机器人与传统腹腔镜在小儿胆总管囊肿手术中应用的对比研究

目的:对比分析机器人和传统腹腔镜手术在胆总管囊肿切除、肝管空肠吻合术中的应用效果.方法:回顾性分析2014年6月～2021年2月行机器人或传统腹腔镜辅助下胆总管囊肿切除+肝管空肠吻合术患儿(170例)的病例资料,分析两组患儿手术情况、术中及术后并发症的发生率,并建立多因素Logistic回归模型,以寻找胆总管囊肿术后出现并发症的危险因素.结果:与传统腹腔镜手术比较,机器人手术患儿的总手术时间更长,囊肿切除和肝管空肠吻合时间更短,术中解剖结构(左、右肝管开口及胰内胆管)显示更清晰,术中失血量较少,平均住院时间更短,术后早期并发症发生率较低.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,肝管空肠吻合的时间延长是胆总管囊肿术后出现并发症的唯一危险因素.结论:机器人辅助胆总管囊肿手术解剖更清晰,术中和术后并发症少,短期的预后更好.     

肝内胆管结石伴肝门部血管变异的手术处理

目的 研究肝内胆管结石伴肝门部血管变异的手术处理方法。方法 回顾性分析57例肝内胆管结石伴肝门部血管变异行胆道手术病人的临床资料。结果 57例中，行单纯胆道手术13例，异位血管切断，结扎术14例，胆管血流交叉换位术22例，肝内胆管空肠吻合术8例。本组未发生严重术后并发症和围手术期死亡。51例（89．6％），获得随访，随访时间4－15（平均9．6）年。疗效优良率84．3％（43／51）。7例有胆道残余结石，其中5例表现为间歇性右上腹隐痛不适，另2例因反复发作胆管炎需再次手术。1例术后1．5年死于门静脉高压症所致的食道胃底曲张静脉破裂大出血。结论 采用合适的手术方式治疗肝内胆管结石伴肝门部血管变异，既能完成复杂胆道手术，又能避免肝脏缺血性损害。     

胆管空肠端侧吻合口漏及狭窄的预防

胆管空肠端侧Roux—en—Y式吻合术是常用的胆肠内引流术式，胆管空肠端侧吻合口是否有漏及狭窄是手术成败的关键。而且在间置空肠胆管十二指肠吻合术、胰十二指肠切除术等手术中，也要进行胆管空肠端侧吻合，因此，胆管空肠端侧吻合口漏及狭窄的预防十分重要。笔者认为，应当注意以下几个方面。1术前术后器官功能、营养支持一般而言，需做胆管空肠吻合术的患者多有黄疽、营养不良、贫血及低蛋白血症情况，术前必须针对不同情况予以处理纠正，才可进行手术。黄疽病人，应及时注用维生素K，改善凝血功能，预防术前术后出血。营养不良衰弱患…     

胰十二指肠切除术严重并发症和病死率的多因素分析

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术的术后严重并发症及其危险因素。方法回顾性分析1987年1月至2006年8月郑州大学第五附属医院138例行胰十二指肠切除术病人的手术死亡和术后严重并发症的情况,并通过单因素分析和多因素分析评价其危险因素。结果住院期间病人病死率为13.0%(18/138),与手术相关的严重并发症发生率为41.3%(57/138)。Logistic回归分析显示,发生并发症危险因素依次是术前总胆红素升高、低蛋白血症、高血压、年龄和术中出血量多。结论低蛋白血症和术前总胆红素升高是胰十二指肠切除术术后并发症最主要的危险因素,手术者掌握好手术适应证、积极纠正或削弱危险因素,能有效降低术后并发症的发生。     

胆肠吻合＋皮下空肠盲袢埋藏术对肝内胆管结石的治疗价值

通过皮下空肠袢提供一个可多次重复使用的进入胆道的永久性诊治通道．对有粘连的病人可避免再手术的危险。我们运用此手术方法对肝内胆管结石的治疗进行了前瞻性研究．运用此法治疗５６例肝内胆管结石的病人．无一例住院死亡，术后７％发生并发症．术后经盲端进行了纤维胆道镜扩张狭窄和取石．结果说明胆肠吻合＋皮下盲袢手术是处理复杂性肝内胆管结石的一种有价值的方法．     

胆道手术的风险预测

目的寻找影响肝内外胆管手术预后的因素。方法对本院实施的肝内外胆管手术进行回顾性分析，遴选出31个可能导致术后并发症和死亡的临床及实验室参数，先对其进行单因素筛选，将有统计学意义的因素再进行Logistic逐步回归分析。结果457例（次）病人发生并发症74例（16．16％），死亡18例（3．94％）。与死亡有关的并发症包括：腹腔感染，肺部感染，急性肾衰竭，肝衰竭，多器官功能衰竭。Logistic逐步回归分析得出7个影响术后并发症和死亡的因素：①男性；②恶性病；③手术时间〉4h；④年龄〉60岁；⑤低蛋白血症；⑥低钠血症；⑦高胆红素血症。当影响因素≤2个时（低危病人），并发症率为13．02％，病死率为0．55％；当影响因素〉2个时（高危病人），并发症率为28．13％，病死率为16．67％；低危病人与高危病人之间比较并发症率、病死率均有统计学意义（P〈0．0001）。结论高危病人术后并发症率和病死率明显升高，且随影响因素个数的增多而升高。感染性并发症、梗阻性黄疸术后急性肾衰竭发生率较高。提示加强围手术期的抗感染、营养支持治疗，合理纠正低钠血症，积极防治急性肾衰竭可能是减少手术并发症和死亡的主要手段。     

姑息性手术治疗不能切除的胰头癌

本文报告我院１０年间姑息性手术治疗不能切除的胰头癌１００例。最常见的症状为黄疸（８１％），腹痛或背痛（５２％），体重减轻（４３％）。手术方法：肝总管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ形吻合术４７例，肝总管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ形吻合和胃空肠吻合术３７例，胆囊空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ形吻合术８例，肝内或肝外胆管置管外引流术８例。手术死亡率为６％，胆肠吻合和预防性胃空肠吻合术的手术死亡率为５．４％。近期并发症为３９％，其中伤口感染多见。远期并发症为２３％，其中以胆囊空肠吻合术后的胆管炎和黄疸多见。我们认为姑息性手术治疗不能切除的胰头癌应尽量选择肝总管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－Ｙ形吻合术，同时作预防性胃空肠吻合。     

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目的 研究复杂的肝内胆管结石的手术治疗方法。方法 对１５例肝内胆管广泛多发结石病人,实施左肝外叶切除广口肝胆管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合术,并进行跟踪随访。结果 本组无严重术后并发症。随访３．５￣７．５年,平均４．８年,１４例症状完全消失,１例偶有胆管炎发作。Ｂ超检查;１３例无残石,２例右肝后叶残留少量结石。结论 左肝外叶切除广口肝胆管空肠Ｒｏｕｘ－ｅｎ－Ｙ吻合术治疗肝内胆管广泛多发结石远期疗效较     

先天性胆管囊状扩张症的手术治疗

目的　探讨先天性胆管囊状扩张症的最佳手术方式。方法　回顾分析我院 1980～2 0 0 2年 76例经手术治疗的先天性胆管囊状扩张症的临床诊疗资料。结果　本组 76例中 ,13例行囊肿空肠Roux en Y吻合术 ;3例行囊肿十二指肠吻合术 ;7例行囊肿外引流术 ;1例行憩室型总胆管囊肿切除T管引流术 ;5 5例行囊肿切除、总肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术 (占手术病例的 72 4 % ) ;2例Ⅳa型囊肿行肝左外叶切除加总胆管囊肿切除、总肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术 ,1例Ⅴ型囊肿行肝左外叶切除、总胆管切除、肝门胆管空肠Roux en Y吻合术。 16例囊肿内引流术、7例囊肿外引流术和5 5例囊肿切除总肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术的术后并发症发生率分别为 5 6 3%、2 8 6 %和 3 6 % ,经统计学分析差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　手术是先天性胆管囊状扩张症惟一有效的治疗方法。外引流术可用于全身状态极差而不能耐受较复杂手术的病人 ,待全身状况改善后应及时行二次手术 ;对于较为复杂的Ⅳa型和Ⅴ型病变 ,应选择合适的病例行肝叶切除术或肝移植术 ;总胆管囊肿切除、肝管空肠Roux en Y吻合术是Ⅰ型先天性胆管囊状扩张症的一种较为合理的手术方式。     

肝管空肠吻合术治疗良性胆管狭窄的长期结果

总胆管的良性狭窄是上腹部手术的一个严重并发症，若不治疗可转化为反复的胆管炎、胆汁性肝硬化、肝衰竭直至死亡。本文对1975～1989年在罗马大学第一外科因良性总胆管狭窄而手术的84例病人回顾性研究。这些病人包括手术后或创伤后发展成狭窄、总胆管结石或总胆管囊肿所引起的狭窄。用肝管空肠吻合术、或是总胆管空肠吻合术，抑或是经肝胆管空肠吻合术的一段无功能的Roux－en－Y空肠襻来修复胆肠连续性。几乎所有病例的吻合均通过单尾丝线间断缝合而达到粘膜材粘膜缝合一圈的式样。不放置经吻合口的支撑管。术后观察时间最少为60个月（平均…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.