Toxicological assessment of enzyme-treated asparagus extract in rat acute and subchronic oral toxicity studies and genotoxicity tests

The safety of enzyme-treated asparagus extract (ETAS) developed as a novel anti-stress functional material was assessed in acute and subchronic studies and genotoxicity assays. In the acute oral dose toxicity study, all rats survived during the test period and ETAS did not influence clinical appearance, body weight gain and necropsy findings at a dosage of 2000 mg/kg body weight. Thus, the 50% lethal dose (LD₅₀) of ETAS was determined to be greater than 2000 mg/kg. The 90-day subchronic study (500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg body weight, delivered by gavage) in rats reported no significant adverse effects in food consumption, body weight, mortality, urinalysis, hematology, biochemistry, necropsy, organ weight and histopathology. In the micronucleus test of mice, the incidence of micronuclei in ETAS-administered groups (500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg/day, injected twice) was equivalent to that of the negative control group, while the positive control group receiving mitomycin C showed a high incidence. The potential of ETAS to induce gene mutation was tested using four Salmonella typhimurium strains and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA. The test sample was not mutagenic to the test strains. These results support the safety of ETAS as food and dietary supplement.     

Central action of cesium chloride in streptozotocin-diabetic mice

The changes in the pharmacological responses to cesium were examined in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic mice. An acute administration of cesium chloride (10 mEqCs⁺/kg IP) to non-diabetic control mice elicited increased salivation and inhibition of respiration followed by death in about half of the animals examined. These effects of cesium were diminished in STZ-diabetic mice. LD₅₀ for acute cesium was higher in STZ-diabetic mice (14.3 mEq/kg) than non-diabetic buffer controls (11.7 mEq/kg); however, subchronic administration of cesium did not decrease the LD₅₀ in STZ-diabetic mice. The sleeping time induced by pentobarbital was reduced in STZ-diabetic mice and the reduction of the pentobarbital-induced hypnosis was reversed by subchronic cesium pretreatment but not by acute cesium administration. Methamphetamine-induced mortality was increased in STZ-diabetic mice and acute administration of cesium decreased the toxicity in both control and diabetic mice. Inhibition of locomotor activity elicited by acute single injection of cesium chloride was observed in both STZ-diabetic and non-diabetic mice. These results indicate that responses to cesium as well as centrally-acting drugs are affected differentially in STZ-diabetic mice.     

影响三价葡萄糖酸锑铵毒性的因素

动物实验已经证明三价葡萄糖酸锑铵(以后简称锑铵)的毒性约为酒石酸锑钾(以后简称吐酒石)的三分之一。用等毒性的剂量治疗动物感染血吸虫病时,锑铵的疗效优于吐酒石。临床实验的报告指出,锑铵的毒性反应较吐酒石轻,而疗效则最少和吐酒石相等。可见锑铵是治疗血吸虫病很有前途的药物。一般认为很多因素能影响含锑化合物的毒性。本文报告一些可能影响锑铵毒性的因素研究。     

抗癌新药-乙双吗啉(AT-1727)的药理研究

乙双吗啉(AT-1727)是我国合成的一种抗癌新药。它是一种双内酰亚胺化合物,实验证明,乙双吗啉对小鼠肉瘤S₃₇、S₁₈₀有显著抗肿瘤作用,对ECS,HCS,脑瘤B₂₂及L₆₁₅等移植性肿瘤亦有明显抗肿瘤作用。它对S₃₇的50%抑制剂量(ID₅₀)为1.88 mg/kg(ip)及6.61 mg/kg(po)。其抗肿瘤作用与给药方案有一定关系。乙双吗啉对小白鼠毒性LD₅₀为372.8±27.mg/kg(ip)及243.8±26.1 mg/kg(po)。因此,乙双吗啉腹腔注射及口服时,对S₃₇的化疗指数分别为47.5及36.9。给健康犬肌肉注射乙双吗啉25及50 mg/kg/天,连用10天,除出现食量减少,白细胞轻度下降外,对红细胞,血小板、肝、肾功能均无明显影响。乙双吗啉对以溶血素反应为指标的体液免疫有抑制作用;对以移植物抗宿主反应为指标的细胞免疫则无抑制作用。     

补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的急性毒性和相互作用

目的 探究补骨脂素、异补骨脂素的急性毒性及两者（1∶1）混合使用后的相互作用。方法 补骨脂素（1 125、843、633、475 mg/kg）、异补骨脂素（475、404、343、292 mg/kg）以及两者1∶1的混合物（633、538、457、389、330 mg/kg）1次性ig给予小鼠,连续观察并记录14 d小鼠的毒性反应和死亡情况,用SPSS计算补骨脂素、异补骨脂素以及两者混合使用后的半数致死量（LD₅₀）,用等效线图解法判断两者的相互作用。结果 给药组小鼠均出现僵直、腹部贴地、活动力减弱,甚至抽搐、口眼周有分泌物,心率减慢直至死亡的现象,与助溶剂组比较,体质量呈降低趋势;补骨脂素LD₅₀为638.69 mg/kg,95%可信限为526.91～785.78mg/kg;异补骨脂素LD₅₀为351.72 mg/kg,95%可信限为248.17～394.57 mg/kg;两者1∶1混合给药的LD₅₀为454.66 mg/kg,95%可信限为422.58～489.59;两者合用的LD₅₀在补骨脂素和异补骨脂素相加等效线上。结论 补骨脂素和异补骨脂素大剂量给予小鼠时,引起药物急性毒性反应,1∶1混合给药具有相加作用。     

Approximate lethal dose versus median lethal dose in acute toxicity testing of pharmaceuticals

The relation between approximate lethal doses (ALD, i. e. the lowest dose at which mortality occurs) and the corresponding median lethal doses (LD₅₀) was investigated in 231 acute toxicity studies in mice and rats. The ALD values were divided into four classes (<5 mg/kg, 5–50 mg/kg, 50–500 mg/kg, 500–2000 mg/kg) and the LD₅₀/ALD factors were calculated. In intravenous studies the LD₅₀ values were higher than the ALD values by mean factors of 1.27–1.61 in mice and 1.25–2.84 in rats. In oral studies the LD₅₀ values were higher by mean factors of 1.46–2.5 in mice and 1.59–2.1 in rats. Only in 20 cases (8.7%) did the LD₅₀ values differ by factors higher than 2.     

Dietary safety of a dual-enzyme preparation for animal feed: Acute and subchronic oral toxicity and genotoxicity studies

Animal feed is routinely supplemented with exogenous enzymes to improve nutrient utilization, such as proteases to enhance protein hydrolysis in vivo and xylanases to alleviate feed related anti-nutritional factors. The present studies were conducted to evaluate the potential oral toxicity and genotoxicity of a dual-enzyme preparation, Vegpro^® concentrate (VPr-C). Acute oral toxicity studies were conducted in adult male and female Sprague-Dawley Crl CD rats and CHS Swiss ICO:OFI (IOPS Caw) mice. Thirteen week preliminary and final subchronic oral toxicity studies were conducted in male and female rats. Genotoxicity was evaluated through a bacterial reverse mutation test (Ames test), an in-vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and a mammalian micronucleus test. The LD₅₀ was >2000 mg/kg of BW in mice and rats. In the 13-week oral toxicity study, the No Observed Adverse Effects Level (NOAEL) was 1000 mg/kg BW per day for females and 300 mg/kg BW per day for males. VPr-C showed no mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium, did not induce significant chromosomal aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes, and did not increase the frequency or proportion of micronucleated immature erythrocytes in mice. There was no evidence of acute or subchronic toxicity or genotoxicity associated with the test article at these test dosages.     

马钱子的量效关系及毒性作用

制马钱子在４０～８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ范围内，对小鼠具有明显的剂量依赖性抗炎镇痛作用，小于４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ时仅有抗炎作用，大于８０ｍｇ／ｋｇ时连续用药毒性增强，还可使小鼠胸腺重量明显增加。小鼠ｐｏ ＬＤ_５０为１４０．１３±１４．７４ｍｇ／ｋｇ。提示该药用量须适宜。     

Toxicity study of Vernonia cinerea

The methanol extract of Vernonia cinerea Less (Asteraceae), which exhibited antimicrobial activity, was tested for toxicity. In an acute toxicity study using mice, the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of the extract was greater than 2000?mg/kg, and we found no pathological changes in macroscopic examination by necropsy of mice treated with extract. As well as the oral acute toxicity study, the brine shrimp lethality test was also done. Brine shrimp test LC₅₀ values were 3.87?mg/mL (6?h) and 2.72?mg/mL (24?h), exhibiting no significant toxicity result. In conclusion, the methanol extract of V. cinerea did not produce toxic effects in mice and brine shrimp.     

Cytotoxicity,acute and subchronic toxicity of ionic liquid,didecyldimethylammonium saccharinate,in rats

The aim of this study was to investigate cytotoxicity, acute and subchronic oral toxicity of an ionic liquid didecyldimethylammonium saccharinate [DDA][Sac] in rat.IC₅₀ values tested on six human cell lines varied from 1.44 μM to 5.47 μM. The compound tested was classified to the 4th toxicity class with a fixed LD₅₀ cut-off value 500 mg/kg. Organ pathology induced by [DDA][Sac] in an acute experiment included exfoliation of the surface layer of the colon and alveolar septa in lung parenchyma. In a subchronic experiment rats were administered 10, 30 and 100 mg/kg/day [DDA][Sac] for 28 days. Reduced body weight gain and slightly reduced food consumption was observed particularly in high-dose rats. Slight hematology changes were found only in mid-dose females. Statistically significant changes in clinical chemistry parameters included: increases in the ALT, SDH, ALP and GGT activities, and in glucose, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations. However, these changes did not occur in both sexes and were not dose-related with the exception of ALP in females. No treatment-related microscopic changes were observed in a subchronic experiment. Under the condition of this study the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of [DDA][Sac] was considered to be 10 mg/kg/day.     

A simple method for screening assessment of acute toxicity of chemicals

We proposed a simple method for screening assessment of acute oral and dermal toxicity using only three rats and mice of each sex at each dose level. Animals were first treated with chemicals at a dose of 2000 mg/kg and were carefully observed for compound-related morbidity and mortality. If none of the animals died, the following toxicity tests were suspended. If some of the animals died, toxicity tests at doses of 200 and 20 mg/kg were performed. The approximate LD₅₀ values calculated by this method showed little difference between two separate laboratories and were in good agreement with LD₅₀ values reported in the literature. Our toxicological data also showed that LD₅₀ values were about 2–2.5 times the MNLD (maximum non lethal dose) in acute oral and dermal toxicity. This meant that a chemical could be regarded as having an LD₅₀ of about 4000 mg/kg or higher when there was no mortality at the dose of 2000 mg/kg. A chemical with such low toxicity would not require further testing for lethal effects. Therefore, this simple method combining the fixed-dose procedure with the limit test is suitable for determination of approximate LD₅₀ values of chemicals and for screening for necessity for classical full LD₅₀ test using many animals.This work was supported by a grant from Ministry of Health and Welfare in Japan (No. 467 and 511)     

抗肿瘤药物的研究 Ⅺ.对-双(β-氯乙基)氨甲基苯丙氨酸(AT-290)的毒性及疗效

本文介绍新的氮芥衍生物AT-290 卽对-双(β-氯乙基)氨甲基苯丙氨酸二盐酸盐的毒性试验及实验治疗的结果。1.本药在小鼠腹腔注射的急性LD₅₀为4毫克/公斤,亚急性口服和腹腔注射的LD₅₀分别为11及1.6毫克/公斤,大鼠腹腔注射的亚急性LD₅₀为1毫克/公斤。2.狗毒性试验证明,AT-290 在75微克/公斤静脉注射每天1次连续10天,对狗的一般状态、体重、红、白血球数、血小板数、出血时间、凝血时间、尿及心电图检查均无明显影响;但却对淋巴细胞表现出明显抑制作用。150及300微克/公斤时,可抑制动物的骨髓机能,主要表现为白血球总数及血小板减少、出血时间延长、骨髓中幼稚细胞消失,对淋巴球的作用与75微克/公斤组同。这些情况在150微克/公斤组停药后一定时间自行恢复,而大剂量组(300微克/公斤)则动物死亡。3.本药腹腔注射时对三种小白鼠腹水型肿瘤(Ehrlich腹水癌、梭形细胞肉瘤腹水型及腹水型乳腺癌)均有明显抑制作用,可延长动物的生存时间至2倍以上,对小白鼠实体型肿瘤(淋巴白血病L-2、Ehrlich癌、Crocker肉瘤及梭形细胞肉瘤) 均无明显抑制作用。对大白鼠Jensen肉瘤及纤维肉瘤M-57疗效则很显著。     

Comparative toxicity of seventeen pesticides to the Quelea, house sparrow, and red-winged blackbird

The acute po LD₅₀ values of 17 commercial or experimental pesticides were determined for quelea (Quelea quelea), house sparrows (Passer domesticus), and red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), and the acute dermal LD₅₀ values for quelea and house sparrows. Close correlations suggested that po toxicity data for red-winged blackbirds and dermal toxicity data for house sparrows can be used as preliminary indicators of po and dermal toxicity to quelea, respectively.     

Anticoagulant activity of isolated coumarins (suberosin and suberenol) and toxicity evaluation of Ferulago carduchorum in rats

Context: Ferulago carduchorum Boiss. &; Hausskn. (Apiaceae) is known as Chavil in Persian which grows in west of Iran. Local people add Chavil to dairy and oil ghee as a natural preservative to extend the expiration date.

Objective: The goal of this survey is the safety evaluation of the total extract of F. carduchorum in rats by determining both oral acute and subchronic toxicities; furthermore, the anticoagulant activity of isolated coumarins was evaluated.

Materials and methods: The aerial parts of F. carduchorum were extracted by the percolation method. The anticoagulant activity of isolated coumarins was evaluated and the total extract was used to investigate acute and subchronic toxicity in rats. In the subchronic toxicity model, doses of 250, 500, and 1000?mg/kg of the extract were administered to treated groups for 30?consecutive days by gavage.

Results: According to the results of acute toxicity, the LD₅₀ of Chavil extract was more than 2000?mg/kg. The subchronic study showed no significant difference (p?>?0.05) between the groups treated with extract and control groups in hematological (erythrocyte, total and differential leukocyte, hematocrit, hemoglobin, platelet count) and biochemical parameter (glucose, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) evaluations. The isolated coumarins (suberosin and suberenol) prolonged the prothrombin time (PT) at doses of 3 and 6?mg/kg compared with control (p?Conclusion: In conclusion, oral administration of the Chavil extract did not cause either acute or subchronic toxicities although the coumarins showed anticoagulant effect in rats.     

Safety and toxicological evaluation of a synthetic vitamin K2, menaquinone-7

Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is part of a family of vitamin K that are essential co-factors for the enzyme γ-glutamyl carboxylase, which is involved in the activation of γ-carboxy glutamate (Gla) proteins in the body. Gla proteins are important for normal blood coagulation and normality of bones and arteries. The objective of this study was to examine the potential toxicity of synthetic MK-7 in BomTac:NMRI mice and in Sprague-Dawley rats. In an acute oral toxicity test, mice were administered a single oral dose of 2000?mg/kg body weight (limit dose) and no toxicity was observed during the 14-day observation period. In the subchronic oral toxicity test in rats, animals were administered MK-7 for 90 days by gavage at the following doses: 0 (vehicle control, corn oil), 2.5, 5, and 10?mg/kg body weight/day. All generated data, including clinical observations, ophthalmology, clinical pathology, gross necropsy, and histopathology, revealed no compound-related toxicity in rats. Any statistically significant findings in clinical pathology parameters and/or organ weights noted were considered to be within normal biological variability. Therefore, under the conditions of this experiment, the median lethal dose (LD₅₀) of MK-7 after a single oral administration in mice was determined to be greater than the limit dose level of 2000?mg/kg body weight. The no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of MK-7, when administered orally to rats for 90 days, was considered to be equal to 10?mg/kg body weight/day, the highest dose tested, based on lack of toxicity during the 90-day study period.     

Safety assessment of a solid lipid curcumin particle preparation: Acute and subchronic toxicity studies

Curcumin, a polyphenol, is obtained from turmeric, the ground rhizomes of Curcuma longa L. Extensive research over the past half century has revealed several health benefits of curcumin. The objective of the present study was to investigate potential adverse effects, if any, of a novel solid lipid curcumin particle (SLCP) preparation in rats following acute and subchronic administration. The oral LD₅₀ of the preparation in rats as well as in mice was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg body weight (bw). In the subchronic toxicity study, Wistar rats (10/sex/group) were administered via oral gavage 0 (control), 180, 360, and 720 mg/kg bw/day of SLCP preparation for 90 days. Administration of the curcumin preparation did not result in any toxicologically significant treatment-related changes in clinical (including behavioral) observations, ophthalmic examinations, body weights, body weight gains, feed consumption, and organ weights. No adverse effects of the curcumin preparation were noted on the hematology, serum chemistry parameters, and urinalysis. Terminal necropsy did not reveal any treatment-related gross or histopathology findings. Based on the results of this study, the No Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) for this standardized novel curcumin preparation was determined as 720 mg/kg bw/day, the highest dose tested.     

抗肿瘤药物的研究 ⅩⅩ.樟州水仙总碱的疗效及其毒性

本文介绍的AC-445系自樟州水仙分离的总生物碱,具有一定的抗癌作用。以20-30毫克/公斤腹腔注射对大白鼠Jensen肉瘤,小白鼠Crocker肉瘤及Ehrlich腹水癌均有明显的疗效.小白鼠腹腔注射的念性LD₅₀为182毫克/公斤,小白鼠及大白鼠的亚急性LD₅₀分别为59及23毫克/公斤.在狗的急性毒性实验中,本药在注射初期能产生呕吐,但动物很快即可耐受.本药在1,4和16毫克/公斤时可使狗周围血中的白血球总数增加,且可维持较长时间.     

Preclinical Toxicology Studies with Acyclovir: Acute and Subchronic Tests

Preclinical Toxicology Studies with Acyclovir: Acute and SubchronicTests. Tucker, W.E., Jr., Macklin, A.W., Szot, R.J., Johnston,R.E., Elion, G.B., de Miranda, P. and Szczech, G.M. (1983).Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 3:573–578. Acyclovir (ACV), a newantiherpes drug, was evaluated for toxicity in a series of acuteand subchronic toxicity tests. Oral LD₅₀ values were greaterthan 10 000 mg/kg in male ICR mice and greater than 20 000 mg/kgin male Long Evans rats. When ACV was given iv, the LD₅₀ was405 mg/kg for male mice and greater than 600 mg/kg for malerats. Additionally, LD₅₀ values for male rats treated sc were1070, 790, 678, and 650 mg/kg in rats that were respectively,3, 10, 28 and 71 days old indicating that very young rats werenot more sensitive to acute toxic effects of ACV. There wereno signs of toxicosis in CD-1 mice given ACV by gavage at doselevels of 50, 150 and 450 mg/kg/day for 1 month. Obstructivenephropathy occurred in rats given 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg/day onceeach day by rapid iv injection for 3 weeks. Both 5 and 10 mg/kg/daywere no effect dose levels. Renal damage caused by precipitationof drug crystals in renal tubules and collecting ducts in ratsgiven ACV by rapid iv injection was readily reversible within2 weeks. Beagle dogs were given doses of 10, 20, 25, 50 and100 mg/kg b.i.d. by rapid iv injection for 1 month. All 8 dogsgiven 100 mg/kg b.i.d. died by the 8th day of treatment; 5 of8 dogs given 50 mg/kg b.i.d. died after 21 to 31 days of treatment.At 50 and 100 mg/kg b.i.d. the clinical signs of toxicosis werenumerous and mainly resulted from the underlying morphologicaland functional changes associated with hypoplasia of the esophagealand gastrointestinal mucosa, lymphoid tissue, and bone marrow.At the 20 and 25 mg/kg b.i.d. dose levels the kidney was thetarget organ; the principal indications of altered renal functionwere increased water intake and hyposthenuria. The dose levelof 10 mg/kg b.i.d. was a no effect level for Beagle dogs treatediv. Thus, in subchronic experiments, the rapid iv injectionof acyclovir caused precipitation of crystals in the renal tubules,resulting in obstructive nephropathy in rats and dogs. Primarytoxicity occurred only in the dog where high doses of acyclovircaused hypoplasia of certain tissues with rapid cell turnover.     

硫辛酸对酒石酸锑钾解毒作用的研究

本文研究了国产硫辛酸对酒石酸锑钾的解毒作用.结果证明硫辛酸对酒石酸锑钾的急性及亚急性毒性均有非常显著的解毒作用.小白鼠腹腔注射酒石酸锑钾后,立即以130毫克/公斤的硫辛酸灌胃或皮下注射,可分别使酒石酸锑钾的急性LD₅₀提高1.6和1.9倍.在急性试验中,酒石酸锑钾为LD₉₅时,2-3分子硫辛酸可对抗1分子酒石酸锑钾;在亚急性试验中,酒石酸锑钾为LD₅₀时,1分子硫辛酸即可对抗1分子酒石酸锑钾.腹腔注射酒石酸锑钾LD₅₀后3小时皮下注射硫辛酸,可完全保护小白鼠免于死亡.硫辛酸性质稳定,口服吸收良好,在锑剂中毒出现症状后仍然有效,值得在临床试用.     

Safety assessment of vitacoxib: Acute and 90-day sub-chronic oral toxicity studies

Vitacoxib, is a newly developed coxibs NSAID (selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2). To date, no experimental data have been published concerning its safety for use as an additive in the human diet. In the present study, we assessed the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of vitacoxib administered by gavage. The acute toxicity tests in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats and ICR mice demonstrated that vitacoxib at a dose of 5000 mg/kg BW failed to alter any of the parameters studied. In the 90-day sub-chronic toxicity test, vitacoxib was administered to SD rats at the doses of 0 (control), 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 mg/kg BW. The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences for most indexes of sub-chronic toxicity throughout the experiment at the dose of 5–20 mg/kg BW, indicating no apparent dose-dependent. However, there were significant histopathology changes in the liver and kidney, and alterations in some biochemical parameters in the 60 mg/kg BW group. Based on these findings, the gavage LD₅₀ was determined to be > 5000 mg/kg in SD rats and ICR mice, and the 90-day gavage no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of vitacoxib was considered to be 20 mg/kg BW under the present study conditions.