PTEN 和钙粘素在胶质瘤中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨PTEN和钙粘素(E-cadherin, E-cd)在胶质瘤中的表达及意义.方法采用免疫组化方法检测50例胶质瘤和9例正常脑组织中的PTEN和E-cd蛋白的表达.结果 PTEN 和E-cd 在正常脑组织中的阳性表达率均为100%;PTEN 在Ⅰ～Ⅱ级和Ⅲ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤中阳性表达率分别为80%、52%,组织学分级之间有显著差异(P＜0.05),与对照组之间有显著差异(P＜0.05);E-cd 在Ⅰ～Ⅱ级和Ⅲ～Ⅳ级胶质瘤中阳性表达率分别为40%、24%,组织学分级之间无显著差异(P＞0.05),与对照组之间有显著差异(P＜0.05);PTEN 和E-cd表达在胶质瘤中呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 PTEN 和E-cd 均在与胶质瘤的发生发展中起重要作用,且有可能与胶质瘤的侵袭性行为有关.     

钙粘素、Ki67和p16在人脑胶质瘤中的表达及意义

目的探讨钙粘素(E-cd)、p16和Ki67在人脑胶质瘤中的表达及意义。方法采用免疫组织化学方法检测53例胶质瘤和12例正常脑组织中的E-cd、p16蛋白和Ki67的表达。结果E-cd和p16在正常脑组织中的阳性表达率均为100%;E-cd在Ⅰ-Ⅱ级和Ⅲ-Ⅳ级胶质瘤中阳性表达率分别为53.6%、20.0%,p16在Ⅰ-Ⅱ级和Ⅲ-Ⅳ级胶质瘤中阳性表达率分别为57.1%、24.0%,E-cd和p16在Ⅰ-Ⅱ级胶质瘤中的表达明显高于在Ⅲ-Ⅳ级胶质瘤中的表达(P<0.05),而低于正常脑组织中的表达(P<0.01);E-cd和p16二者在胶质瘤中的表达呈正相关(P<0.05);Ki67在正常脑组织中无表达。Ki67在Ⅰ-Ⅱ级胶质瘤中阳性率(3.15%±1.67%)明显低于Ⅲ-Ⅳ级胶质瘤中的阳性率(14.37%±4.89%),两胶质瘤组与对照组之间的阳性细胞率差异非常显著(P<0.01)。结论E-cd、p16和Ki67在胶质瘤的发生发展过程中可能起重要作用,并且对评估胶质瘤的恶性度及预后有重要意义。     

神经胶质瘤E-cd、MMP-2和CD44v6的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨钙粘素(E-cadherin,E-cd)、基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrix metalloproteinases-2,MMP-2)和粘附分子(CD44v6)在脑神经胶质瘤中的表达及临床意义。方法 采用免疫组织化学方法对50例神经胶质瘤患者和9例对照者脑组织中E-cd、MMP-2和CD44v6蛋白表达进行检测。结果 (1)对照组脑组织E-cd的阳性表达率为100％;神经胶质瘤Ⅰ～Ⅱ级和Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组阳性表达率分别为40％(10/25)和24％(6/25),两组差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);对照组与神经胶质瘤组之间差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。(2)对照组MMP-2阳性表达率为11％;在经胶质瘤Ⅰ～Ⅱ级组为32％(8/25),Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组为64％(16/25),两组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。对照组与神经胶质瘤组相比,MMP-2的表达差异亦有显著性意义(P<0.05)。(3)CD44v6在对照组及神经胶质瘤组均无表达。结论 E-cd和MMP-2在神经胶质瘤的牛物学行为中起重要作用,且可能与其侵袭性有关,而CD44v6则与神经胶质瘤的生物学行为无关。     

人脑胶质瘤中CD133的表达及其意义

目的 探讨CD133 mRNA在人脑胶质瘤组织中的表达及其与病理分级的相关性.方法 用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)对43例胶质瘤患者、16例正常脑组织标本(均为急性颅脑损伤患者行内减压术切除的脑组织)进行CD133 mRNA检测.结果 (1)43例胶质瘤组织中CD133 mRNA表达全部呈阳性,而16例正常脑组织标本中仅有1例CD133 mRNA表达呈弱阳性.病例组和正常对照组CD133 mRNA的阳性率分别为100%和6.25%.病例组和对照组CD133 mRNA表达阳性率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(2)在病例组中,参照1993年WHO分级标准分为Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级组,计算分组的标本CD133 mRNA与β-actin mRNA灰度比值.Ⅰ级和Ⅲ、Ⅳ级之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),Ⅲ、Ⅳ级之间CD133 mRNA表达均高于Ⅰ级;Ⅱ级和Ⅲ、Ⅳ级之间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),Ⅲ、Ⅳ级之间CD133 mRNA表达均高于Ⅱ级.(3)相关性分析:CD133 mRNA表达量与胶质瘤病理分级呈正相关性(r=0.987,P＜0.001).结论 检测胶质瘤组织中CD133 mRNA的表达可用于胶质瘤患者的诊断及恶性程度和预后的判断.     

人脑胶质瘤Cx43基因表达及其与肿瘤细胞增殖关系的研究

目的 探讨缝隙连接蛋白43(Cx43)基因表达与胶质瘤细胞增殖之间的关系,及其在胶质瘤发生发展中的作用,拟为手术后治疗及疗效观察提供客观依据.方法 采用原位杂交和免疫组织化学染色方法检测胶质瘤细胞Cx43 mRNA、Cx43 蛋白和增殖细胞核抗原的表达水平.结果 对照脑组织和胶质瘤细胞Cx43 mRNA 阳性表达率分别为100%(10/10)和61.70%(29/47),差异具有统计学意义(Z =- 5.407,P = 0.000);低度恶性(WHOⅠ～Ⅱ级)胶质瘤细胞Cx43 mRNA 阳性表达率为100%(7/7)和93.75%(15/16),高度恶性(WHOⅢ～Ⅳ级)为33.33%(6/18)和16.67%(1/6);Cx43 mRNA 阳性表达率与胶质瘤组织病理学分级呈负相关(rs = - 0.794,P = 0.000).对照脑组织和胶质瘤细胞Cx43 蛋白表达水平与Cx43 mRNA 基本一致.对照脑组织增殖细胞核抗原表达阴性;不同级别胶质瘤细胞增殖细胞核抗原阳性表达率依次为WHOⅣ级100%(6/6)、WHOⅢ级94.44%(17/18)、WHOⅡ级62.50%(10/16)和WHOⅠ级42.86%(3/7);增殖细胞核抗原阳性表达率与胶质瘤组织病理学分级呈正相关(rs = 0.589,P = 0.000);WHOⅢ～Ⅳ级与WHOⅠ～Ⅱ级之间差异具有统计学意义(H = 13.239,P = 0.000).Cx43 mRNA 与Cx43蛋白表达水平呈正相关(rs = 0.963,P = 0.000),Cx43 mRNA 及其蛋白质与增殖细胞核抗原表达水平呈负相关(rs = - 0.621,P = 0.000;rs = - 0.913,P = 0.000).结论 胶质瘤细胞Cx43 mRNA 及其蛋白质与增殖细胞核抗原表达水平和肿瘤组织病理学分级呈负相关.提示,Cx43 基因表达与肿瘤细胞增殖活性和胶质瘤恶性进展密切相关.     

内皮抑素和血管内皮生长因子在脑胶质瘤中的表达及意义

目的探讨内皮抑素(ES)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在人脑胶质瘤中的表达和意义。方法采用免疫组织化学方法,对45例脑胶质瘤和5例正常脑组织标本中ES和VEGF的表达进行测定。结果Ⅲ-Ⅳ级胶质瘤中ES和VEGF表达水平明显高于Ⅰ-Ⅱ级胶质瘤和正常脑组织,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01);Ⅰ-Ⅱ级胶质瘤中VEGF表达水平显著高于正常脑组织(P<0.05);胶质瘤中ES与VEGF的比值和胶质瘤的分级呈负相关。结论ES和VEGF的协同作用可能在人脑胶质瘤细胞侵袭性生长及恶性发展中起重要作用,且有可能与胶质瘤的恶性程度及预后有关。     

Stathmin／Oncoprotein18（Op18）在人脑胶质瘤中的表达研究

目的探讨Stathmin／oneoprotein18（Op18）基因在人脑胶质瘤中的表达规律及意义。方法分别采用免疫组化法和Westernblot法检测10例正常脑组织和56例脑胶质瘤中Stathmin蛋白的表达。结果免疫组化法检测Stathmin蛋白在正常脑组织、低级别胶质瘤（Ⅰ～Ⅱ级）及高级别胶质瘤（Ⅲ～Ⅳ级）中阳性表达率分别为20％、65％、100％。正常脑组织分别与Ⅰ～Ⅱ级组、Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组比较，均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；Ⅰ～Ⅱ级组与Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组比较，有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。Westernblot法检测显示，Stathmin蛋白在胶质瘤中的表达明显增高，正常脑组织分别与Ⅰ～Ⅱ级组、Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组比较，差异均有显著性（P〈0．01），Ⅰ～Ⅱ级组与Ⅲ～Ⅳ级组比较，差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论Stathmin在脑胶质瘤中过表达，Stathmin可能为脑胶质瘤的生物治疗提供一个新靶点。     

神经胶质瘤E—cd、MMP—2t CD44v6的表达及临床意义

目的 探讨钙粘素（E-cadherin,E-cd）、基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrix,metalloproteinases-2,MMP-2)和粘附分子(CD44v6)在脑神经胶质瘤中的表达及临床意义。方法 采用免疫组织化学方法对50例神经胶质瘤患者和9例对照者脑组织中E-cd,MMP-2和CD44v6蛋白表达进行检测。结果：（1）对照组脑组织E－cd的阳性表达率为100％；神经胶瘤Ⅰ－Ⅱ级和Ⅲ－Ⅳ级组阳性表达率分别为40％（10／25）和24％（6／25），两组差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）；对照组与神经胶瘤组之间差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。（2）对照组MMP－2阳性表达率为11％；在经胶质瘤Ⅰ－Ⅱ级组为32％（8／25），Ⅲ－Ⅳ级组为64％（16／25），两组比较差异有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。对照组与神经胶质瘤组相比，MMP－2的表达差异亦有显著性意义（P＜0．05）。（3）CD44v6在对照组及神经胶质瘤组均无表达。结论 E-cd和MMP－2在神经胶质瘤的生物学行为中起重要作用，且可能与其侵袭性有关，而CD44v6则与神经胶质瘤的生物学行为无关。     

P16与P53蛋白在脑胶质瘤中的表达及意义

目的:探讨P16与P53蛋白在人脑胶质瘤中的表达及与病理分级的关系。方法:采用免疫组化方法检测52例胶质瘤手术标本及2株人脑胶质瘤细胞系中P16与P53蛋白的表达状况,并分析其与该类肿瘤病理级别的关系。结果:随胶质瘤病理级别的升高P16蛋白的表达率逐渐降低,Ⅰ～Ⅳ级阳性率分别为75.0％、64.7％、42.8％和33.3％,低度恶性组(Ⅰ～Ⅱ级)与高度恶性组(Ⅲ～Ⅳ级)间有显著差异(P<0.05)。P53蛋白表达率随胶质瘤病理级别的升高有上升趋势。结论:P16及P53基因表达在胶质瘤恶性演变中有重要意义。     

Aurora-A基因在人脑胶质瘤组织中的表达及意义

目的通过检测人脑胶质瘤患者肿瘤组织中Aurora-A基因的表达水平,探讨Aurora-A基因与胶质瘤的关系。方法采用荧光实时定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法,检测了42例人脑胶质瘤组织和20例正常脑组织中Auro-ra-AmRNA表达水平,分析其表达水平与胶质瘤的关系。结果Aurora-AmRNA在胶质瘤组、Ⅰ-Ⅱ级胶质瘤组、Ⅲ-Ⅳ级胶质瘤组及对照组中的表达量分别为1.414±0.157%、0.380±0.067%、2.050±0.144%、0.040±0.004%。统计显示Aurora-AmRNA表达水平在胶质瘤组明显高于对照组(P0.05),且在Ⅰ-Ⅱ级胶质瘤组及Ⅲ-Ⅳ级胶质瘤组中均明显高于对照组(P0.05),同时Aurora-AmRNA表达水平在Ⅲ-Ⅳ级胶质瘤组中显著高于Ⅰ-Ⅱ级胶质瘤组(P0.05)。结论Aurora-A基因在人脑胶质瘤组织中有高表达,说明Aurora-A基因在胶质瘤的发生、发展过程中起重要作用;Aurora-A基因在Ⅲ-Ⅳ级恶性程度高的胶质瘤组织中有更高表达,说明Aurora-A基因可能与胶质瘤的恶性程度存在密切关系。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.     

Learning and forgetting new names and objects in MCI and AD

We studied how subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), early Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched controls learned and maintained the names of unfamiliar objects that were trained with or without semantic support (object definitions). Naming performance, phonological cueing, incidental learning of the definitions and recognition of the objects were tested during follow-up. We found that word learning was significantly impaired in MCI and AD patients, whereas forgetting patterns were similar across groups. Semantic support showed a beneficial effect on object name retrieval in the MCI group 8 weeks after training, suggesting that the MCI patients’ preserved semantic memory can compensate for impaired episodic memory. The MCI group performed equally well as the controls in the tasks measuring incidental learning and recognition memory, whereas the AD group showed impairment in this respect. Both the MCI and the AD group benefited less from phonological cueing than the controls. Our findings indicate that word learning is compromised in both MCI and AD, whereas long-term retention of newly learned words is not affected to the same extent. Incidental learning and recognition memory seem to be well preserved in MCI.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统 ,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达 ,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关。近年的研究表明 ,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白 ,能与多种因子如SV4 0大T抗原 ,腺病毒E1A ,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p5 3等结合 ,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb。necdin基因缺陷时 ,会引起脑内 ,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍。人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区 ,可能与PWS的一些症状有关。本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况 ,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述     

Satellite cells and myonuclei in young and elderly women and men

The overall aim of this study was to assess the effects of aging on the satellite cell population. Muscle biopsies were taken from the tibialis anterior muscle of healthy, moderately active young (age range, 20-32 years; n = 31) and elderly (age range, 70-83 years; n = 27) women and men with comparable physical activity pattern. Satellite cells and myonuclei were visualized using a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule and counterstained with Mayer's hematoxylin. An average of 211 (range, 192-241) muscle fibers were examined for each individual. Compared with the young women and men, the elderly subjects had a significantly lower (P < 0.011) number of satellite cells per muscle fiber but a significantly higher (P < 0.004) number of myonuclei per muscle fiber. The number of satellite cells relative to the total number of nuclei [satellite cells/(myonuclei + satellite cells)] was significantly lower in the elderly than in the young women and men. These results imply that a reduction in the satellite cell population occurs as a result of increasing age in healthy men and women.     

Necdin蛋白与神经元的生长分化

在神经系统,Necdin只在成熟神经元的细胞核中表达,可能与成熟神经元分裂静止状态的保持有关.近年的研究表明,Necdin是一种生长抑制蛋白,能与多种因子如SV40大T抗原,腺病毒E1A,转录因子E2F1以及肿瘤抑制蛋白p53等结合,在功能上类似于成视网膜瘤蛋白Rb.necdin基因缺陷时,会引起脑内,特别是下丘脑神经元分化障碍.人类necdin基因位于PWS综合征的基因缺失区,可能与PWS的一些症状有关.本文从Necdin蛋白的基本概况,生物功能以及Necdin与疾病三个方面进行了综述.     

Retrospective and prospective design and data

The study of the presentation, symptomatology and family characteristics of an exclusively adolescent sample of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) was undertaken. Twenty-four cases of borderline personality disorder, 20 females, 4 males, identified using chart review and meeting the criteria of the Diagnostic Interview for Borderlines (DIB) and DSM III-R, were matched with psychiatric controls. Adolescents with borderline personality disorder were found to have high rates of affective symptomatology with Axis I diagnosis of major depressive disorder - MDD (DSM-III-R), and high rates of interpersonal psychopathology, i.e., manipulation, devaluation, and a pervasive sense of boredom. The latter seem to be characteristic as for adults with borderline personality disorder. The families were particularly angry and volatile.     

Cortisol levels and depression in men and women using heroin and cocaine

Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis are well documented in men using illicit drugs and/or infected with HIV; however, less is known about HPA function, or the health consequence of HPA dysfunction, in their female counterparts. People with depression exhibit hypercortisolemia, and depression is common in people with HIV or substance use problems. The current study investigated cortisol secretion in 209 demographically matched men and women, stratified by their HIV and drug use status. Self-reported depressive symptoms were evaluated using a standardized, validated questionnaire (CES-D). Women reported more depressive symptoms than men (p=.01). Male and female drug users exhibited higher cortisol concentrations (p=.03), and were more likely to report depressive symptoms (p=.04), than non-users. Depression was related to elevated cortisol concentrations for the study population (p=.03), and women with elevated cortisol concentrations were significantly more depressed than all other participants (p=.05). While it is unknown whether high cortisol concentrations precede depressive symptoms or vice versa, these data indicate that higher cortisol concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in heroin and cocaine users, and that this association is more pronounced in women than men. HIV status did not act in an additive or synergistic way with drug use for either cortisol or CES-D measures in the current study. Unique therapies to treat the endocrine and mental health consequences of illicit drug use in men and women deserve consideration as depressive symptoms, and high cortisol concentrations associated with depressive symptoms, differ by gender.     

相关性和一致性：这对相仿概念和测量方法的回顾与阐明

概述：一致性(agreement)和相关性(correlation)是两个广泛使用的概念,用来评估变量之间的关联。虽然二者相似且相关,但是它们代表关联完全不同的概念。评估变量之间的一致性假设变量测量的是相同的结构,而在变量测量完全不同的结构时也可以评估它们之间的相关性。这种概念上的差异就要求使用不同的统计方法,并且当评估一致性或相关性时,统计方法根据数据的分布和研究者的兴趣可能会有所不同。例如, Pearson相关性,作为评估连续变量之间相关性的一种普遍测量方法,只有用于符合线性关系的变量时才能提供有用的信息;当用于不符合线性关系的变量时就无法提供准确信息甚至会产生误导。同样地,内部相关性,作为一种评估连续变量之间一致性的常用方法,如果一致性不好的实质正好是研究兴趣所在,那么该测量就不能为研究者提供充分的信息。本报告回顾了一致性和相关性的概念,并讨论了几种常用方法在应用中的差异。