彩超对原发性肝癌与肝良性局灶病变肝内动脉的动态观察

目的：探讨彩超对原发性肝癌与肝良性局灶病变鉴别诊断的价值。方法：对原发性肝癌的16个肿块，25例28个肝良性病灶，观察其肝内滋养动脉短期内形态变化，比较良、恶性肿块动脉直径、显示长度、血流信号级别的变化差异。结果：1．原发性肝癌：肿块滋养动脉短期内形态变化大，表现为动脉直径增粗、显示长度增加、信号级别加大。两次检查对比，定量指标有统计学差异；2．肝良性局灶病变：病灶血供无动态改变，两次检查对比，定量指标无统计学差异。结论：彩超对肝内动脉血流变化的观察在肝肿瘤鉴别中有独到的应用价值。     

彩色多普勒能量图对小肝癌与肝腺瘤样增生结节的鉴别诊断研究

目的　探讨彩色多普勒能量图 (CDE)对小肝癌与肝腺瘤样增生结节的鉴别诊断价值。方法　对2 1例小肝癌和 8例肝腺瘤样增生结节进行了CDE检查 ,并与数字减影血管造影 (DSA )对照。结果　小肝癌动脉肿瘤输入血管检出率 85 .7% ,门静脉肿瘤输入血管检出率 42 .9% ;肝腺瘤样增生结节门静脉肿瘤输入血管检出率 62 .5 % ,无一例存在动脉肿瘤输入血管 ,两组相比差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。此外CDE可显示11例 (5 2 .4% )小肝癌有肿瘤输出静脉血管 ,其中 10例 (4 7.6% )为门静脉肿瘤输出血管 ,1例为肝静脉肿瘤输出血管 ,而肝腺瘤样增生结节无一例有肿瘤输出静脉血管 ,两组相比差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　彩色多普勒能量图对小肝癌与肝腺瘤样增生结节的鉴别诊断具有一定的意义 ,输入肿瘤的动脉血管和输出肿瘤的静脉血管可作为小肝癌区别于肝腺瘤样增生结节的主要鉴别点     

Imaging of dysplastic nodules and small hepatocellular carcinomas: experience with explanted livers

Differentiation of benign from malignant nodules in the end-stage cirrhotic liver can be challenging, due to the presence of fibrosis, necrosis and altered blood supply. Whole liver explant pathologic correlation provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of current imaging modalities for the diagnosis of HCC and dysplastic nodules in the cirrhotic liver. This chapter will explore and critique the imaging literature with an emphasis on studies performed with timely explanted liver correlation.     

MRI鉴别诊断肝硬化退变结节与小肝癌

目的探讨高场强MRI对肝硬化退变结节和小肝癌诊断与鉴别诊断价值.方法对经临床和病理证实18例24个肝硬化退变结节(DN)和15例26个小肝细胞癌(sHCC)的磁共振影像资料作回顾性对比分析.结果18例24个DN中,同、反相位T1WI上呈等信号者4个,呈稍高信号者20个,占DN的83%(20/24);26个HCC结节中,同相位T1WI上呈稍高信号者6个,其中3个在反相位T1WI上呈低信号;同、反相位T1WI上均呈等-低信号者19个结节,占76%(19/25).抑脂T2WI上DN组24个结节均为低信号;而小HCC组26个结节中,呈稍高或不均匀等-高信号者24个,占92%(24/26),2个在T2WI上为低信号.Gd-DTPA动态增强扫描,14例中15个DN呈缓升速降型14个,占93%;14例中24个HCC呈速升速降型19个,占79%(19/24);HCC包膜强化率占增强病灶中的70%(17/24),而13个DN见不规则纤细网状纤维隔强化,占86%(13/15),仅1个DN呈假包膜样强化.结论综合分析高场强MR不同序列及动态增强像特点,能够区别绝大多数大DN和HCC.     

MRI纹理分析鉴别诊断肝硬化背景下小肝癌与增生结节

目的 探讨常规MRI纹理分析鉴别诊断肝硬化背景下小肝癌与增生结节的价值。方法 回顾分析经病理证实的33例小肝癌和19例肝增生结节患者的MRI资料。采用MaZda软件手工勾画ROI,提取T1WI、T2WI、频率选择性预脉冲脂肪抑制T2WI及T1WI增强扫描图像中病变的纹理特征。通过Fisher系数、分类错误概率联合平均相关系数（POE+ACC）、交互信息（MI）及三者联合（FPM）的方法选择最佳纹理参数集合。使用原始数据分析（RDA）、主要成分分析（PCA）、线性判别分析（LDA）和非线性判别分析（NDA）进行纹理分类。同时由2名MRI诊断医师共同评估所有影像学资料。比较纹理分析与医师鉴别诊断两种病变结果的差异。结果 52例中,共60个病灶。鉴别小肝癌与增生结节的纹理特征主要来自T2WI,误判率最小为8.33%（5/60）。纹理特征选择方法中,FPM的误判率（8.33%~26.67%）均低于MI （20.00%~38.33%）、Fisher （18.33%~41.67%）和POE+ACC （8.33%~40.00%）。纹理特征分类方法中,NDA判别两种病变的误判率（8.33%~20.00%）均低于RDA （26.67%~41.67%）、PCA （28.33%~43.33%）和LDA （21.67%~45.00%）。影像医师的误判率为23.33%（14/60）,高于采用纹理分析鉴别两种病变的误判率（5/60,8.33%;χ²=58.73,P=0.002）。结论 常规MRI纹理分析可用于鉴别肝硬化背景下小肝癌与增生结节。     

Magnetic resonance imaging and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in hepatocellular nodules in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinomas

We summarized and discussed our previous research results on correlation between magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in benign or borderline hepatocellular nodules in cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), and in the surrounding liver. Magnetic resonance images were retrospectively correlated quantitatively and qualitatively with VEGF expression in hepatic nodules and in the surrounding liver. By immunohistochemistry, hepatic nodules with moderate to strong immunoreactivity for VEGF showed higher T1 signal intensity, and those with intense immunoreactivity for VEGF showed higher T2 signal intensity. By Western blotting, HCC-to-liver contrast-to-noise ratio correlated with VEGF indices (VEGFs) of hepatocellular carcinomas inversely on opposed-phase T1-weighted, directly on T2-weighted, and marginally and inversely on gadolinium-enhanced hepatic arterial-phase images. On T2-weighted images, standard-deviation ratio of hepatocellular carcinomas correlated directly with VEGFs of hepatocellular carcinomas. Heterogeneities of hepatocellular carcinomas on MR images correlated directly with VEGFs of HCCs on opposed-phase T1-weighted, T2-weighted, hepatic arterial-phase, and equilibrium-phase images. Our results may reflect that MR signal intensity, hepatic arterial vascularity, and heterogeneity of hepatocellular nodules on MR images are closely related to the intensity of VEGF expression as up-regulated by hyper- or hypoxia in the nodules. Gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging may be useful to monitor ischemic state of hepatocelluar nodules. Although real impacts of our results on radiologic practice have been still debatable, we believe that our results may help future radiologic practice in conjunction with biomolecular or genetic treatments for hepatocellular carcinomas.     

超声造影鉴别诊断肝硬化背景下的小肝癌与不典型增生结节

目的观察肝硬化背景下小肝细胞癌(SHCC)与不典型增生结节(DN)的CEUS灌注增强特点,探讨CEUS的鉴别诊断价值。方法对肝硬化背景下42个SHCC病灶和21个DN病灶进行术前CEUS检查,观察病灶CEUS各时相的增强水平,比较其增强模式。结果 SHCC与DN各时相的增强水平及整体增强模式差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。动脉相SHCC以高增强为主,DN以低增强为主;SHCC的增强模式主要为动脉相高增强、门脉相及延迟相呈低增强,DN的增强模式复杂多样。结论肝硬化背景下SHCC与DN有不同的CEUS灌注增强特点,CEUS有助于鉴别诊断。     

Detection of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules in cirrhotic liver: accuracy of ultrasonography in transplant patients.

The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of ultrasonography in the detection of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules in patients with liver cirrhosis. Pretransplantation sonograms in 52 patients with liver cirrhosis who underwent orthotopic liver transplantation were evaluated retrospectively. The numbers of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules were assessed in the explanted liver specimens and compared with pretransplantation ultrasonographic results. Eighteen hepatocellular carcinomas in 16 patients and 20 dysplastic nodules in 11 patients were present in the explanted livers. The size of hepatocellular carcinomas ranged from 0.6 to 5.0 cm (mean, 2.1 cm) in diameter, and that of dysplastic nodules ranged from 0.5 to 1.7 cm (mean, 1.0 cm) in diameter. Pretransplantation ultrasonography enabled detection of 6 of 18 hepatocellular carcinoma and 0 of 20 dysplastic nodule lesions; lesion detection sensitivity for hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules was 33% and 0%, respectively. Patient sensitivity and specificity for hepatocellular carcinomas were 38% (6 of 16) and 92% (33 of 36), and those for dysplastic nodules were 0% and 95% (39 of 41), respectively. On the basis of our results, ultrasonography is insensitive for detection of hepatocellular carcinomas and dysplastic nodules in patients with advanced liver cirrhosis.     

磷脂酰肌醇蛋白多糖-3在肝细胞肝癌的表达及其与术后复发的相关性

目的探讨磷脂酰肌醇蛋白多糖-3（GPC-3）mRNA在肝细胞癌（HCC）癌组织及癌旁组织的表达及其与术后复发的相关性。方法用逆转录聚合酶链反应测定60例HCC癌组织及癌旁组织中GPC-3 mRNA的表达。PCR产物经凝胶电泳,比较HCC组织及癌旁组织中GPC-3与-βactin条带的灰度值之比,半定量分析GPC-3 mRNA的表达水平,分析术后3年不易复发HCC患者的癌组织GPC-3 mRNA的表达水平。结果 GPC-3 mRNA在HCC癌组织中高度表达,阳性率为68.3%,癌旁组织中低表达或未见表达,术后3年内未复发的HCC患者癌组织中GPC-3 mRNA呈现低表达水平,GPC-3 mRNA表达与肿瘤大小、肿瘤数目、有无包膜、门静脉癌栓、HBsAg及AFP水平无明显相关。结论 GPC-3 mRNA在HCC癌组织中的表达明显高于癌旁组织,可能是HCC的一种新的潜在的肿瘤特异标志物;癌组织中GPC-3mRNA低表达的HCC患者不易复发,可能是判断HCC进展和评价预后的一个潜在重要指标。     

Differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from dysplastic nodules at gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced hepatobiliary-phase magnetic resonance imaging

Purpose

We evaluated whether the addition of delayed phase imaging (DPI) gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI to dynamic postcontrast imaging improves the characterization of small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the differentiation between HCC, high grade dysplastic nodules (HGDN), and low grade dysplastic nodules (LGDN).

Methods

Twenty-five cirrhotic patients with 30 nodules (16 HCC, 8 HGDNs, and 6 LGDNs; maximum size of 3 cm) were included in this retrospective study. The diagnostic reference standard was histology. All the patients underwent MRI both prior to and following intravenous administration of gadobenate dimeglumine. The lesions were classified as hypointense, isointense, hyperintense on DPI for qualitative assessment. In the quantitative analysis the relative tumor-liver contrast to noise ratio (CNR) of the lesions on DPI was calculated.

Results

All HCCs were hypointense on DPI while only 8 (57.1%) of 14 DNs were hypointense and only 1 of 6 (16.6%) LGDNs was hypointense. There was a statistically significant difference in the hypointensity on DPI between HCCs and DNs (p = 0.003) in the qualitative analysis but not in the CNR values while there was a strong statistically significant difference in the hypointensity on DPI in the qualitative (p = 0.00001) and quantitative analysis (p < 0.05) between LGDNs and the group obtained by unifying HGDNs and HCCs.

Conclusion

DPI is helpful in differentiating HCCs and HGDNs from LGDNs. Demonstration of hypointensity on DPI should raise the suspicion of HGDN or hypovascular HCC in the case of nodules with atypical dynamic pattern.     

Glypican-3、TNF-α在原发性肝细胞癌中的表达及其与预后的关系

目的探讨磷脂酰肌醇蛋白-3(GPC-3)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)在原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)患者血清中的水平及其对预后的影响。方法选择2010年1月至2013年12月期间60例原发性肝癌患者为研究对象。60例原发性肝癌中原发性HCC 40例,原发性肝内胆管细胞癌20例。40例患者按HCC临床分期:早期HCC 18例,中晚期HCC 22例;按HCC预后好坏:死亡(预后不良组)8例,存活(预后较好组)32例。选择30例肝硬化患者为疾病对照组,选择健康者60例为对照组。统计受试者血清GPC-3、TNF-α水平,并对血清GPC-3、TNF-α与年龄、预后、HCC临床分期、肝癌病理类型、BMI进行相关性分析。结果 HCC组血清GPC-3、TNF-α水平高于肝硬化组和对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),肝硬化组和对照组血清GPC-3、TNF-α水平无明显差异(P>0.05);不同病理类型肝癌之间血清GPC-3、TNF-α水平存在明显差异,HCC组血清GPC-3、TNF-α水平高于肝内胆管细胞癌组和健康对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),肝内胆管细胞癌组和对照组血清GPC-3、TNF-α水平无明显差异(P>0.05);中晚期、早期HCC患者血清GPC-3、TNF-α水平存在明显差异。随着HCC的进展,血清GPC-3、TNF-α水平呈上升趋势,且中晚期、早期、对照组三组间两两比较均有统计学差异(P<0.01);不同预后HCC患者血清GPC-3、TNF-α水平存在明显差异,预后不良组患者血清GPC-3、TNF-α水平高于预后较好组,且预后不良组、预后较好组、对照组三组间两两比较均有统计学差异(P<0.01);血清GPC-3、TNF-α水平与HCC临床分期、肝癌病理类型均呈正相关(P<0.05);血清GPC-3、TNF-α水平与HCC预后均呈负相关(P<0.05);血清GPC-3、TNF-α与年龄、BMI等因素无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论 GPC-3、TNF-α在HCC患者血清中呈现高表达,GPC-3、TNF-α的表达与HCC发病、进展及预后密切相关。