北京市1990～1997年新生儿破伤风疫情监测分析

对北京市１９９０～１９９７年新生儿破伤风（ＮＮＴ）疫情报告的分析表明，１９９０～１９９７年本市户籍ＮＮＴ的发病率为０．０４／１０００活产儿（‰）．１９９７年加上外省户籍病例，ＮＮＴ发病率≤０．１４‰，远低于世界卫生组织提出的发病率为１％的消除水平．本市ＮＮＴ疫情受外省来京人员的影响较大，１９９７年外省户籍病例占全年发病的８４６２％。加强ＮＮＴ疫情监测有重大意义，１９９７年开始将外省户籍病例纳人管理，ＮＮＴ升为乙类传染病进行报告处理，更实际地反映了北京市ＮＮＴ的疫情特点。外省户籍病例均为在家分娩，旧法接生，且放弃治疗的较多，因此加强外省来京育龄期妇女的卫生保健，对高危人群进行破伤风类毒素接种，是本市消除ＮＮＴ的关键。     

怀集县1990～1999年肺结核流行特征分析

肺结核是当前重点防制的传染病之一。为了制定有效预防措施,降低发病率,评价预防效果,现将怀集县１９９０～１９９９年肺结核的疫情资料汇总分析如下：１资料来源１９９０～１９９９年怀集县法定报告传染病年报表。２结果２．１流行概况１９９０～１９９９年怀集县共报告肺结核２０４３例,平均发病率为２６．３７／十万,其中１９９８年发病率最高,１９９５年发病率最低,１９９７年开始,发病明显增加（表１）。２．２流行时间２．２．１时间分布：一年四季均有病例,从各月构成比来看,５月发病稍多,没有明显的季节高峰（表２）。２…     

1994～1997年梅州市急性传染病疫情动态分析

为探讨梅州市近几年急性传染病发病趋势和流行特点,现将１９９４～１９９７年梅州市法定报告传染病发病、死亡情况分析如下：１　材料和方法疫情资料来自１９９４～１９９７年梅州市急性传染病疫情订正年报表,人口资料来源于梅州市统计局,同时参考《广东省疫情资料汇编》（１９９０～１９９６年）。２　结果与分析２－１　总的发病、死亡情况１９９４～１９９７年梅州市法定报告急性传染病发病率在７３－４０／十万～８３－５５／十万之间,死亡率在０－０４／十万～０－３０／十万之间。自１９８９年至１９９７年,我市未报告发生甲类传…     

广东省1997～2000年新生儿破伤风发病情况与分析

目的 分析广东省1997-2000年新生儿破伤风发病情况，探讨目前控制现状和今后对策，方法 对1997-2000年广东省新生儿破伤风法定传染病报告系统数据和破伤风监测系统资料进行统计分析。结果 1997-2000年全省新生儿破伤风发病率分别为1.07‰，0.94‰，0.77‰，0.25‰，其4年间报告病死率一直处于广东省当年法定传染病报告病死率第三与第五位之间，其三间分布表现为：全省22个市（含顺德市）均有病例报告；全省全年也均有病例报告。未见明显发病高峰；发病年龄集中在出生后7d内。结论 目前我省新生儿破伤风监测控制工作整体来说是较为成功的，但在各项措施的落实上还需进一步加强力度。     

1997～1999年广州海运局船员急性传染病发病概况

为探讨广州海运局近几年急性传染病发病趋势和流行特点,现将1997-1999年广州海运局法定报告传染病发病情况分析如下：１　材料与和方法　　　　疫情资料来自１９９７～１９９９年广州海运局卫生防疫站急性传染病疫情登记报表,人口资料来源于英华船员公司人事科。２　结果与分析　　　　２．１　总的发病情况　　　　１９９７～１９９９年广州海运局法定报告急性传染病发病率在９．８７５／十万～１４．７５／十万之间,无死亡病例,有病例报告的传染病是病毒性肝炎、肺结核、梅毒、ＨＩＶ感染者、痢疾、伤寒副伤寒（表１）。　　　　２．…     

试论军队传染病的流行趋势及对策

根据我军传染病报告统计资料，分析了军队传染病４０多年来的发生发展趋势及特点。１９５１～１９９１年全军传染病发病率明显降低，尤其虫媒传染病下降更显著，传染病在全部疾病序位由５０年代初的第一位降至９０年代的第三位；１９９２～１９９４年全军传染病报告发病率年均为３．７９‰，其主要特点为发病病种集中，肠道传染病居各类传染病发病之首位，痢疾是影响传染病夏秋季高峰的主要原因，麻疹、肺结核、肾综合症出血热等发病有增多趋势。针对存在的问题，对军队传染病控制对策提出如下建议：（１）正确认识军队传染病控制面临的形势，加强对传染病控制的组织领导；（２）以控制肠道传染病发生为中心，做好重点传染病的防治；（３）完善军队传染病监测系统，密切注视正在出现的传染病及其影响因素；（４）积极开展应用基础研究，以解决传染病控制中的某些关键性问题；（５）建立一支强有力的传染病防治专业队伍，提高专业技术人员的技能。     

肺结核列入乙类传染病后报告与管理情况的分析

１９５８～１９９７年全自治区累计报告细菌性痢疾４６７４８９例,死亡１６８９例,平均报告发病率３３８．０２／１０万,死亡率１．２２／１０万。发病率居法定报告传染病首位的有２８年,居第２位的有１２年,是宁夏主要传染病之一。发病数占总报告病例数的３６．９８％,发病率最高达１１３７．１３／１０万,最低为５６．２３／１０万。病例在全区２０个市、县每年均有分布,且川区病例明显多于山区,推测与山区居住分散不易引起大型水源性爆发有关。从发病时间上看,全年均有病例发生,但以夏秋季发病为主,７～９月份为发病高峰期,…     

湖北省1997年麻疹流行病学分析

１９９７年我省共报告麻疹７６６９例,发病率为１３．３９／１０万。与１９９６年麻疹发病率相比,上升了１０％。现将１９９７年麻疹流行情况分析如下。１资料与方法资料来源于湖北省法定传染病报告系统、湖北省疫情监测年、月、旬报表;人口资料来源于湖北省统计局。采...     

浙江省1999～2001年新生儿破伤风监测

浙江省新生儿破伤风 (ＮＮＴ)监测系统根据卫生部要求于 1999年 1月建立。为了进一步加强ＮＮＴ监测工作 ,巩固消除ＮＮＴ成果 ,现将浙江省 1999～ 2 0 0 1年ＮＮＴ监测系统运转情况分析如下。资料来源浙江省ＮＮＴ监测系统 1999～ 2 0 0 1年各市 (地 )、县(市、区 )报告的主动监测报表、疑似病例报表和个案调查表 ;人口资料来源于浙江省统计局。结　果1　发病率　 1999～ 2 0 0 1年浙江省ＮＮＴ监测系统共报告ＮＮＴ疑似病例 32 2例 ,经个案调查排除 3例 ,3年报告的ＮＮＴ病例数分别为 96例、 10 7例和 116例 ,发病率为 0 19‰、0 17‰和…     

德庆县29例恙虫病流行病学分析

自１９９５年７月我县首次发现恙虫病以来,恙虫病患者逐年增多,误诊率较高。１９９５年７月～１９９８年１２月我县共发现恙虫病患者２９例,现将其流行病学分析如下。１　材料与方法１－１　材料疫情资料来源于１９９５～１９９８年全县各级医院、卫生院的法定报告传染病常规报表,患者住院病历及部份个案调查表。１－２　诊断依据根据病例的临床症状和流行病学资料确诊,部分病例有实验室检查协助诊断。２　结果与分析２－１　恙虫病发病概况１９９５年全县发现恙虫病病例２例,发病率为０－５９６／十万。１９９６年发现２例,发病率０…     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.