腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管的处理体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（laparoscopic cholecystectomy，Lc）中胆囊管的处理方法。方法1997年1月-2005年12月，我院行3100例LC，对不同类型的胆囊管分别采取不同的处理方法：常规中号钛夹处理胆囊管2387例（77．0％），大号钛夹法93例（3．0％），可吸收夹法62例（2．0％），丝线结扎法155例（5．0％），阶梯钛夹法217例（7．0％），圈套器处理法184例（5．9％），因局部炎症较重未找到胆囊管者实施特殊处理2例（0．1％）。结果术后发生胆囊管胆汁漏4例（0．1％），留置腹腔引流管引流，辅以内镜逆行胰胆管造影，分别行鼻胆管引流及内支架引流3周后胆管造影，未见胆汁明显外溢及胆管扩张后拔出引流管，全部患者治愈。结论LC中根据不同胆囊管类型，采取个体化处理方案可减少胆管损伤、胆汁漏等并发症，提高手术成功率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管结石的处理体会

腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中胆囊管结石的发生率逐年上升,且为手术困难原因之一,处理不当易导致胆瘘、胆道狭窄、黄疸及胰腺炎等术后并发症。我院2005年5月—2010年6月共完成LC手术827例,其中合并胆囊管结石63例,总结报道如下。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管的处理体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆囊管残端处理的经验。方法:回顾分析2010年3月至2015年3月为1 568例患者行LC的临床资料,其中术后胆囊管残端形成结石15例,9例为急性胆囊炎发作期手术,6例为胆囊管解剖变异。结果:4例在腹腔镜下完成手术,11例中转开腹。患者术后上腹部隐痛不适、肩胛间区疼痛、食欲不振等症状均缓解,术后无胆漏、胆道狭窄等并发症发生,术后随访3个月~4年,彩超及MRCP提示均未见胆囊管结石或胆总管结石。结论:LC术中处理胆囊管时胆囊管残端应尽量短,最好做到与胆总管切线位,以预防术中胆囊管残端残余结石及术后残端再发结石。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管结石的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中胆囊管残株结石的预防方法。方法 2006年8月~2009年8月LC术中对25例胆囊管结石采用全面显露胆囊管并对其进行刮推、钳夹、切开、冲洗、造影等方法取石。结果 1例术后发现胆囊管残端有黄染,放腹腔引流2d后拔管;1例造影时发现在汇合部有一结石残渣用水冲出。无结石挤入胆总管病例。25例胆囊管结石全部取净。25例随访6~36个月,平均27.4月,未发现胆囊管株残结石的发生。结论对胆囊管认真解剖和探查,恰当的操作可有效预防胆囊管残株结石的发生。     

胆囊管结扎夹闭法在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中处理粗大胆囊管的应用体会(附104例报告)

目的探讨胆囊管结扎夹闭技术在腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)中处理粗大胆囊管的应用价值。方法 2007年6月～2010年12月,104例LC术中发现粗大胆囊管(直径>0.8 cm),先用丝线结扎使之变细,再用钛夹完全夹闭处理。结果 104例术中胆囊管直径0.8～1.2 cm,手术均获成功,无中转开腹。手术时间40～150 min,平均95 min。无出血、胆漏和腹腔感染等并发症。84例随访3个月～3年,平均1.7年,无腹痛、黄疸及发热等症状。结论对粗大胆囊管先结扎后夹闭的处理方法安全,可靠,成本低廉,特别适合于经济条件相对较差的基层医院应用。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管未处理23例临床体会

我院自1998年3月至今开展LC1500例,其中胆囊管未处理23例,现报告如下。 1临床资料 1．1一般资料 本组23例,男8例,女15例,年龄15～80岁。胆囊颈结石嵌顿14例,胆囊萎缩5例,胆囊积脓4例。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中增粗胆囊管处理方法的探讨

目的：探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管增粗的处理方法.方法：自2002年11月至2004年10月,对27例胆囊管增粗患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,其中胆囊管直径0.4～0.6cm 16例,0.6～0.8cm 6例,＞0.8cm 5例.在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中采用阶梯施夹法2例、大号钛夹法10例、胆囊管结扎后施夹法10例、胆囊管结扎法5例等4种方法处理胆囊管,常规放置腹腔引流管.结果：27例无并发症发生,均痊愈出院.结论：在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应采用个体化的方法处理增粗胆囊管.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管变异的认识与处理

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中认识与处理胆囊管变异的方法与手术技巧。方法:回顾分析2010年8月至2012年8月腹腔镜胆囊切除术中发现的57例胆囊管变异患者的临床资料。术中采用分离胆囊壶腹、保持胆囊三角区空虚,明确进入胆囊唯一管道的方法辨认与切断胆囊管。结果:57例均顺利完成手术,无一例中转开腹。手术时间35⁹0 min,平均(54.01±13.87)min;术中出血量590 min,平均(54.01±13.87)min;术中出血量5⁸0 ml,平均(31.75±15.30)ml;无一例因解剖不清导致胆管损伤。术后发生胆漏1例,系胆囊管囊性扩张钛夹夹闭不全所致,术后引流1周痊愈。术后住院280 ml,平均(31.75±15.30)ml;无一例因解剖不清导致胆管损伤。术后发生胆漏1例,系胆囊管囊性扩张钛夹夹闭不全所致,术后引流1周痊愈。术后住院2⁹ d,平均(4.82±1.39)d。随访19 d,平均(4.82±1.39)d。随访1⁶个月,无并发症发生。结论:应时刻牢记胆囊管变异的可能性,术中采用分离胆囊壶腹、保持胆囊三角区空虚的原则,可有效辨认胆囊管异常结构,从而避免胆管损伤。     

腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术中胆囊管残端的处理

目的:对比分析腹腔镜胆囊大部切除术(laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy,LSC)中胆囊管残端关闭处理和开放处理的效果。方法:回顾分析2001年4月至2009年12月为87例患者施行LSC的临床资料,其中胆囊管残端关闭处理(A组)36例,残端开放处理(B组)51例。结果:所有病例均在腹腔镜下完成手术,无胆管损伤等严重并发症发生。A组术后4例发生胆囊管残留综合征(cholecystic duct remnant syndrome,CDRS),均接受再次开腹手术治愈;B组术后8例轻微胆漏,均自行愈合,无CDRS发生。结论:LSC适于困难条件下的胆囊切除;关闭胆囊管残端有可能导致CDRS,适时选择开放残端安全可行,可减少CDRS的发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中如何避免胆囊管结石残留的体会

目的探讨LC术中胆囊管结石的诊断、处理方法及术后并发症的预防。方法回顾性分析我院1999年6月～2006年12月间行LC的1522例中合并胆囊管结石81例的临床资料。结果本组除1例中转开腹外,余者均顺利完成手术。本组术后未发生胆漏。术后2～4d后拔除腹腔引流管,2～6周后拔除T管。随访2月～2年,病人恢复满意。结论胆囊管结石在LC术中越来越多见,术前和术中处理是重要的预防措施,挤压法是基本处理方法。必要时,行术中胆道镜和胆道造影检查能提高手术成功率。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中特殊类型胆囊管的处理

目的介绍腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)术中对某些特殊类型胆囊管的处理方法。方法本组12000例LC中约5％的胆囊管具有特殊解剖或病变解剖形状，对其腹腔镜下的处理技术及结果进行了回顾性分析。结果2例因直径过细而漏夹闭或直径过粗而夹闭不全的胆囊管术后出现胆汁漏，1例因胆囊管电热损伤，于术后第9天发生胆汁性腹膜炎。其余病人均获得一期恢复。结论LC术中宜根据这类特殊胆囊管的具体病变和解剖，针对性地采用不同的处理措施来避免常规方法可能带来的诸如胆囊管残端漏、肝外胆管损伤、胆囊管残留结石等并发症。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术时胆囊管嵌顿结石的处理

目的　总结腹腔胆囊切除术 (LC)时处理胆囊管结石嵌顿的经验。　方法　 1997年 7月～ 2 0 0 1年 6月 ,5 8例胆囊管结石嵌顿。先行胆囊管切开取石而后术中胆道造影 ,如发现胆总管结石则联合内镜切石或中转开腹。　结果　 5 8例均取石成功。 5 1例行单纯LC。术中胆道造影示胆总管结石 7例 ,5例行LC术中联合内镜下括约肌切开取石 ,2例中转开腹行胆总管切开取石联合T管引流。无严重并发症发生。　结论　几乎所有胆囊管结石嵌顿都可用胆囊管切开取石的方法完成LC ,并结合术中胆道造影 ,如发现胆总管结石可联合内镜括约肌切开取石。     

The significance of cystic duct stones encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background: Cystic duct stones (CDS) are occasionally encountered during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). They may be noticed during the dissection of the cystic pedicle or seen to extrude from the cystic duct (CD) when it is divided or opened to perform the intraoperative cholangiogram (IOC). The procedures for dealing with CDS range from the simple removal of stones that fall out when the duct is opened to incising the duct over an impacted stone to facilitate its removal or converting to open surgery due to a large stone in a CD adherent to the bile duct (e.g., Mirizzi syndrome). Therefore, we set out to establish criteria that might be predictive of CDS, to examine the technical problems caused by them, to look for the most effective ways of avoiding adverse consequences, especially the risk of missing bile duct stones. Methods: We performed a review and analysis of a database that included preoperative, operative, and postoperative data for all patients treated at our hospital who were found to have CDS. Results: In a series of 520 LC performed over a period of 5 years, 64 cases of CDS were documented (12.3%). The preoperative risk factors in 45 of these cases (70.3%) were recent sever acute pain with or without liver function test (LFT) derangement (34.3%), jaundice (14%), pancreatitis (14%), and previous acute cholecystitis (7.8%). At operation, a single stone was found in the CD in 64% of the cases; multiple stones were found in 36%. Dissection of the pedicle was difficult in 21 cases and had to be carried out fundus-first in four cases. The CD was reported to be wide in 18 cases; five of them eventually needed to be closed with endoloops. Operative difficulty was reported in three of 19 cases where there were no preoperative risk factors. Simple removal of the stones was possible in most cases. CDS needed be crushed, the CD incised, or the procedure converted to open in only five cases (7.8%). IOC was attempted in all cases; it was normal in 39 (61%) and failed in two cases (3%). Eighteen patients (28%) were found to have bile duct stones; another five (7.8%) had CBD dilation or debris indicating possible recent passage of stones. Fourteen transcystic and nine direct bile duct explorations were performed. Conclusion: Some CDS may slip from the gallbladder into the CD or the CBD during dissection. Careful retraction and manipulation should therefore be done to minimize this risk. Most CDS are easy to deal with, but some of them can result in increased operative difficulty. If IOC is not carried out on a routine basis, it becomes mandatory if CDS are encountered because \leq35% of them may be associated with bile duct stones. apd: 13 March 2001     

Absorbable clips for cystic duct ligation in laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Background The efficacy and applicability of an absorbable polydioxanone (PDS) clip for cystic duct ligation were evaluated in 297 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods The indications for cholecystectomy were symptomatic gallstones (179 patients), acute cholecystitis (67), biliary pancreatitis (23), acute cholangitis (24), and gallbladder polyp (4). Results Twenty-five patients required conversion to open surgery (8.4%). The conversion rate was 2.7% for uncomplicated and 17.5% for complicated gallbladder diseases. Of the 272 patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the cystic ducts were successfully ligated with PDS clips in 227 patients (83.5%). The success rate was higher in uncomplicated (163/178) than in complicated (64/94) gallbladder diseases (chi square = 24.6,P < 0.001). There was no clip-related complication on follow-up (range 0.4–39.2, median 17.5 months). In 45 patients, PDS clip failed. They were treated with endoloop (14 patients), Roeder slip knot (13), metallic clips and endoloop (8), metallic clips alone (6), and intracorporeal tie (4). Conclusions The PDS clip is effective and applicable to the majority of patients. It should be attempted first because of the ease of application. This study is not supported by any grant.     

胆囊管缝扎法在困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术的应用(附36例报告)

目的探讨"困难胆囊"行腹腔镜胆囊切除术中采用胆囊管缝扎法的安全性及有效性。方法回顾性分析我院自2014年12月至2015年12月收治的困难腹腔镜胆囊切除术使用胆囊管缝扎法处理的36例病人资料,其中急性化脓性胆囊炎伴胆囊周围严重粘连17例,胆囊管结石10例,短胆囊管4例,粗胆囊管4例,Mirizzi综合征1例。结果采用胆囊管缝扎法处理36例均成功施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,无中转开腹。平均手术时间为(65±25)min,平均住院时间为(6.5±2.0)d,均痊愈出院。无胆管损伤、胆瘘、胃肠道损伤等并发症出现。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术中采用胆囊管缝扎法在处理"困难胆囊"时,具有更安全有效的作用。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的诊治体会(附22例报告)

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中胆管损伤的预防和处理。方法 回顾性分析LC胆管损伤22例的特点、诊断、治疗及效果。结果 本组22例均行胆管空肠Roux—en—Y吻合，其中8例行肝门部胆管成形术，3例行中肝叶切除。22例于术后1年、3年随访未出现胆管狭窄、黄疽复发及胆管炎症状。结论 预防胆管损伤是关键，其处理应根据发现时间、部位、类型等选择不同的方法。     

Bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Summary A retrospective review and analysis of patients referred to the Division of Gastroenterology and the Section of Gastrointestinal Surgery with common bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy was undertaken in order to identify injury patterns, management, and outcome. Sixteen patients were identified over a 20-month period. Twelve patients had major common bile duct injuries and four had minor injuries (cystic duct leaks). Seventy-one percent of injuries occurred with surgeons who had done more than 13 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. Eighty-three percent of patients who had major ductal injury did not have a cholangiogram prior to the injury. Sixteen percent of patients with major common bile duct injuries had findings of acute cholecystitis and 58% of these major injuries were easy gallbladders. One-third of major injuries were recognized at operation. Two-thirds of immediate repairs failed. All cystic duct leaks were managed nonoperatively.It appears that bile duct complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy are more common in the community than is reported. Bile duct complications occur with surgeons who are experienced and inexperienced with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Common bile duct injuries, unrecognized at laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the majority of cases, usually occur with easy gallbladders. Operative cholangiography is not utilized in the majority of common bile duct injuries. When immediate repair of common bile duct injuries is undertaken, the majority are unsuccessful. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is invaluable in the diagnosis and management of bile duct complications. Cystic duct leaks may be managed successfully with endoscopic stents.Presented at the annual SAGES meeting, April 10–12, 1992, Washington, D.C.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除并胆总管探查术胆囊管入路法347例临床总结

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除并胆总管探查术中行胆囊管入路一期缝合预防胆道损伤及胆管狭窄的临床意义。方法 2009年1月至2014年4月北京军区总医院肝胆外科应用腹腔镜胆囊管入路法行胆囊切除及胆总管探查一期缝合术347例,对其临床资料进行分析。结果以胆囊管为解剖学标志,顺利显露胆囊壶腹部、胆囊管及胆总管,以胆囊管与胆总管移行区为胆总管探查入路,均成功进行了腹腔镜胆囊切除及胆总管探查术,并行胆总管一期缝合,术中未发生血管、胆管损伤,术后随访8~24月,未发现胆管狭窄。结论在腹腔镜胆囊切除及胆总管探查术中,采用胆囊管入路法,通过胆囊管与胆总管移行区行胆总管探查一期缝合术是一种安全、可行的方法,可有效避免胆道损伤及胆管狭窄的发生。     

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目的　探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆囊管增粗的处理方法。方法　自 2 0 0 1年 3月至 2 0 0 3年 5月 ,对3 1例胆囊管增粗病人行腹腔镜胆囊切除术 ,其中胆囊管直径 0 4～ 0 6cm 2 0例 ,直径 >0 6～ 0 8cm 6例 ,直径 >0 8cm 5例。在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中分别采用阶梯施夹法 (2 2例 )、大号钛夹法 (4例 )、圈套器法 (5例 )三种方法处理胆囊管 ,14例置腹腔引流管。结果　 3 0例无并发症治愈出院 ,1例术后第 2天出现胆漏 ,经内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术 (ERCP) 内镜下鼻胆管引流术 (ENBD)及腹腔引流 1个月后治愈出院。结论　在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中 ,应采用适当的方法处理胆囊管增粗