慢性乙肝患者拉米夫定耐药后出现肝功能衰竭的危险因素

 【目的】探讨慢性乙型肝炎患者拉米夫定耐药后出现肝功能衰竭的危险因素。【方法】拉米夫定耐药后导致病情加重的慢性乙型肝炎患者56例纳入研究．记录拉米夫定治疗前病程、诊断、拉米夫定疗程，检测并记录临床耐药时的肝功能、乙肝两对半、HBVDNA定量、YMDD变异及前C区变异。按病情加重后的诊断分为肝功能衰竭组和慢性乙型肝炎组进行比较。【结果】肝功能衰竭组患者年龄（45±13）岁，大于慢性乙型肝炎组（37±131岁（P〈0．05）；肝功能衰竭组临床耐药时HBV DNA载量高于慢性乙型肝炎组[（2．8×10^8＋4．9×10^8）拷贝／mL vs（3．1×10^6±2．9×10^6）拷贝／mL；P〈0．05]；肝功能衰竭组出现HBeAg／Anti—HBe血清学转换（54．6％）高于慢性乙型肝炎组（18．4％，P〈0．05）。年龄和拉米夫定治疗前诊断为肝硬化都是耐药后出现肝功能衰竭的独立危险因素。【结论】拉米夫定治疗前年龄大、诊断为肝硬化，临床耐药时病毒载量高，耐药后出现HBeAg／Anti—HBe血清学转换可能是拉米夫定治疗耐药后出现肝功能衰竭的危险因素。有肝硬化基础患者一旦发生耐药变异，应及时使用能治疗耐药变异的阿德福韦或恩替卡韦。     

慢性乙型重肝病人免疫与肝生化指标变化的意义

目的探讨慢性乙型重型肝炎早期、中期、晚期病人的免疫和肝生化指标变化与预后的关系。方法检测120例慢性重型肝炎病人（早期60例,中期40例,晚期20例）和120例慢性乙型肝炎病人的T细胞亚群、HBV DNA载量、免疫学及肝功能指标,并总结分析其临床意义。结果晚期慢性乙型重型肝炎病人细胞免疫状态最差,与慢性乙型肝炎病人相比差异显著,NK细胞分别为（7．47±4．19）％vs（13．29±4．68）％,P〈0．05;CD4／CD8比值为（0．39±0．16）vs（1．12±0．26）,P〈0．05;CD3^＋（73．11±13．16）％vs（56．12±9．54）％;P〈0．05;CD8^＋（56．74±13．91）％vs（34．26±10．58）％,P〈0．05;晚期慢性乙型重型肝炎的肝功能损害与慢性乙型肝炎相比同样有显著性差异：白蛋白分别为（20．82±3．46）g／L vs（43．11±5．74）g／L,P〈0．05;血清总胆红质（TB）（519．42±156．18）μmol／Lvs（25．91±17．38）μmol／L,P〈0．05;凝血酶元活动度（PTA）（15．21±6．38）％vs（92．45±10．56）％,P〈0．05。结论慢性乙型重型肝炎晚期病人的CD4／CD8、NK细胞显著下降,病人淋巴细胞亚群的失衡可加重肝脏的损伤。     

慢性乙肝患者停用拉米夫定后出现肝功能衰竭的危险因素

[目的]研究慢性乙型病毒性肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,慢性乙型肝炎)患者停用拉米夫定后出现肝功能衰竭的危险因素.[方法]停用拉米夫定治疗后复发的慢性乙型肝炎患者71例纳入研究,记录治疗前病程、诊断、拉米夫定疗程,用拉米夫定前、停用时和复发后的生化指标、免疫学指标、病毒学指标及YMDD变异、前C区变异,按复发后的诊断分为肝功能衰竭组和慢性乙型肝炎组进行比较.[结果]肝功能衰竭组患者中位年龄38.0岁,大于慢性乙型肝炎组31.5岁(Z=3.49,P＜0.01);年龄(Wald=10.13,P＜0.05)和拉米夫定治疗前诊断为失代偿性肝硬化(Wald=7.61,P＜0.05)都是停药反跳后出现肝功能衰竭的独立危险因素.肝功能衰竭组服拉米夫定前总胆红素异常患者20.0%(x=16.50,P＜0.01),停拉米夫定后未随访者86.7%(x2=17.57,P＜0.01),停拉米夫定时未出现Anti-HBe阳转者85.2%(x2=8.04,P＜0.01),复发时HBV DNA载量3.0×108±4.8×108(Z=4.46,P＜0.01),前C区联合YMDD变异者56.0%(x=11.69,P＜0.01),均高于慢性乙型肝炎组.[结论]拉米夫定治疗前年龄大、总胆红素异常、诊断为失代偿性肝硬化,停药时未发生Anti-HBe阳转,停药后无随访,复发时HBV DNA载量超过1×108拷贝/mL、出现前C区联合YMDD变异可能是停拉米夫定后出现肝功能衰竭的危险因素.     

羟基脲加不同干扰素治疗原发性血小板增多症的临床疗效

目的：观察羟基脲加不同干扰素治疗原发性血小板增多症（PT）的临床疗效。方法：将29例阴患者分为单用化疗组、α干扰素组、γ干扰素组，每组均包括有临床症状组及无临床症状组。结果：有临床症状组的患者发病时外周血血小板计数明显高于无临床症状组（P〈0．01），三组治疗前后血小板计数分别为（1063．00±576．50）×10^9/L vs（754．50±459．43）×10^9／L，（1176．00±345．60）×10^9／L VS（464．81±238．02）×10^9／L和（1135．00±272．70）×10^9／L VS（438．64±148．87）×10^9／L，总有效率分别为70％、80．0％和100％（P〈0．01）。对α干扰素无效的2例患者改用γ干扰素，结果 1例缓解，1例进步。结论：对于阴患者，α干扰素组与γ干扰素组疗效优于单用化疗组；对于α干扰素疗效欠佳的患者可以考虑改用γ干扰素，可能有效。     

骨形态发生蛋白-4对人始基卵泡的作用

【目的】观察骨形态发生蛋白-4（BMP-4）对人卵巢组织体外培养中始基卵泡存活和生长发育的影响。【方法】34例卵巢组织切成2mm×2mm×1mm皮质片，每例标本的皮质片均随机分成3组：研究组（BMP-4组）、对照组和非培养组，培养15d后行组织学检查、雌孕激素测定和凋亡分析。【结果】培养结束后对照组和研究组始基卵泡比例分别为58％±35％和48％±40％，低于非培养组（91％±9％），P〈0．05；窦前卵泡比例分别为52％±40％和42％±35％，高于非培养组（9％±9％），P〈0．05。研究组间质细胞凋亡指数和培养液孕激素浓度分别为（0．16±0．08）μg／L和（3．6±2．0）μg／L，低于对照组，对照组分别为（0．41±0．16）μg／L和（6±4）μg／L（P〈0．05）。【结论】BMP-4可以促进始基卵泡向窦前卵泡转化，降低细胞凋亡率，抑制孕激素分泌，是卵泡生长发育过程中的促进因子。     

标准桃金娘油对慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠气道炎症的影响

[目的]研究标准桃金娘油对慢性阻塞肺疾病（COPD）大鼠模型气道炎症的影响。[方法]24只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：①对照组：不加任何干预;②COPD组：吸烟14支／次×2次／d×6d／周×12周;③标准桃金娘油组：吸烟情况同COPD组,每日吸烟前给予标准桃金娘油灌胃治疗至第12周末。12周后测定肺功能;行支气管肺泡灌洗计数白细胞;用ELISA法测定肺部TNF—α、IL-6的含量;用HE染色评估肺部病理改变;用免疫组化法测定气道上皮ICAM-1的表达。[结果]①COPD组和标准桃金娘油组大鼠出现明显肺气肿病理改变和气流阻塞。②BALF细胞总数及中性粒细胞数结果：正常对照组分别为（1．30±0．10）×10^7／L与（0．09±0．04）×10^7／L,COPD模型组分别为（1．99±0．94）×10^7／L与（0．27±0．13）×10^7／L,P均〈0．05;标准桃金娘油组为（1．71±0．97）×10^7／L与（0．15±0．05）×10^7／L,较COPD模型组减少（P均〈0．05）。③支气管上皮ICAM—1表达及肺组织内TNF—α、IL-6表达：COPD模型组分别为6．99±0．81,（860．82±53．62）pg／mL,（689．01±49．05）pg／mL,较对照组[分别为4．22±0．74,（159．08±46．65）pg／mL,（411．5±26．60）pg／mL]增高（P均〈0．05）;标准桃金娘油组表达分别为5．04±0．88,（668．36±31．07）pg／mL,（589．64-4-19．03）ps／mL,较COPD组降低（P均〈0．05）。④COPD组BALF中性粒细胞数与支气管上皮ICAM-1表达强度呈正相关（r=0．571,P〈0．05）,也与肺组织中TNF-α、IL-6含量呈显著正相关（r=0．623、0．691,P均〈0．05）。[结论]吸烟可增加大鼠气道炎症反应,标准桃金娘油能改善由吸烟导致的气道炎症。     

EDTA抗凝剂所致假性血小板减少症的临床观察

【目的】探讨乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）抗凝剂所致假性血小板减少症（EDTA—PTCP）的临床特点及原因分析。【方法】回顾性分析我院1999—2007年间10例EDTA抗凝剂所致假性血小板减少症的患者经不同抗凝剂仪器检测、手工法计算血小板数及血涂片瑞-姬氏染色法观察血小板形态的情况，探讨假性血小板减少的原因。[结果]EDTA抗凝剂仪器测出血小板数为（18．7±10）×10^9/L，换用枸橼酸钠法、手工法检测血小板数分别为（165．1±42）×10^9／L、（186．8±52．0）×10^9／L，与EDTA抗凝法比较，P均〈0．01，中位误诊时间为21d（7～30d），基础疾病分别颅咽管瘤1例、鼻咽癌1例、慢性肾炎尿毒症期2例、乙型肝炎1例、冠心病1例、上呼吸道感染1例、子宫肌瘤1例、高血压病1例、健康体检1例．基础疾病与假性血小板减少程度的无关系。【结论】EDTA抗凝剂所致假性血小板减少症发病率较低，极易误诊，对于临床上无出血倾向的血小板减少的患者应注意排除EDTA—PTCP的可能。     

冠心病患者妊娠相关血浆蛋白A含量与血管内皮功能关系探讨

【目的】探讨冠心病患者血循环妊娠相关血浆蛋白A（PAPP—A）水平与内皮功能的关系。【方法】64例冠心病患者，其中稳定型心绞痛组34例，急性冠脉综合征组30例，分别检测其相关内皮功能，包括肱动脉血流介导的血管舒张反应（FMD）和高敏C-反应蛋白（hs—CRP）、内皮素（ET）、一氧化氮（NO）水平，并用酶联免疫法检测血清PAPP—A。【结果】稳定型心绞痛组患者同急性冠脉综合征组相比PAPP—A[（6×10^-3±5×10^-1U／L与（19×10^-3±13×10^-3）U／L，P〈0．05]、hs-CRP[（0．5±0．3）mg／L与（3．6±2．2）mg／L，P〈0．01]、NO[（57±4）μmol／L与（45±5）μmol／L，P〈0．05]和FMD（6．0％±0．8％与3-3％±1．2％，P〈0．05）的差异有统计学意义。逐步选择多重回归分析，按α=0．10水准，发现PAPP—A与hs—CRP和FMD存在直线关系，Lnhs—CRP的偏相关系数为0．333（95％置信区间：0．138-0．527，P〈0．01），FMD的偏相关系数为-0．623（95％CI：-1．144—0．102，P〈0．051，其中常数项为5．570。高PAPP—A（〉11．094×10^-3U／L）患者hs—CRP明显增高[（5．3±4．2）mg／L与（1．3±0．6）mg／L，P〈0．01），FMD则降低（3.3％±2．4％与6．2％±3．6％，P〈0．05）。【结论】PAPP-A可作为间接评估冠心病患者血管内皮功能的指标之一。     

HBV基因型与阿德福韦酯治疗的病毒学应答

【目的】评价阿德福韦酯治疗慢性乙型肝炎的疗效，研究HBV基因型与阿德福韦酯治疗后病毒学应答的关系。【方法】56例血清HBVDNA载量≥106拷贝／mL并符合其他入选标准、不符合排除标准的慢性乙型肝炎患者进入此研究。头12周随机分为阿德福韦酯治疗组和安慰剂治疗组，比较12周时两组HBVDNA水平差异。12周后所有患者使用阿德福韦酯治疗，所有患者接受阿德福韦酯治疗40周，比较40周治疗后和基线相比HBVDNA载量的变化、ALT复常率及HBeAg血清转换率。HBVDNA载量检测采用实时定量PCR法，HBV基因型采用线性探针分析法（INN0.—LiPA）检测。【结果】12周双盲治疗结束时，阿德福韦酯组和安慰剂组的HBVDNA载量较基线分别下降3．1±1．4log拷贝／mL和0.．3±1．1log拷贝／mL。所有患者治疗40周后，HBVDNA载量平均下降3．6＋1．2log拷贝／mL，71％（40／56）的患者ALT复常，20％（9／46）基线HBeAg阳性患者发生HBeAg血清转换，29％（16／56）出现完全应答。52例进行了HBV基因型检测，28（54％）为B型，24（46％）例为C型，未检测到其他基因型。两种基因型患者基线HBVDNA载量、ALT水平及HBeAg状态无明显统计学差异。阿德福韦酯治疗40周后，两组基因型患者HBVDNA载量、ALT复常率及HBeAg血清转换率无统计学差异。【结论】阿德福韦酯能明显抑制HBV复制，促进ALT复常和HBeAg血清转换。阿德福韦酯抑制HBV疗效与感染HBV基因型B型或C型无关。     

改变组织醛固酮及其受体表达对SHR大鼠肾脏纤维化的影响

【目的】观察改变肾组织醛固酮及其受体水平对自发性高血压大鼠肾脏纤维化的影响。【方法】8周龄的雄性自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）24只及同源正常京都大鼠（WKY）8只，SHR分为贝那普利干预组[30ing／（kg·d）]、大剂量安体舒通干预组[100mg／（kg·d）]和高血压模型对照组，同时设同源的正常对照组，干预时间为8周，检测收缩压、尿蛋白、血白蛋白、尿素氮、肌酐、肾组织醛固酮受体、TGF-β1的mRNA和蛋白表达。【结果】贝那普利能下调组织醛固酮【（15．8±2．6）vs（22．2±0．6）pg／mg]及其受体水平【（15±4）vs（13±5）PU]并减轻肾脏纤维化[（17．0±1．8）vs（20．0±2．3）PU]，均为P〈0．05；大剂量安体舒通能上调组织醛固酮[（24．3±4．6）vs（22．2±0．6）pg／mg]及其受体水平[（16±6）vs（13±5）PU]并加重肾脏纤维化[（22．6±3．0）vs（20．0±2．3）PU]，均为P〈0．05。【结论】肾组织醛固酮及其受体水平的改变可能影响高血压肾脏纤维化的过程。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.