定,并分析年龄、发作类型、癫痫综合征类型、病因、发作频率、严重程度、脑电图改变、服用药物及家族史等因素对其的影响。结果癫痫患者认知功能障碍发生率为18.4%,儿童（27.8%）高于成人（14.6%）。癫痫组儿童和成人患者总智商（FIQ）、操作智商（PIQ）和言语智商（VIQ）、言语理解因子（VCF）、知觉组织因子（POF）和记忆/注意不分心因子（MF）显著低于相应的正常对照组（均P〈0.01）。多因素回归分析显示,发作程度越严重、服用药物的数量越多,智商越低,全面发作对智商的影响最明显。结论癫痫患者存在明显的认知功能障碍,发作严重程度、服药数量,发作形式是影响其认知功能的独立危险因素。     

成年起病的癫痫患者认知损害的影响因素研究

目的评估患者性别、教育水平、发作频率、持续时间、抗癫痫药物和视频脑电图(VEEG)尖波出现对成年起病的癫痫患者认知能力的影响。方法 50例成年起病的癫痫患者接受VEEG检查后行简易精神状态量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(Mo CA)检查获得认知分数,按照上述6种因素分别分组,应用SPSS16.0软件进行差异统计学分析。结果 VEEG尖波出现明显降低癫痫患者两种量表得分(MMSE P0.01;Mo CA P0.05),而性别、发作频率和持续时间均不影响两种量表的得分(均P0.05)。丙戊酸钠治疗组两种量表的得分低于非丙戊酸钠(拉莫三嗪、奥卡西平、卡马西平和苯妥英钠)治疗组(MMSE P=0.097;Mo CA P=0.061)。研究还发现,较高教育程度癫痫人群Mo CA得分明显高于较低教育水平患者,Mo CA量表评分P0.05,而MMSE量表评分P0.05,提示Mo CA量表对于认知能力影响的评估更加敏感。结论 VEEG尖波出现提示成年发病癫痫患者的认知损害,丙戊酸钠治疗也可能损害癫痫患者的认知水平。另外,教育程度较高的成年发病癫痫患者认知能力较高。而癫痫发作频率、持续时间和患者性别不影响成年发病癫痫患者的认知水平。     

癫(癎)患者认知功能影响因素的研究

目的:研究癫患者认知功能的影响因素。方法:对166例癫患者进行认知评定。认知评定工具:听觉词语测验、逻辑记忆测验、数字符号转换测验、Stoop字色干扰测验、连线测验、言语流畅性测验、Rey-Osterrieth复杂图片测验及Boston命名测验。影响因素与认知功能评分之间采用一元线性相关及多元逐步回归分析。结果:患者年龄、性别、文化程度、起病年龄、病程、发作频率、发作持续时间、全身强直阵挛发作(GTCS)、复杂部分性发作(CPS)及抗癫药物数量与患者的认知功能有相关性。结论:癫患者的起病年龄与其认知损害成正比,病程越长对癫患者的认知损害越明显,原发或继发全身性强直阵挛发作与言语功能损害、复杂部分性发作与言语记忆损害之间的关系密切,用药种类与记忆、注意力以及精神运动能力的损害有关。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.