舒芬太尼复合异丙酚抑制气管插管应激反应的效果

 【目的】比较靶控输注不同剂量舒芬太尼复合异丙酚抑制气管插管应激反应的效果。【方法】60例择期上腹部手术患者，ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，随机分为3组m=20），全麻诱导时，A组、B组、C组分别靶控输注效应室浓度为0．3、0．5、0．7ng／mL的舒芬太尼2min后．均输注效应室靶浓度为4μg／mL的异丙酚，病人意识消失后给予维库溴铵行气管插管。记录全麻诱导前1min（T1）、气管插管后1min（T2）、3min（T3、10min（T4）各时点平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）；并于T1、T2、T4时点采集桡动脉血，测定血浆肾上腺素（AD）和去甲肾上腺素（NA）浓度。【结果】（1）A组T2时点MAP、HR比T。时点明显升高（P〈0．0S），C组T2、T3、T4时点MAP明显低于A组（P〈0．05），C组T2、T3时点HR明显低于A组（P〈0．05），C组L、T4时点MAP低于B组（P〈0．05）；（2）A组T2时点血浆AD和NA浓度较T1时点明显升高（P〈0．05）、较B组高（P〈0．05）、较C组高（P〈0．05）。【结论】靶控输注舒芬太尼复合异丙酚可以有效抑制气管插管应激反应，其中舒芬太尼效应室浓度0．5ng／mL复合异丙酚效应室浓度4μg／mL靶控输注的效果较好。     

靶控输注异丙酚瑞芬太尼对腹腔镜手术血流动力学的影响

目的观察靶控输注异丙酚与瑞芬太尼用于腹腔镜手术对血流动力学的影响。方法选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期在全麻下行腹腔镜胃肠手术者60例,随机分为两组：靶控输注组（T组）32例,采用靶控输注异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼及静注维库溴胺诱导与维持麻醉;传统人工静脉麻醉复合吸入麻醉组（Ⅰ组）28例,常规诱导后静吸复合麻醉。观察两组在各时点的心率、收缩压及舒张压等血流动力学指标。结果T组在气管插管前及后1min、气腹后10min、60min等各时点的心率、血压较基础时比较无明显变化（P〉0．05）,而Ⅰ组在各时点尤其是气管插管后1min、气腹后10min、60min,血流动力学变化与基础值相比有较大差异（P〈0．05）;Ⅰ组在气管插管后1min及气腹后备时点的血流动力学变化明显大于T组（P〈0．05）。结论靶控输注异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼用于腹腔镜胃肠手术麻醉深度可控性好,术中血流动力学平稳。     

依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼靶控静脉麻醉用于妇科腹腔镜手术临床观察

目的观察妇科腹腔镜手术中依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼靶控静脉麻醉对血流动力学的影响。方法40例妇科腹腔镜手术患者随机分为依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼（简称依托咪酯组）和异丙酚复合瑞芬太尼（简称异丙酚组）,采用静脉靶控输注系统静脉麻醉,观察两组患者麻醉前、气管插管前后各1min、切皮后3min、探查后3min、病灶切除后3min以及气管导管拔除后3min等时点的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）以及心率（HR）值。结果气管插管前、后1min时点依托咪酯组SBP与DBP均明显高于异丙酚组（P〈0．05）,麻醉前两组患者SBP明显高于气管插管前1min（P〈0．05）,异丙酚组DBP、HR麻醉前明显高于气管插管前1min（P〈0．05）;气管插管后1min两组患者SBP、DBP、HR明显高于气管插管前1min（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。探查后3min,依托咪酯组SBP、DBP明显高于异丙酚组（P〈0．05）。病灶切除后3min,依托咪酯组DBP明显高于异丙酚组（P〈0．05）。结论在妇科腹腔镜手术中依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼靶控静脉麻醉能平稳保持患者血流动力学稳定。     

异丙酚不同靶控输注方式对全麻诱导阶段血浆中皮质醇、催乳素的影响

目的：观察异丙酚不同输注方式对麻醉诱导阶段血浆皮质醇（Cor）、催乳素（PRL）及心血管系统的影响。方法：30例择期全麻手术患者，根据诱导时输注方式的不同随机分为G1（国人参数靶控输注）、G2（Tackley参数靶控输注）、G3（人工模拟靶控输注）组，每组10例，分别于诱导前（T0）、轻拍三角肌无反应即刻（T1）、气管插管过声门即刻（T2）、气管插管后3min（T3）、5min（T4）、10min（T5）时点监测和记录心率（HR）、平均动脉压（MAP），并测定3组血浆Cor、PRI，的浓度。结果：3组麻醉诱导期间HR、MAP随时间变化差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。G2、G3组在T1时点HR均较T0时点升高，（毛组MAP在T2时点较T0时点有明显升高（P〈0.05），3组异丙酚麻醉诱导阶段Cor、PRL的浓度差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论：国人参数靶控输注（G1）组对控制气管插管所致的应激反应要优于Tackley参数靶控输注（G2）组、人工模拟靶控输注（G3）组。麻醉诱导期间血浆Cor、PRL浓度变化可能用于判定镇静深度。     

不同异丙酚靶控输注全麻诱导的比较

目的 比较三种异丙酚靶控输注方式在麻醉诱导期间的临床效应，评价三种方式用于麻醉诱导的可行性。方法 30例择期全麻手术患者，随机分为：G1组（国人参数组）、G2组（Tackley参数组）、G3（BET组），每组10例。分别于诱导前（T0）、轻拍三角肌不应即刻（T1）、气管插管过声门即刻（T2）、气管插管后3min（T3）、5min（T4）、10min（T5）时点监测和记录HR、MAP并记录三组患者异丙酚给药后起效时间t1、t2、t3及气管插管所需时间t4。结果 三组诱导期间HR、MAP随时间变化差异都无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。G3组MAP在T2时点较T0时点有明显增高（P〈0．05），而G1、G2组无明显增高（P〉0．05）。异丙酚起效时间：G1〈G2〈G3，组间比较差异有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论 三种靶控输注方式均可实施临床麻醉诱导，诱导迅速、平稳。按G3组方式进行麻醉诱导，气管插管期间心血管反应最不显著。如应用Tackley报道的参数建立TCI系统，宜适当调低诱导靶浓度。人工输注方案实施靶控输注，需严密监测气管插管时的意识深度，以防术中知晓。     

七氟醚吸人复合舒芬太尼靶控输注对老年患者全麻诱导期应激反应的影响

①目的探讨七氟醚吸入复合舒芬太尼靶控输注在全麻诱导期对老年患者应激反应的影响。②方法50例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,择期行腹腔镜手术的老年患者,随机分为靶控输注舒芬太尼组（T）和单次静滴舒芬太尼组（D）,均复合七氟醚吸入进行麻醉诱导,记录诱导前（T0）、气管插管前（T1）、气管插管后1min（L）、气管插管后5min（T3）的血流动力学改变以及BIS值。③结果D组患者平均动脉压在气管插管后1min（T2）、气管插管后5min（T3）均低于诱导前,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）,并且同时间点的HR均高于诱导前,而T组患者上述指标在上述时间点虽有变化,但与诱导前相比差异无显著性;D组患者BIS值在气管插管后5min（T3）上升较多,而T组患者则变化不大,两组间的差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。④结论七氟醚吸入复合舒芬太尼靶控输注的方式对诱导期应激反应的抑制优于七氟醚吸入复合单次静滴舒芬太尼这一方式,更适合老年患者的全麻诱导。     

舒芬太尼复合靶控输注丙泊酚静脉诱导对腹腔镜胆囊切除术老年患者血流动力学的影响

目的评价不同剂量舒芬太尼复舍靶控输注丙泊酚静脉诱导对腹腔镜胆囊切除术老年患者血流动力学的影响。探讨复合丙泊酚时舒芬太尼的适合麻醉剂量。方法拟行全麻的腹腔镜胆囊切除术老年患者100例,根据舒芬太尼不同麻醉诱导剂量随机分为S1、S2、S3、S4 4组,每组25例。麻醉诱导：静脉注射咪达唑仑0．03mg／kg,靶控输注异丙酚。血浆靶浓度设为2．0μg／ml,当丙泊酚达设定靶浓度时,各组经30s分别静脉注射舒芬太尼0．5、0．6、0．7、0．8μg／kg,4组均静脉注射维库溴铵0．1mg／kg,2min后行气管插管。记录麻醉诱导前（T0）、丙泊酚血浆靶浓度2．0μg/ml时（T1）、静脉注射舒芬太尼后1min（T2）、气管插管前（T3）、气管插管后即刻（T4）、1min（T5）、3min（T6）、5min（T7）的SP、DP、MAP和HR。记录心血管不良事件的发生情况。结果要S1、S2、S3、S4组丙泊酚的EC50及其95％可信区间分别为2．05（1．98～2．21）、1．97（1．88—2．16）、1．65（1．52～1．85）及1．58（1．45～1．68）μg／ml。与S1和S2组比较,S3和S4组丙泊酚的EC50降低（P〈0．05）。T1-3、T4时S3组和S4组低血压的发生率较S1和S2组升高（P〈0．05）,T5—7时S3组和S4组心动过缓的发生率较S1和S2组升高（P〈0．05）。T4时S1-4组心动过速和高血压的发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论舒芬太尼0．5-0．6μg／kg复合靶控输注（血浆靶浓度2．0μg／ml）丙泊酚行腹腔镜胆囊切除术老年患者麻醉诱导时血流动力学平稳,是复合丙泊酚时舒芬太尼适宜的麻醉诱导剂量。     

不同舒芬太尼效应室浓度联合舒芬太尼术后镇痛的效果比较

目的比较舒芬太尼靶控输注时不同效应室浓度联合舒芬太尼术后静脉自控镇痛的效果。方法选择拟行开胸手术的患者150例,随机分为3组。所有患者均使用丙泊酚和舒芬太尼靶控输注行全凭静脉麻醉。术毕均使用舒芬太尼行静脉自控镇痛。I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别选择舒芬太尼效应室浓度为0．10ng／mL、0．12ng／mL、0．15ng／mL时使用镇痛泵。监测并记录麻醉诱导前（T0）、手术开始30min后（T1）、手术结束时（T2）、拔除气管导管后5min（T3）及术后60min（T4）的心率、平均动脉压。记录苏醒时间、自主呼吸恢复时间及拔管时间。评价拔除气管导管后5min（T3）及术后60min（T4）的视觉模拟疼痛评分、Ramsay镇静评分。记录术后60min内患者自控镇痛按压次数及嗜睡、呼吸抑制、烦躁等不良反应发生率。结果I组在T3、T4时点HR、MAP明显高于Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）。Ⅲ组的自主呼吸恢复时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间较I组、Ⅱ组延长（P〈0．05）。Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组拔除气管导管后5min及术后60min的视觉模拟（vas）疼痛评分优于I组（P〈0．05）。II组拔除气管导管后5min及术后60min的Ramsay镇静评分优于I组、Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）。11组、Ⅲ组患者术后60min内自控镇痛按压次数低于I组（P〈0．05）。11组术后60min内嗜睡、呼吸抑制（呼吸〈8次/min）、烦躁等不良反应发生率低于I组、Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）。结论舒芬太尼效应室靶浓度为0．12ng／mL时行舒芬太尼患者静脉自控术后镇痛最安全有效,不良反应最少。     

不同剂量舒芬太尼在全麻诱导中对异丙酚TCI效应室浓度的影响

目的：研究不同剂量舒芬太尼在全麻诱导中对异丙酚TCI效应室浓度的影响。结果：45例年龄27岁-68岁,ASA（Ⅰ-Ⅱ）级择期行腹部手术的病人,随机分为三组：Ⅰ组（n=15）麻醉诱导时加用为芬太尼,Ⅱ组（n=15）则加用小剂量舒芬太尼（O．31μ／kg）;Ⅲ组（n=15）加用大剂量舒芬太尼（0．45μ／kg）。记录麻醉前（T0）、插管前即刻（T1）、插管后1min（T2）、3minB）、5min（T4）、10min（T5）各时点的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）及异丙酚效应室浓度（Ce）。同时记录脑电双频指数（BIS值）。结果：MAP在T2、T3、T4时点Ⅲ组较其它二组低（P〈0．05）;心率在T2、T3时点Ⅱ组明显高于Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）;异丙酚Ce在T2、T3、T4、T5时点Ⅲ组低于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组（P〈0．05或0．01）,而Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组间差别无统计学意义。结论：诱导用量为0.45μ／kg的舒芬太尼在腹部手术全麻诱导过程中不仅能保持稳定的血流动力学（MAP和HR）,而且能降低异丙酚效应室浓度。     

舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼对全麻诱导期应激反应的对比研究

目的探讨舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼对患者全麻诱导期血流动力学和应激反应的影响。方法76例择期全麻手术患者分为瑞芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组,记录入室后静卧5rain（T）、插管前即刻（T0）、插管后1min（T1）、插管后3min（T2）和插管后5min（T3）各时间点MAP和HR,同时测定NE和E水平。结果与T比较,T0时两组患者MAP和HR显著下降（P〈0．05）,从T1到T3瑞芬太尼组持续下降;T1、T3时,舒芬太尼组MAP和HR高于瑞芬太尼组（P〈0．05）：瑞芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组各时间点NE和E比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼抑制气管插管时应激反应效果均较好,舒芬太尼更有利于维持血流动力学稳定。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.