A型肉毒毒素在脑卒中后上肢痉挛中的应用

A型肉毒毒素是近年来治疗脑卒中后肢体痉挛的一个新进展 ,国内外已有多项试验证实了它的有效性和安全性 ,国内的研究也正在展开。现综述A型肉毒毒素治疗脑卒中后上肢痉挛的适应证、禁忌证、注射剂量、疗效评价、影响因素及其局限性     

A型肉毒毒素治疗脑卒中后不同状态上肢痉挛的疗效

目的观察国产A型肉毒毒素（CBTX-A）注射治疗脑卒中后不同功能状态的上肢痉挛的疗效。方法根据上肢功能情况将32例脑卒中患者分为功能较好组（n=13）和功能较差组（n=19），均给予国产A型肉毒毒素肱二头肌局部注射和康复治疗，分别在治疗前和治疗后8周采用主动关节活动度、改良Ashworth评分、Fugl—Meyer评定（FMA）及Mot—FIM-上肢评分法评定患者的上肢功能。结果治疗8周后，两组患者的主动关节活动范围和FMA评分均比治疗前提高（P〈0．05），但功能较好组功能性改善的程度优于功能较差组（P〈0．05）；改良Ashworth评分降低程度两组间的差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；Mot-FIM-上肢评分均比治疗前提高（P〈0．05），但两组间的差异亦无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论肱二头肌局部注射A型肉毒毒素对脑卒中后上肢伸肘肌功能较好的患者的疗效优于伸肘肌功能较差的患者。     

A型肉毒毒素在治疗脑卒中后上肢痉挛中的应用

肉毒毒素（botulinum toxin, BTX）是治疗肌张力障碍和肌肉痉挛十分有效的药物.在我国,多应用于颜面部和颈部的肌肉痉挛.对于脑损伤后所致的肢体痉挛,我国应用这种方法治疗的情况并不多.本文就肉毒毒素治疗脑卒中后上肢痉挛的治疗应用进行综述.     

中医推拿对脑卒中后上肢痉挛A型肉毒毒素干预效果的影响

目的探讨中医推拿对A型肉毒毒素干预脑卒中后上肢屈肌痉挛及运动功能效果的影响。方法将74 例脑卒中患者分为治疗组(n=36)和对照组(n=38),对照组进行A型肉毒毒素注射,治疗组在A型肉毒毒素注射后接受中医推拿;两组均行常规康复训练。在治疗前,治疗后2、4、8、12 周采用改良Ashworth 量表、Fugl-Meyer 上肢功能评定法和改良Barthel 指数进行评定。结果两组患者治疗后各项评分均显著改善(P<0.001),组间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论两种治疗方法均可降低脑卒中后上肢屈肌痉挛,但疗效方面没有明显差异。     

A型肉毒毒素溶于利多卡因或生理盐水治疗脑卒中患者上肢痉挛的对照研究

目的:本文通过评价和比较A型肉毒毒素(BTXA)溶入利多卡因与溶入生理盐水注射治疗脑卒中患者上肢肌痉挛,探讨BTXA联合利多卡因对脑卒中患者上肢肌肉痉挛及功能活动的影响。方法:选择30例脑卒中后上肢肌痉挛患者,按照随机原则分为治疗组(BTXA+利多卡因组)和对照组(BTXA+生理盐水组),均接受常规康复治疗。治疗前、治疗后1d、2周、4周和12周进行功能评价,包括:改良Ashworth评分、FuglMeyer上肢功能部分、改良Barthel指数等。结果:组内比较,两组患者治疗后2周、4周和12周时,上肢痉挛、运动功能和自理能力与治疗前相比,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。治疗组患者治疗后1d,上肢痉挛和运动功能评价就有改善,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。相反,对照组治疗后1d,肘关节痉挛却加重,差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。局部注射BTXA后,两组间疼痛评分差异有显著性意义(P<0.01)。治疗后12周时,两组组间改良Ashworth评分、Fugl-Meyer评分、改良Barthel指数差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:BTXA联合利多卡因局部注射治疗是一种安全有效的方法,能够更加快速、有效地降低脑卒中偏瘫上肢的肌痉挛,提高运动功能和日常生活活动能力,并且疗效维持更久,是一种值得推广应用的治疗方式。     

B型肉毒毒素治疗上肢痉挛

目的治疗因上肢运动神经元损害而导致的上肢痉挛的患，以确定10000 UB型肉毒毒素（MyoBloc）在对肘、腕、手指痉挛的治疗中是否有效和安全。     

A型肉毒毒素治疗痉挛的研究进展

A型肉毒毒素(Botulinum toxin type A,BoNT-A)出现之前,局部肌张力增高的治疗方法主要包括口服抗痉挛药物以及注射酚类物质。口服抗痉挛药物包括巴氯芬、丹曲林、氯硝安定等,容易出现全身不良反应,且效果较差[1]。酚类物质注射操作困难,可引起感觉异常的并发症,效果持续时间及有效性并不确定[2]。痉挛可以造成患者日常生活各方面的困难,对有残存肌力的患者也可造成主动运动功能的障碍[3]。还可以引起疼痛等不适感,影响患者的形象,造成自卑等心理障碍[4]。BoNT-A的出现彻底改写了局部肌张力增高治疗的历史。     

A型肉毒毒素对脑卒中恢复期下肢痉挛的疗效观察①

目的研究A型肉毒毒素治疗脑卒中恢复期下肢痉挛的效果.方法将109例脑卒中恢复期患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组除予以常规治疗和康复训练外,治疗组对痉挛肌肉加用A型肉毒毒素注射.用改良Ashworth痉挛量表(MAS)、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定量表(FMA)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)于治疗前,治疗4周、12周后进行评价.结果治疗后各时间点,治疗组MAS、FMA、BBS评分均较对照组改善(P<0.05).结论局部A型肉毒毒素注射配合系统的康复训练能明显改善痉挛性下肢瘫痪的肌肉痉挛、运动功能和平衡能力.     

A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗脑卒中后上肢屈肌痉挛

目的：探讨A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗脑卒中后上肢屈肌痉挛的疗效。方法：选择12例脑卒中后遗症期的患者，均有偏瘫侧上肢屈肌张力明显增高，改良的Ashworth量表评分Ⅱ～Ⅲ级，肘关节活动范围受限，影响患者日常生活能力。根据患者的具体情况，使用不同剂量的肉毒毒素(100～150单位)稀释后分6～8点患侧肱二头肌局部注射，在注射后2，4，12周时，分别进行痉挛和关节活动范围的再评估，进行比较。结果：A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗后2，4，12周患者肱二头肌痉挛程度分别为1．7&;#177;0．6，1．4&;#177;0．4，1．6&;#177;0．5均较注射前2．6&;#177;0．8显著改善(P&;lt;0．05)。患者的关节主动、被动活动范围在注射2，4，12周后较注射前亦有显著增加，分别为(124．2&;#177;14．6)&;#176;，(126．8&;#177;10．5)&;#176;，(123．8&;#177;7．6)&;#176;和(108．6&;#177;12．1)&;#176;，(107．4&;#177;13．2)&;#176;，(103．2&;#177;8．6)&;#176;(P&;lt;0．05)。结论：A型肉毒毒素局部注射治疗脑卒中后上肢屈肌痉挛具有较好的疗效。     

A型肉毒毒素注射治疗脑卒中后肌肉痉挛的护理

目的:探讨A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)治疗脑卒中后肌肉痉挛的护理方法及效果。方法:对32例肢体痉挛患者应用BTX-A局部多点注射,注射前做好药物的储存,加强患者的心理护理,注射时无菌操作,准确配药,药物浓度在50 U/ml,注射后观察有无头晕、疼痛、呼吸困难等副作用,注射后3-5 d指导患者的康复训练。结果:本组32例患者经BTX-A注射治疗后均获得良好效果;出现晕针现象3例,无1例出现皮下血肿、感染。结论:正确、规范的护理能够提高BTX-A的注射疗效,减少并发症。     

Botulinum toxin type A treatment of upper limb spasticity

In recent years, local injections with Botulinum toxin type A (BtxA) have become the treatment of choice for dystonia. However, several studies have demonstrated its efficacy and safety in the treatment of focal spasticity as well. These studies have shown efficacy and safety in upper limb spasticity treatment at a total dose between 500 and 1500 units of Dysport per injection session. While injections in upper arm muscles are easily administered without EMG-guidance, we recommend EMG-guidance for lower arm and finger muscles. In addition to functional improvement, BtxA treatment may also be considered for the following reasons: treatment of spasticity associated pain or painful muscle spasms, improved hygiene, facilitation of care, prevention of skin breakdown, and improved positioning of the upper limb. The definition of a realistic treatment goal, in agreement with the patient, as well as adjunctive physiotherapy are prerequisites for a successful BtxA treatment. Dose recommendations are given in Table 1.     

A型肉毒毒素对脑卒中后高痉挛状态肢体功能恢复的研究

目的:探讨A型肉毒毒素(botulinumtoxinA,BTXA)在脑卒中后高痉挛状态肢体功能恢复的作用及机制。方法:脑卒中后高痉挛状态肢体的患者82例,抽签随机分为治疗组42例和对照组40例。两组常规药物治疗及运动治疗相同,治疗组加用BTXA局部注射痉挛的肌肉,每个患者每次选择3～5块肌肉,每块肌肉总的注射剂量50～100IU,每次患者接受的注射总量≤400IU。治疗前、治疗后40d进行2次评分,运动功能采用Fugl-Meyer积分法(FMA)测评,日常生活活动能力采用修订的巴氏指数(moccifiedbarthelindex,MBI)评定,肌张力测定采用改良式Ashworth(modifiedAshworthscale,MAS),并进行两组比较。结果:经治疗40d后,治疗组FMA、MBI由40±26,33±14上升至68±27,81±22,神经功能缺损由25±8降至9±7;对照组相应为52±26,61±23,16±7和2.07±0.22,与治疗组比较t=4.16,5.26,6.25,P均<0.01。MAS治疗组由2.50±0.83降到0.86±0.66,对照组由2.79±0.63降到2.07±0.22,治疗后两组对比,χ2=13.26,P<0.01。结论:采用BTXA注射痉挛的肌肉对脑卒中的高痉挛状态肢体功能恢复有明显促进作用,且安全。     

Effect of intramuscular botulinum toxin injection on upper limb spasticity in stroke patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin on spasticity of the upper limb, with emphasis on its influence over limb function. DESIGN: An open-label, noncontrolled trial with a duration of 12 wk was designed to determine the safety and efficacy of intramuscular botulinum toxin A injection in the treatment of 16 patients with stroke with spastic hemiparesis. Electromyographically guided intramuscular botulinum toxin A injections were applied to the spastic limbs. A detailed scale system was used for the evaluation of muscle tone and functional changes induced by botulinum toxin A treatment. RESULTS: No major side effect secondary to botulinum toxin A injection was reported. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) improvements of muscle tone, joint range of motion, hand muscle strength, and muscular pain were seen after the injection. The improvements lasted up to 8-12 wk after the treatment. However, there was no significant functional improvement except in two of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Botulinum toxin A injection may help relieve upper limb spasticity and pain in patients with stroke. Its effect on function is probably determined by case selection.     

超声引导联合电刺激定位注射肉毒毒素治疗脑卒中后上肢痉挛

目的评价超声引导联合电刺激定位注射肉毒毒素(BTX-A)治疗脑卒中后上肢肌痉挛的效果。方法选择脑卒中上肢痉挛患者23例,在超声引导联合电刺激定位引导下,多点注射法将BTX-A注入靶肌。注射后进行常规康复训练。注射前、注射后1、2、4、12周分别采用改良Ashworth评分、腕指关节主动活动度测量、Fug1-Meyer评估表对上肢部分进行疗效评价。结果注射BTX-A后,患者肌张力、腕指关节主动活动度、Fug1-Meyer评估表上肢部分评分均较注射前明显改善(P均<0.05)。结论超声引导联合电刺激定位注射BTX-A治疗脑卒中后上肢肌痉挛,定位准确,治疗效果明显。     

香丹穴位注射治疗脑卒中偏瘫后上肢痉挛的临床研究

目的：研究香丹穴位注射治疗脑卒中偏瘫后上肢痉挛的临床疗效。方法：56例脑卒中偏瘫后伴上肢痉挛的患者随机分成两组：治疗组28例，采用穴位注射香丹，配合常规康复训练；对照组28例，仅进行常规康复训练。采用修改的Ashworth痉挛评价表对两组患者治疗前后痉挛程度进行评定。结果；治疗组治愈率为29％，总有效率为100％；对照组治愈率为11％，总有效率为25％，两组疗效具有非常显著性差异（P＜0．01）。结论：配合香丹穴位注射治疗脑卒中偏瘫后上肢痉挛具有比单纯常规康复训练更佳的疗效。     

A型肉毒毒素改善脑性瘫痪儿童下肢痉挛状态的效果评价

目的评估A型肉毒毒素(botulinumtoxinA,BTX-A)在下肢痉挛性脑性瘫痪(CP)患儿的治疗作用。方法11例痉挛性CP患儿,采用BTX-A3～6IU/kg注射下肢痉挛肌肉,依照马氏等制定的疗效与评估标准和修订的Ashworth量表评估注射前与注射后72h、1、2、4、8周不同时期的运动功能、痉挛状态及肌张力的变化。结果运动功能恢复和肌肉痉挛状态改善,注射后较注射前比较差异有显著或非常显著性意义(P<0.05,P<0.01).结论BTX-A注射疗法有较好的改善运动功能和降低下肢肌肉痉挛状态。     

A型肉毒毒素对偏瘫患者上肢Brunnstrom运动恢复阶段的影响

目的　评价A型肉毒毒素结合康复治疗对脑卒中后偏瘫患者上肢Brunnstrom运动恢复阶段及对日常生活活动能力的影响。方法　选取脑卒中患者 3 0例 ,随机分为A型肉毒毒素组 (BTXA组 )和对照组。所有患者患侧上肢Brunnstrom分级及Ashworth分级≥Ⅱ级。BTXA组注射BTXA后进行康复训练 ,对照组仅进行康复训练。在治疗前和治疗后 1周 ,1,2 ,3个月进行Ashworth评测以评价痉挛状态 ,Brunnstrom及Fugl Meyer上肢运动评测以评价运动功能恢复程度 ,功能独立性评测 (FIM )以评价日常生活活动 (ADL)能力。结果　BTXA组的痉挛程度较对照组显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,Brunnstrom分级提高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,FIM评分无显著差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,但其 2个月时的自理评分与对照组比较 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。治疗过程中未发现不良反应。结论　BTXA可缓解偏瘫上肢的痉挛状态 ,辅以康复治疗可以促进偏瘫患者上肢Brunnstrom运动恢复的等级 ,提高上肢运动能力和自理能力。     

Effect of botulinum toxin type A on cerebral palsy with upper limb spasticity

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of botulinum toxin type A injections in reducing upper limb muscular spasticity and in improving motor function in children with cerebral palsy. DESIGN: Fifteen children with spastic cerebral palsy who were undergoing regular physical and occupational therapy were enrolled. Botulinum toxin type A injections in clinically indicated target muscle groups were administered after the children had received 3 mo of therapy. A follow-up study was carried out at 6 wk and 12 wk, respectively, after the botulinum toxin type A injections. The main outcome measurements included the Modified Ashworth Scale, the upper limb Physician's Rating Scale, the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, and the self-care domain of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory. RESULTS: The reduction of spasticity in the treated muscle groups differed significantly between the control period and both study periods. Improvements on the Physician's Rating Scale score during the study period also differed significantly as compared with improvements during the control period. There was a significant difference in the improvement of fine motor skills, as measured with Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, between the control period and both study periods. Improvements in self-care capability differed significantly between the control period and 12 wk after botulinum toxin type A treatment, but not between the control period and at 6 wk after treatment. Muscle strength of grasp and pinch did not differ significantly between the control and the study period. Distribution of body parts involvement, disease severity, and function in daily living activities had no significant correlation with functional improvement after the treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the premise that botulinum toxin type A injections are effective in reducing upper limb spasticity and in improving movement pattern and fine motor function of patients with spastic cerebral palsy. A reduction in caregivers' burden and improved quality of life were demonstrated through the study period.