指背逆行筋膜皮瓣修复手指末节组织缺损的临床疗效

目的观察指背逆行筋膜皮瓣修复手指末节组织缺损的临床效果。方法对60例手指外伤患者的手指末节组织缺损采用指背逆行筋膜皮瓣进行修复,术后给予抗感染、改善微循环、营养支持等全身治疗,观察创面愈合效果。结果本组60例患者术后皮瓣均成活,随访6~18个月,其手指外形及功能均恢复满意。结论指背逆行筋膜皮瓣修复手指末节软组织缺损及骨外露疗效显著,且操作简便,愈后手指功能及外形恢复良好,值得临床推广应用。     

Frequency and significance of a small distal ICA in carotid artery stenosis.

PURPOSEAccurate calculation of the percentage of stenosis is crucial for identifying candidates for endarterectomy. Our goal was to quantify the reduction in diameter of the distal internal carotid artery (ICA) as a function of proximal ICA stenosis and to discuss the implications of distal ICA narrowing on the calculation of percentage of stenosis using the criteria of the North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET).METHODSWe retrospectively reviewed the carotid angiograms of 81 patients referred for evaluation of carotid stenosis. The caliber of the ICA stenosis and the diameters of the normal distal ICA, the common carotid artery, and the internal maxillary artery were remeasured with precision calipers. The percentage of stenosis derived from the NASCET criteria were compared with vessel diameter and with the difference in size of the ipsilateral and contralateral distal ICAs. We then recalculated the percentage of stenosis by substituting the presumed normal contralateral distal ICA diameter for the ipsilateral distal ICA diameter.RESULTSIn carotid arteries without significant stenosis (<70%), the distal ICA diameter measured 5.94+/-1.10 mm, but in vessels with severe stenosis (>70%), the distal ICA diameter measured 4.69+/-1.23 mm. After recalculation, four of 26 vessels were upgraded in classification from moderate (40% to 69%) to severe (>70%) stenosis.CONCLUSIONThe diameter of the distal ICA begins to decrease when the proximal stenosis is 60% or greater. If the ICA distal to a stenosis is smaller than the contralateral ICA, recalculating the percentage of stenosis by substituting measurements of the contralateral distal ICA diameter may be warranted.     

桡骨远端骨折不同程度背屈畸形后腕动力学变化

目的测定桡骨远端骨折背屈成角畸形后腕动力肌腱的滑动距离和力臂变化,为矫正临床上骨折畸形提供依据. 方法采用7只新鲜成人尸体上肢标本,将桡侧腕长伸肌腱、桡侧腕短伸肌腱、尺侧腕伸肌腱、桡侧腕屈肌腱和尺侧腕屈肌腱与旋转电压计相连,测定肌腱活动距离 ,在桡骨远端、桡骨骨折向背侧成角10°、20°、30°、40°时,分别测定在腕屈曲45°至伸展45°、桡偏20°至尺偏25°过程中5根腕主要活动肌腱距离,用方差分析法分析不同程度桡骨成角时力臂变化的统计学差异. 结果桡骨骨折背屈成角显著影响腕动力肌腱的力臂,骨折畸形程度越大,力臂变化越大.背倾成角10°时即可引起力臂显著变化,背倾30°～40°时力臂变化很大.桡侧伸腕肌腱力臂显著增大,屈腕肌腱力臂显著减小. 结论桡骨远端骨折背屈畸形显著影响腕动力学,临床上即使10°的背屈畸形也需要予以矫正,强调对此骨折完全解剖复位.     

1 例断指再生病例报告

医学历史记载,末节断指是不可能再生的,但自从报道MEBT/ MEBO 再生复原末节断指后,末节断指再生已成为可能.作者在临床上多次应用MEBT/ MEBO 治疗末节手指离断,均获得了与报道一致的临床效果.现报告本院治疗的1 例末节手指离断的临床结果：患者邢某,女,55 岁,门诊诊断：左食指末节损伤缺如,检查发现左食指末节已完全离断,末节指骨缺失约2/3,外露,止血后创面外涂湿润烧伤膏（MEBO）,敷料包扎,每日门诊换药2 次,15 d 后每日换药1 次,30 d 后创面愈合,继续以MEBO 作为护肤油使用,162 d 后门诊复查,断指部位完全再生复原,外观及功能均良好.     

右下颌第一磨牙近、远舌髓角高度对比情况调查

目的 探讨右下颌第一磨牙近、远舌髓角高度比例值.方法 分别随机选取12 ～ 18岁组、19～40岁组、40岁以上组各40例健康右下颌第一磨牙,在芬兰口腔数字全景X光机所摄的数字全景片上经相同标准校正后,分别测量近、远舌髓角到髓室底的垂直距离,并求得两者的比例；近、远中舌尖至髓室底的高度；近中舌尖至髓室底高度与近舌髓角至髓室底高度的差值(即近中舌尖至近舌髓角的距离),远中舌尖至髓室底高度与远舌髓角至髓室底高度的差值(远中舌尖至远舌髓角的距离).结果 3组近、远舌髓角到髓室底的垂直距离的比例平均值均＞1,且随年龄增长呈增大趋势.绝大多数右下颌第一磨牙近中舌尖至近舌髓角的距离比远中舌尖至远舌髓角的距离偏小.结论 (1)随着年龄的增长,右下颌第一磨牙近远舌髓角、近远中舌尖高度不同程度降低；(2)绝大多数右下颌第一磨牙近舌髓角比远舌髓角距离髓室底距离大,并且随着年龄的增长,近远舌髓角高度比例逐渐增大且＞1；(3)各个年龄段绝大多数右下颌第一磨牙近中舌尖至近舌髓角的距离比远中舌尖至远舌髓角的距离偏小.     

CT diagnosis of malalignment following distal radius fracture

Examination of 29 cases of fracture of the distal radius with restricted motion or persistent pain in 22 patients showed that most had been caused by incongruity of the distal radioulnar joint or by rotational malalignment in supination or pronation. Imaging of the distal radioulnar joint without superimposition enables us to detect whether disorders of the joint facets are impeding movement. Exact knowledge of the malalignment aids in the planning of osteoplastic surgery.     

An in vitro study of the hemodynamic effects of catheter injections

The injection jet from a catheter has been shown to elevate distal pressure and flow. These disturbances in flow present a problem for the application of digital arteriography to measure physiologic flow. The authors used an in vitro model to determine the primary factors responsible for the increases in distal flow with the goal that these disturbances might be estimated and minimized. Experiments were performed to evaluate the importance of the cross-sectional area of the catheter and vessel, the importance of absolute vessel flow, and the importance of distal resistance. A lumped resistance model predicted the flow changes to within 3% of the preinjection vessel flow. In the model system the elevation of distal flow in percent was equal to (the injection rate divided by the tube flow rate) multiplied by (the proximal resistance divided by the total resistance) multiplied by 100. Because the resistance ratio generally is small, injections at physiologic flow rates should produce acceptably small increases in distal flow. The use of a large diameter catheter or the presence of a proximal stenotic lesion would increase the ratio.     

Deferoxamine-induced bone dysplasia in the distal femur and patella of pediatric patients and young adults: MR imaging appearance

OBJECTIVE: We investigated the MR imaging appearance of deferoxamine-induced bone dysplasia in the distal femur and patella in patients with thalassemia major. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five patients with homozygous ss-thalassemia major who were undergoing regular transfusions and chelation therapy underwent coronal T1-weighted MR imaging of the femur, including the femoral head and the distal femoral epiphysis. Additional coronal fat-saturated dual-echo and sagittal T1-weighted images of the distal femur and patella were obtained in 11 patients who were suspected of having distal femoral lesions on the basis of the coronal T1-weighted images of the entire femur. RESULTS: No dysplastic change was detected in the proximal femur on coronal T1-weighted images. In 22 distal femurs of 11 patients, the following abnormalities were detected on MR imaging: blurred physeal-metaphyseal junction (n = 22), distal metaphyseal areas of hyperintensity (n = 21), physeal widening (n = 18), metadiaphyseal lesions (n = 11), epiphyseal lesions (n = 10), and patellar lesions (n = 2). Physeal widening and distal metaphyseal hyperintense areas were all more pronounced peripherally. Of the 21 distal metaphyseal hyperintensities, lateral abnormalities were larger than medial abnormalities in 16. Of the 18 distal femurs in which physeal widening was detected, the lateral widening was more marked than the medial widening in 12. Patients with MR imaging evidence of bone dysplasia have a significantly (p = 0.003) greater height reduction than patients without such evidence of bone dysplasia. CONCLUSION: Deferoxamine-induced bone dysplasia in the distal femur and patella is represented by a spectrum of morphologic changes in the epiphysis, physis, metaphysis, and metadiaphysis on MR imaging.     

Computed tomography of the normal radioulnar joints

Computed tomography followed by sectional radiography and photography as performed on eight cadaveric specimens in order to define the anatomy and normal motion of both the proximal and the distal radioulnar articulations. Osseous landmarks were defined that allowed measurement of rotation at the glenohumeral, proximal radioulnar and distal radioulnar joints as well as rotation between humerus and radius and between humerus and ulna. Findings included the absence of independent ulnar rotation and the presence of normal translatory motion at the distal radioulnar articulation that may be misinterpreted as evidence of subluxation of the distal ulna.     

Distal clavicular osteolysis: MR evidence for subchondral fracture

Purpose To investigate the association between distal clavicular osteolysis and subchondral fractures of the distal clavicle at MRI. Materials and methods This study was approved by the hospital human research committee, which waived the need for informed consent. Three radiologists retrospectively analyzed 36 shoulder MR examinations in 36 patients with imaging findings of distal clavicular osteolysis. The presence of a subchondral fracture of the distal clavicle, abnormalities of the acromioclavicular joint, rotator cuff tears and labral tears were assessed by MRI. These cases were then compared with 36 age-matched controls. Results At MRI, 31 of 36 patients (86%) had a subchondral line within the distal clavicular edema, consistent with a subchondral fracture. Of the 36 patients, 32 (89%) had fluid in the acromioclavicular joint, while 27 of 36 patients (75%) had cysts or erosions in the distal clavicle. There were 13 patients (36%) with associated labral tears, while eight patients (22%) had partial-thickness rotator cuff tears. In the control group one of 36 (3%) had a subchondral line (P<0.05), while ten of 36 (28%) had rotator cuff tears and 13 of 36 (36%) had labral tears. These latter two were not statistically significant between the groups. Conclusion A distal clavicular subchondral fracture is a common finding in patients with imaging evidence of distal clavicular osteolysis. These subchondral fractures may be responsible for the propensity of findings occurring on the clavicular side of the acromioclavicular joint.     

Diagnosing carotid stenosis near-occlusion by using CT angiography

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Identification of carotid near-occlusion is essential before calculation of percent stenosis because stroke risk is lower than other severe stenosis and the treatment benefit is less. Calculations with reduced distal diameters are fallacious. CT angiography (CTA) is convenient and accurately quantifies internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. METHODS: In a blinded protocol, 268 carotid artery CTAs for known or suspected carotid disease were independently evaluated by 2 neuroradiologists. All carotid arteries were measured in millimeters at the narrowest diameter of the stenotic bulb, distal ICA well beyond the tapering bulb, and distal external carotid artery (ECA). Near-occlusions were independently identified, with disagreements settled by consensus meeting. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis defined the threshold values that best predicted near-occlusion according to (1) ICA stenosis, (2) distal ICA, (3) distal ICA: contralateral distal ICA, and (4) distal ICA: ECA. Paired permutations of variables were evaluated. RESULTS: Forty-two near-occlusion distal ICAs were identified. The ROC-derived threshold values determined near-occlusion carotid stenosis with a sensitivity range, 90.2-97.3; specificity, 84.1-89.9; positive predictive value (PPV), 61.3-66.7; and negative predictive value (NPV), 96.7-99.4. Ranges for paired permutations were also determined: sensitivity, 82.9-91.9; specificity, 95.4-96.8; PPV, 78.6-85.7; and NPV, 96.3-98.4. CONCLUSIONS: Threshold values provide guidelines for CTA interpretation when assessing carotid artery disease and the presence of near-occlusion. Ultimate identification of near-occlusion requires the interpreter's judgment, with attention to the following criteria: (1) notable stenosis of the ICA bulb and (2) distal ICA caliber reduction compared with (A) expected size, (B) contralateral ICA, and (C) ipsilateral ECA. Near-occlusion distal ICAs can be reliably identified on CTA.     

Developmental anatomy of the distal vertebral artery in relationship to variants of the posterior and lateral spinal arterial systems

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A certain number of anatomic variants involving the distal vertebral artery (VA) are explained by variations in size and connection of the lateral spinal artery (LSA). This study examined the possible role of another branch of the VA, the posterior spinal artery (PSA), in the development of similar vascular variations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four types of variations in the distal VA, including the C1 and C2 origins of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), the duplication of the distal VA, and the aberrant course of the distal VA, are illustrated by 9 angiographic observations. RESULTS: For each type of VA variant listed above, examples resulting from variations in size and connection of the LSA and PSA could be matched. CONCLUSION: Variation in size and connection of the PSA is at the origin of a set of anatomic variations of the distal VA similar, but not identical, to the vascular variants linked to the LSA.     

Endovascular treatment of ruptured, peripheral cerebral aneurysms: parent artery occlusion with short Guglielmi detachable coils

We report two cases of distal cerebral aneurysms that were treated by parent artery occlusion with short Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs). One patient had a presumed mycotic aneurysm of the distal left posterior cerebral artery, and the other had a partially clipped aneurysm of the distal right anterior inferior cerebellar artery that had hemorrhaged. Short GDCs allow controlled, accurate occlusion of the parent artery at the aneurysmal neck.     

螺旋CT对输尿管远段结石可疑病例的诊断价值

目的：探讨螺旋CT对输尿管远段可疑结石病例的诊断价值。方法：临床通过X平片，静脉尿路造影（胛）及B超检查高度怀疑输尿管远段结石60例病例，对照手术病理结果及临床排石证实结果，并结合Cr检查资料进行分析。结果：60例病例中有51例Cr诊断输尿管远段结石，阳性率为85％。其中2例为血管壁钙化，6例盆腔静脉石，1例为邻近髂骨骨岛。结论：螺旋Cr对输尿管远段结石的诊断价值很高，通过平扫及多平面图像重建技术（MPVR）能较容易与相邻结构区分并进行鉴别诊断，特别是对临床症状相符，又通过X线平片，静脉尿路造影及B超检查高度怀疑结石的病例进行CT检查，具有很高的准确性。     

切开复位内固定治疗股骨远端骨折

目的探讨切开复位内固定股治疗骨远端骨折的方法和临床疗效。方法切开复位内固定治疗股骨远端骨折47例,根据AO/ASIF分型：A型10例,B型12例,C型25例,分别采用股骨髁支持钢板、L-梯形钢板、逆行带锁髓内钉、拉力螺钉进行固定,术后经15～96个月随访。结果5例骨不愈合、3例出现伤口及骨折部位化脓性感染、3例出现钢板断裂,根据Kolmenrt股骨远端功能评定标准：优22例,良17例,一般4例,差4例,优良率82.9%。结论切开复位内固定治疗股骨远端骨折能最大限度获得骨折复位和关节早期功能锻炼,是治疗股骨远端骨折较理想的方法。     

经直肠超声诊断输尿管中下段结石

目的 :评价经直肠超声在诊断输尿管中下段结石中的价值。材料和方法 :运用经直肠超声对 2 2例输尿管中下段结石的患者进行了研究 ,并与体表超声进行比较。结果 :经直肠超声输尿管中下段结石显示率明显高于体表超声。结论 :运用经直肠超声进行扫查 ,有利于提高病灶显示率 ,是诊断输尿管中下段结石的方法之一 ,具有较高的临床应用价值 ,值得推广。     

MSCT三期扫描诊断妇科腹腔镜致输尿管下段损伤

目的:评价MSCT三期扫描在妇科腹腔镜致输尿管下段损伤中的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析经手术证实的12例妇科腹腔镜致输尿管下段损伤的术前MSCT表现.结果:12例中,双侧输尿管损伤2例,左侧输尿管损伤6例,右侧输尿管损伤4例,5例CT平扫显示输尿管中段不同程度扩张、7例未见异常,5例盆腔积液;增强扫描输尿管壁强化期:6例...     

Techniques in cerebral protection

Carotid angioplasty and stenting is a valid alternative option to conventional carotid endarterectomy in the treatment of carotid artery stenosis. During the stenting process, however, distal embolization can occur with neurological consequences. To avoid this, cerebral protection devices have been introduced. Three principal types of protection system have been developed: distal balloon occlusion, distal filters and proximal protection with or without reversal of flow. As protection devices became the focus of interest by manufactures and physicians, several trials are going on worldwide to analyze the characteristics of each of them and to evaluate their efficacy to reduce the rate of distal embolization.     

经直肠超声对输尿管中下段结石的诊断价值

目的：探讨经直肠超声在输尿管中下段结石诊断中的应用价值。方法：对150例疑似输尿管中下段结石患者,均行经直肠超声检查,并与经腹部超声对比。结果：经直肠超声对输尿管中下段结石检出率及其快闪伪像显示率均显著高于经腹部超声,且结石周边组织显示清晰。结论：经直肠超声对输尿管中下段结石有重要临床诊断价值,值得推广。     

桡骨远端关节内骨折伴腕关节不稳定放射诊断

目的 分析继发性腕关节不稳定与桡骨远端骨折类型的关系，讨论腕关节不稳定发生机制和防治措施。方法 对67例共75个腕部桡骨远端关节内骨折随访2a～6a，在复位前、后和去除外固定后的腕关节正侧位平片上分别测量腕高指数、尺腕距离比、舟月骨距、舟月骨角、桡月骨角、头月骨角，并测定腕关节功能的主、客观指标。比较合并与不合并腕关节不稳定两组的功能恢复情况。结果 伴有腕关节不稳定的发生率为58．67％（44／75），其中，腕背侧镶嵌不稳定（DISI）29例（38．67％），舟月骨分离9例（12．00％），其他为掌侧镶嵌不稳定、尺侧偏移和头月骨间不稳定等，多发生在严重骨折移位患者。骨折愈合后，合并腕关节不稳定的功能明显差于单纯桡骨远端骨折患者。结论 桡骨远端骨折类型、关节面弧度和掌倾角对腕关节不稳定的发生及类型有显著影响。对骨折移位严重或高能量损伤的桡骨远端骨折，要注意是否合并腕关节不稳定。对合并腕关节不稳定的桡骨远端骨折．复位时应尽可能恢复掌倾角.