额窦开口引流的应用解剖学观察

目的　通过对额窦的应用解剖学观察,探讨额窦开口各种不同的引流方式,为临床建立一个安全的鼻内镜额窦开放手术路径,提供解剖学基础。方法　将34具（62侧,6侧额窦未发育）湿性成人尸头标本解剖后,显示额窦鼻腔开口、筛泡及钩突等,观察额窦开口及其引流部位、测量额窦鼻腔开口的直径大小。结果　34具（62侧）湿性尸头额窦矢状位观测额窦开口部位：额隐窝72.6%（45/62）,筛漏斗12.9%（8/62）,筛漏斗上隐窝14.5%（9/62）。62侧额窦鼻腔开口的直径观测结果：额隐窝（3.91±1.57）mm（1.7～6.9 mm）,筛漏斗（2.78±1.01）mm（1.8～5.3 mm）,筛漏斗上隐窝（3.37±1.29）mm（2.0～5.6 mm）,3种引流方式的开口直径大小无统计学意义（P =0.19、0.24、0.12）。结论　掌握额窦开口部位、引流方式的应用解剖,可预防额窦开放鼻内镜手术的并发症。     

鼻内镜下蝶窦外侧壁的应用解剖学研究

目的:通过经鼻内镜行蝶窦外侧壁尸头解剖,为临床鼻内镜下蝶窦外侧壁相关手术提供解剖学参考.方法:选取经10%甲醛防腐处理的国人成人湿性尸头10具(20侧),鼻内镜下经鼻-蝶窦手术入路,暴露蝶窦腔,在0°和30°鼻内镜下确认蝶窦外侧壁骨性隆起,观察视神经和颈内动脉与毗邻结构的关系,以直尺、量角器等测量工具分别测量视神经管和颈内动脉骨性隆起与鼻小柱、鞍底中线的距离和角度.结果:鼻内镜下可见蝶窦外侧壁上视神经管与颈内动脉骨性隆起呈"八"字形关系,向蝶窦腔凸入的程度及两者间距离因人而异,沿颈内动脉追踪可暴露海绵窦外侧壁;测得视神经管眶口内壁中点、颈内动脉骨性隆起前端到鼻小柱的平均距离分别为(75.33±5.59)mm和(81.02±5.29)mm,到鞍底中线的平均距离分别为(5.81±1.52)mm和(5.53±1.47)mm;视神经管眶口内壁中点到鼻小柱连线与鼻底的夹角平均为(53.4±4.1)°.结论:以鼻小柱及鞍底中线为参考点,在鼻内镜下经鼻-蝶窦手术径路进行的蝶窦外侧壁解剖学形态观察和相关测量数据可为临床医生提供相应指导.     

双侧扩大蝶窦成形术在蝶窦病变中的应用

目的探讨双侧扩大蝶窦成形术在蝶窦病变中的应用价值。方法2012年12月～2017年6月,解放军南京总医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科采用双侧扩大蝶窦成形术治疗蝶窦病变患者42例,随访6～53个月,观察其手术疗效及并发症。 结果15例难治性蝶窦炎患者术后蝶窦口开放良好,术腔清洁,均治愈;其余患者均彻底切除病灶,其中1例真菌性蝶窦炎伴颅内感染并发热患者术后予抗真菌治疗3个月后颅内病灶吸收,2例蝶窦癌、1例蝶窦脊索瘤患者及1例嗅神经母细胞瘤侵犯蝶窦及颅内患者术后均行放疗。42例患者术后除2例嗅觉减退及1例视力下降无明显好转外,余症状均明显缓解,未发生动脉性鼻出血、嗅觉减退及鼻中隔穿孔等并发症,术后患者术腔黏膜均上皮化良好,黏膜完全上皮化时间平均8.6周。2例蝶窦癌患者分别随访10、14个月,蝶窦脊索瘤患者随访10个月,均未复发;1例嗅神经母细胞瘤侵犯蝶窦及颅内患者随访8个月未复发。所有患者随访至今,均未发现蝶窦口再闭。结论采用双侧扩大蝶窦成形术治疗蝶窦病变,术野暴露清晰,蝶窦开放充分,术腔上皮化时间短,手术安全性高,术后随诊处置直观,是一种值得推广的手术方法。     

鼻内镜下经上鼻道径路处理孤立性蝶窦病变

目的探讨鼻内镜下处理孤立性蝶窦病变的方法及疗效。方法回顾分析1999年8月~2004年10月93例孤立性蝶窦病变病人在鼻内镜下经上鼻道径路行孤立性蝶窦病变处理。鼻内镜下切除上鼻甲后半部分,直接暴露蝶窦前壁及开口,扩大开口,处理蝶窦病变。结果所有病例均顺利完成手术,无1例发生严重并发症。随访1~2年,蝶窦炎、蝶窦脓肿、蝶窦黏液囊肿、真菌性蝶窦炎、蝶窦息肉等88例病人均无复发。其余5例病人中1例真菌性蝶窦炎术后不久侵入颅内,后经抗真菌及综合治疗痊愈;2例蝶窦顶后壁脑脊液鼻漏1次性修补成功;1例蝶窦侧壁脑脊液鼻漏修补失败;1例蝶窦血管瘤未愈。结论鼻内镜下经上鼻道进路是处理孤立性蝶窦病变安全、直接、微创、有效的治疗方法。     

蝶窦恶性肿瘤误诊原因分析

目的：探讨蝶窦恶性肿瘤的临床特点、治疗效果和误诊原因,以提高诊疗水平。方法：将我科1996～2005年间收治的18例蝶窦恶性肿瘤进行回顾性分析。结果：蝶窦恶性肿瘤以鼻咽癌浸润性为最多见,其次为脊索瘤和非霍奇金淋巴瘤,临床表现为头痛（78％）、视力改变（50％）、颅神经麻痹（39％）、回吸性涕血或鼻出血（11％）;临床诊断误诊率达56％。结论：蝶窦恶性肿瘤的影像学诊断有一定局限性,应常规行鼻内镜检查。     

孤立性蝶窦占位性病变的诊断与治疗

进一步认识孤立性窦占位性病变,提高对其诊断和治疗水平。方法在鼻内窥镜下摘除蝶窦囊肿２０例,行蝶窦探查术６例,经鼻外径路摘除囊肿３例,前颅底径路病变切除＋视神经减压术１例。结果２４例随０．５－４年无复发,１例术后不久囊肿复发,１例术后１年复发再次手术后随访１年无复发,１例正在放疗中３例失访。     

蝶窦囊肿诊治47例分析

目的：提高对蝶窦囊肿的认识,以利于其诊断和治疗,方法：回顾性分析蝶窦囊肿４７例,总结其发病趋势、临床表现,影像学特征及治疗效果。结果：蝶窦囊肿最主要的临床症状为头痛,约占６４％;其次为眼部症状,再次为鼻部症状。蝶窦囊肿最易易及视神经,影响者视力,早期手术有利于神经力的恢复。鼻内窥镜下蝶窦囊肿摘除了术有损伤小,出血少,痛苦轻,手术时间短、安全,术后恢复快等优点。结论：ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ和鼻内窥镜的应用,提     

孤立性蝶窦病变误诊分析

目的提高对孤立性蝶窦病变的诊断水平,降低该病的误诊率。方法回顾1991～1998年12例孤立性蝶窦病变的病例,分析其误诊因素。结果12例患者中9例为蝶窦炎性病变,其中5例首诊时曾误诊。误诊病种包括视神经炎2例,神经痛、肺结核和癫痫各1例;3例为蝶窦恶性肿瘤,首诊时均曾误诊,误诊疾病分别为鼻窦炎、眼部炎症及鼻出血。结论孤立性蝶窦病变并非罕见,但临床症状无特征性表现,医师对该病认识不足是导致误诊的主要原因。CT与磁共振成像（magnetic resonance     

蝶窦的解剖及其在鞍区手术中的意义

目的　回顾近年来有关蝶窦的解剖研究，总结其在鞍区手术中的意义。方法　分析近年来有关的文献23篇。结果　蝶窦于10岁时基本气化完全，其大小、形态、气化程度和分隔均变异极大。蝶窦内中隔很少居中，视神经和颈内动脉常不同程度地凸向窦腔。后筛窦亦可伸入蝶窦，形成蝶上筛房。自蝶窦口至鞍底中心的距离大约为1.5cm。结论　经蝶入路手术中，保持与鼻底成32°夹角入路和以两侧窦口下缘连线为横轴打开窦壁，可使手术准确导向鞍内，必要时可打开蝶上筛房。蝶骨前嵴和犁骨是指引窦内中线操作的可靠标志，入窦腔后应注意识别和保护侧壁上的隆起结构。若见窦腔浅,看不到鞍底下凸，即可能存在额状位间隔、蝶窦气化不良或鞍底本身不下凸。     

孤立性蝶窦疾病18例临床分析

目的：探讨孤立性蝶窦疾病的诊断及合理的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析18例经鼻内镜手术治疗的孤立性蝶窦疾病患者的临床资料。结果：18例中，炎性疾病l5例(急性炎症2例，慢性炎症3例，囊肿8例，真菌病2例)，恶性肿瘤3例。经鼻内镜手术后随访3个月至半年，蝶窦前壁开窗通畅，窦腔各壁光滑，症状明显改善，无并发症发生。结论：头痛是孤立性蝶窦疾病的常见症状，另有视力损害、血性涕及其他脑神经麻痹症状，CT、MRI及鼻内镜检查为其诊断提供有力依据；鼻内镜手术治疗是一种安全、有效、简便的方法。     

蝶窦、视神经管多层螺旋CT三维重建后的影象解剖学测量

目的：为经鼻内镜蝶窦手术、视神经管减压术提供影象解剖学基础。方法：利用螺旋CT三维重建技术对40例(80侧)鼻、鼻窦正常的受试者行蝶窦、视神经管有关解剖数据的影象学测量。结果：两侧视神经管各壁长度均值为：内侧壁12.08±0.62?mm,外侧壁10.16±1.73?mm,上壁9.16±1.17?mm,下壁10.24±1.35?mm。两侧视神经管及蝶窦有关径线均值为：视神经管颅口处：左右径5.57±0.95?mm,上下径4.53±0.78?mm;中部：左右径4.40±0.67?mm,上下径4.36±0.67?mm;眶口处：左右径5.09±0.85?mm,上下径5.90±0.98?mm;鼻小柱前缘中点到蝶窦前壁中点的距离：7.08±0.54?cm;蝶窦最大左右径：17.83±4.38?mm,最大上下径：18.40±3.76?mm,最大前后径：23.19±6.73?mm。结论：螺旋CT三维重建技术可以准确有效地测量蝶窦、视神经管的解剖结构,对经鼻内镜手术具有重要指导价值。     

Metastatic carcinoma to the sphenoid sinus case report and review of the literature

Summary Metastatic carcinoma to the sphenoid sinus is a rare event. A case of metastatic adenocarcinoma from the prostate gland to the sphenoid sinus and diagnosed with the aid of immunoperoxidase staining is presented. A concurrent review of the literature uncovered only 17 previously reported cases of carcinoma metastatic to the sphenoid sinus. Among these cases, adenocarcinoma from the large bowel and prostate gland predominated.     

Isolated sphenoid sinus pathology: spectrum of diagnostic and treatment modalities

Objective

Isolated sphenoid sinus pathology is a relatively uncommon entity. The present study is a retrospective review of 40 patients with isolated sphenoid sinus pathology who were treated at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Alexandria University between July 2002 and December 2005. Special emphasis will be given to the role of various endoscopic approaches in the surgical management of isolated sphenoid sinus pathology. Factors that govern the selection of each approach will be discussed.

Methods

Extracted data included patient demographics, clinical presentation, imaging studies, treatment modalities and complications. Sphenoid sinus was approached through one of the following three approaches: (1) endoscopic transnasal approach, (2) endoscopic transseptal approach and (3) endoscopic transpterygoid approach. Outcome measures were based on assessment of patients’ symptoms and confirmation of a patent sphenoid sinus by office endoscopy.

Results

The pathology spectrum was rather wide and included 26 (65%) inflammatory conditions (acute/chronic sphenoiditis, mucoceles, and fungal sinusitis), 7 (17.5%) neoplasms and 7 (17.5%) miscellaneous conditions (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea, sphenochoanal polyp, and fibrous dysplasia). The most common initial symptom was headache (50%) followed by ophthalmological symptoms (22.5%). Other presenting symptoms included CSF leak in five patients, epistaxis in four patients and nasal obstruction and/or rhinorrhea in two patients. Radiological workup included computed tomography (CT) scan of the paranasal sinuses in all patients. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 21 patients (52.5%). The most common indication was a sphenoid mass based on endoscopic and CT findings. Four patients with acute/chronic sphenoiditis were successfully treated with medical therapy. One patient with fibrous dysplasia did not require any definitive treatment. Thirty-five patients underwent endoscopic surgery under general anaesthesia. An adjuvant radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy was utilized in two patients.

Conclusions

A high index of clinical suspicion, routine office nasal endoscopy and radiological imaging are central to making an accurate and timely diagnosis of isolated sphenoid sinus pathology. Surgical treatment of sphenoid pathology can be safely and successfully performed through a variety of endoscopic approaches. Selection of the most appropriate endoscopic approach is governed by the nature and location of sphenoid pathology as well as the anatomical configuration of the sphenoid sinus.     

Transnasal bamboo foreign body lodged in the sphenoid sinus

Transnasal sphenoid sinus foreign body is a rare condition. We report a very rare case of transnasal bamboo foreign body lodged in the sphenoid sinus without damages to the orbital wall or skull base. A 69-year-old man fell down onto a bamboo stick, which snapped after penetrating his face through the right nostril. CT demonstrated that the bamboo stick stuck into the middle meatus, penetrated the ethmoid sinus just medial to the lamina papyracea and reached to the sphenoid sinus. No abnormal findings were detected in the orbit or skull base. The foreign body was removed from the nasal cavity without any complication. The endoscope was useful for evaluating possible injuries in the orbit and skull base and confirming the absence of residual foreign bodies.     

Benign pleomorphic adenoma of the soft palate metastasizing to the sphenoid sinus

A benign pleomorphic adenoma is the most common tumor of the salivary glands. This tumor has the potential to metastasize to bone, the head and neck region, visceral organs and skin. Although there a few reports about a benign pleomorphic adenoma metastasizing to the maxillary sinus in the paranasal sinuses, there are no reports about a metastatic benign pleomorphic adenoma in the sphenoid sinus. We report here on a case of a benign pleomorphic adenoma of the soft palate that metastasized to the sphenoid sinus, and we briefly review the relevant clinical literature.     

Surgical anatomy of the sphenoid sinus

In recent years the trans-sphenoidal approach to the pituitary gland has come into vogue and a study of the surgical anatomy of the sphenoid sinus has become increasingly important in order to avoid many surgical mishaps. Moreover, the sphenoid sinus has complicated relationships and its diseases may and do give rise to a complexity of symptoms. The anatomy of the sphenoid sinus has been described by Ridpath (1947), Dobromylsky and Scherbatov (1966), Davies and Coupland (1967), Simpson et al. (1967), Montgomery (1972), Last (1972), Ballenger (1977), Hamilton and Harrison (1979), and Davies (1980). The present work was designed to study the anatomy of the sphenoid sinus and its surgical applications. Particular attention was focused on the relationships of the sella turcica to the sphenoidal sinuses.     

不同类型蝶窦开放治疗相关疾病

目的 提高对蝶窦开放术的认识,以选择合理术式治疗蝶窦及其相关疾病。方法 回顾分析于鼻内镜下行蝶窦开放术的患者42例的临床资料,其中行1型蝶窦开放术18例,相关疾病为细菌性蝶窦炎;2型蝶窦开放术19例,相关疾病为蝶窦真菌病、黏膜下囊肿及乳头状瘤;3型蝶窦开放术5例,相关疾病为蝶筛窦黏液囊肿、脑垂体瘤、岩尖胆脂瘤、岩尖胆固醇肉芽囊肿。结果 所有患者均治愈,随访半年至3年,无复发。其中1例脑垂体瘤患者术后出现脑脊液鼻漏,经保守治疗后治愈。结论 不同类型蝶窦开放不但可以治疗不同蝶窦疾病,还可作为经鼻内镜颅底手术的径路,均可获得良好效果。     

颅咽管瘤误诊为蝶窦囊肿1例

颅咽管瘤好发于鞍区,鞍上多见,少数在鞍内,或者鞍内、鞍上同时发生,也可偶见于鞍下鼻咽部、第三脑室内等,国内外已有不少关于蝶鞍区以外部位颅咽管瘤的报道,如鼻咽部［1］,蝶窦、筛窦［2］,额窦、筛窦［3］等,颅咽管瘤向蝶鞍下生长临床上非常少见,异位于蝶窦的颅咽管瘤极为罕见。现将我科收治的1例颅外颅咽管瘤患者的病历资料报道如下。     

垂体功能异常的蝶窦影像学诊断意义

为探讨蝶窦变的像学诊断与垂体功能异常的关系，分析７例垂体功能异常的蝶窦病变的影像学表现；结果示７例垂体功能异常者重体影像均异常，