Long-term outcome after laparoscopic wedge resection for early gastric cancer

Background  Laparoscopic wedge resection (LWR) can be applied for the management of early gastric cancer without the risk of lymph node metastasis. Although LWR for early gastric cancer is one of the minimally invasive procedures, its radicality in cancer therapy is controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes after LWR. Methods  Data on 43 consecutive cases of LWR performed for preoperatively diagnosed mucosal gastric cancer were analyzed retrospectively in terms of long-term outcomes. Results  No postoperative deaths occurred after LWR. Histologically, resected specimens showed submucosal invasion in 11 cases (26%) and positive surgical margins for cancer in 4 cases (9%). Three patients (7%) showed local recurrence near the staple line, and one patient (2%) died due to the local recurrence, but no lesional lymph node or distant recurrence occurred. The overall 5-year survival rate was 88%. The gastric remnant after LWR developed metachronous multiple gastric cancer in five cases (12%). Conclusions  The findings show a relatively high incidence of positive surgical margin, local recurrence, and gastric remnant cancer after LWR. Although LWR can be performed for properly selected patients, periodic postoperative endoscopic examination is necessary to detect metachronous multiple gastric cancer and local recurrences.     

Postoperative body-weight loss and survival after curative resection for gastric cancer

BACKGROUND: Body-weight loss has been reported as a poor prognostic factor for some malignancies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of postoperative body-weight loss in patients with gastric cancer. METHODS: In 564 patients who underwent curative resection for gastric cancer, usual body-weight, body-weight at the time of resection and that 6 and 12 months after resection were recorded prospectively. RESULTS: The 5-year survival rate of patients who lost more than 5 per cent of their 6-month postoperative weight by 12 months after resection was 63 per cent while that of patients who maintained 95 per cent or more of their 6-month postoperative weight was 84 per cent (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that serosal invasion, nodal metastasis, body-weight loss during the second 6-month interval after resection and extent of gastric resection were independent prognostic indicators. CONCLUSION: When a patient loses body-weight during the second 6-month interval after curative resection for gastric cancer, recurrent disease should be suspected.     

进展期胃癌根治术后早期复发的危险因素分析

目的 探讨进展期胃癌根治术后复发患者的临床资料和预后情况.方法 对进展期胃癌根治术后复发的147例患者进行回顾性研究,对复发的相关因素进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析,对预后的相关因素采用单因素Kaplan-Meier及多因素COX回归模型分析.结果 本组患者早期复发86例(距首次手术≤1年),晚期复发61例(距首次手术＞1年).两组患者的临床资料、肿瘤直径、Borrmann分型、手术方式、T分期、N分期、TNM分期之间相比差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,TNM分期和N分期是进展期胃癌术后早期复发的独立危险因素(P＜0.05).单因素分析结果 显示,胃癌术后化疗(P＜0.05)、T分期(P＜0.05)、N分期(P＜0.01)、TNM分期(P＜0.01)、复发时间(P＜0.01)和再手术(P＜0.01)是影响复发患者预后的主要因素;多因素分析结果 显示,TNM分期(P＜0.01)、复发时间(P＜0.05)和再手术(P＜0.01)是复发患者的独立预后影响因素.结论 TNM分期和N分期是进展期胃癌术后早期复发的独立危险因素.胃癌术后复发患者的预后较差,积极行再手术治疗有助于延长患者的生存时间.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of recurrent gastric cancer. Methods The clinical data of 147 patients with recurrent gastric cancer was reviewed. Risk factors correlated with tumor recurrence and recurrent intervals were studied by logistic regression analysis. Survival analyses and comparisons were performed using Kaplan-Meier plots, the log rank test and the Cox proportional hazards model. Results Patients were divided into an "early recurrence group" consisting of 86 patients (recurred within one year after surgery) and a "late recurrence group" of 61 patients (recurred one year or more after surgery). There were significant difference in size of primary tumor, Borrmann stage, type of gastrectomy, T stage, N stage, TNM stage between the two groups(P ＜0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that the TNM stage and N stage independently influenced the recurrent time ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). In univariate survival analysis, post-gastrectomy chemotherapy(P ＜0. 05) , T stage (P ＜0. 05) , N stage(P ＜0.01) , TNM stage ( P ＜ 0. 01) , recurrence-free interval (P ＜ 0. 01) and reoperation (P ＜ 0.01) were significantly correlated with the prognosis. In multivariable analysis, TNM stage(P ＜0. 01) , recurrence-free interval ( P ＜ 0. 05 ) and reoperation ( P ＜ 0. 05 ) were independent factors predicting recurrence. Conclusions The TNM stage and N stage were the important factors predicting the time of recurrence after curative resection for gastric cancer. Patients with recurrent gastric cancer have poor prognosis and reoperation was associated with an improved survival in patients with recurrent gastric cancer.     

Surgical outcomes and survival after multiorgan resection for locally advanced gastric cancer

Background

Multiple organ resection for locally advanced (assumed T4) gastric cancer is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of these surgeries with regard to surgical morbidity, mortality, and survival.

Methods

Fifty-six patients underwent potentially radical gastrectomy combined with invaded organ resection. Early and late results of multiorgan resection and clinicopathologic factors influencing these results were evaluated.

Results

Forty patients (71.4%) received 1 additional organ resection and 16 patients (28.6%) received 2 or more additional organ resections. Postoperative morbidity and mortality was 37.5% and 12.5%, respectively. Resection of 2 or more additional organs increased postoperative morbidity and advanced age increased mortality. The 1- and 3-year survival rates were 53.3% and 28.1%, respectively. Advanced age, lymph node metastasis, and resection of more than 1 additional organ were significant prognostic factors for survival.

Conclusions

For patients with locally advanced gastric carcinoma, multiple organ resection is worthwhile with careful patient selection.     

近端胃癌根治术后早期复发的危险因素分析

目的探讨近端胃癌根治术后早期复发（2年内）的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2006年5月年间天津医科大学附属肿瘤医院行根治性切除、且有完整随访资料的367例近端胃癌患者的临床资料,其中术后早期复发71例（19．3％）。通过单因素和多因素分析来明确近端胃癌术后早期复发的危险因素。结果早期复发危险因素的单因素分析结果显示．B01Tinann分型（P〈0．01）、病理类型（P〈0．01）、浸润深度（P〈0．05）和阴性淋巴结数与近端胃癌早期复发有关（P〈0．05）：多因素分析显示,病理类型（P〈0．05）、浸润深度（P〈0．05）和阴性淋巴结数（P〈0．01）是近端胃癌早期复发的独立危险因素（均P〈0．05）。早期复发患者的阴性淋巴结数为（8．4±7．2）枚,明显低于无早期复发者的（10．±8．7）枚（P〈0．05）。结论对原发肿瘤浸润深度达B以上、病理类型为腺鳞癌的近端胃癌患者,应适当扩大手术切除范围、积极行标准或扩大的淋巴结清扫．于术中或术后常规加行辅助治疗。     

Surgical local resection for early gastric cancer

In Japan, endoscopic mucosal resection remains a familiar treatment of early gastric cancers even though long-term results of surgical local resection (SLR) including a laparoscopic or open approach have been unclear. We reviewed our SLR experiences. Laparoscopic wedge resection (LWR), laparoscopic intragastric surgery (LIS), and open local resection (OLR) were performed in 11, 7, and 11 patients, respectively. Four LIS patients were converted to open surgery. Histologically, resected specimens demonstrated that larger-sized materials were obtained in OLR and LWR. Five patients overall showed submucosal invasion; 1 patient underwent reoperation (gastrectomy). Long-term results showed no primary-lesion related death; 2 patients died of other diseases. However, 2 LWR patients showed new lesions in the remnant stomach at 29 months and 7 years later. Both patients underwent subsequent gastrectomy. In conclusion, SLR is safe and curative for properly selected cancer patients. Precise preoperative diagnosis and careful remnant stomach survey is important.     

Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy best predicts survival after curative resection of gastric cancer

OBJECTIVE: In Western populations, long-term survival rates after curative resection of gastric cancer remain extremely poor. The lack of effective adjuvant therapy has prompted the evaluation of neoadjuvant approaches. Since 1988, we have conducted three separate phase II trials using neoadjuvant chemotherapy to treat patients with potentially resectable gastric cancer. The present study was conducted to evaluate whether response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is predictive of survival in patients with resectable gastric cancer. METHODS: Eighty-three patients with pathologically confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy before planned surgical resection. Response was assessed by upper gastrointestinal series, endoscopy, computed tomography scan, and pathologic examination. RESULTS: For the three phase II trials, clinical response rates ranged from 24% to 38%. Three patients (4%) had a complete pathologic response. Sixty-one patients (73%) underwent a curative resection. Median follow-up was 26 months. Univariate analysis revealed T stage, number of positive nodes, and response to chemotherapy to be significant predictors of overall survival. However, on multivariate analysis, response to chemotherapy was found to be the only independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is the single most important predictor of overall survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer. These findings support further evaluation of neoadjuvant approaches in the treatment of this disease.     

Survival after surgical treatment of early gastric cancer: surgical techniques and long-term survival

Background and aims Recent results from long-term follow-up of a large number of patients who have undergone gastric resection for early gastric cancer (EGC) have not yet been fully evaluated.Patients and methods A total of 848 patients who had undergone gastric resection for EGC (262 female, 586 male; mean age 58.0 years; range 20–86 years) were studied with respect to surgical technique, long-term survival and prognostic factors on the basis of current TNM classification.Results Death related to recurrence occurred in only eight patients (0.9%). Hematogenous metastasis to the liver or bone represented the most common pattern of recurrence, developing in six of the eight recurrences (75%). The 5-year and 10-year cancer-related survival rates were 98.6% and 94.8%, respectively. The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates were 95.2% and 85.0%, respectively. Lymph node metastasis represented an independent prognostic factor when analyzed on the basis of cancer-related survival.Conclusion The present findings indicate that long-term survival of patients who undergo gastric resection for EGC is extremely good and that lymph node metastasis represents an independent prognostic factor when analyzed according to cancer-related survival. Future developments for the treatment of EGC are expected to improve quality of life for patients after gastric resection.     

Surgical outcomes and survival after extended multiorgan resection for T4 gastric cancer

BackgroundExtended multiorgan resection (EMR) for locally advanced (T4) gastric cancer remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach with regard to morbidity, mortality, and survival.MethodsBetween 2005 and 2009, 41 patients underwent aggressive surgery for clinical T4 gastric cancer. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify prognostic factors for surgical outcomes and survival in these patients.ResultsCurative resection was performed in 29 patients (70.7%); postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were 17.1% and 4.9%, respectively. The survival rate in R0 resection patients was significantly longer than that in patients undergoing R1 or R2 resection. Multivariate analysis identified resectability and tumor size (≥10 cm) as independent prognostic factor for patients with T4 gastric cancer undergoing combined resection.ConclusionsEMR should be performed for patients with T4 gastric cancer in whom curative resection can be used.     

胃癌根治术后早期复发转移的相关因素分析

目的 探讨胃癌术后早期复发转移的相关危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2004年12月间收治的141例行胃癌根治术后复发转移患者的临床病理资料,探讨胃癌术后早期复发(≤1年,82例)的临床病理因素及其预后.结果 早期复发组与对照组(1年后复发转移,59例)的1、3年存活率分别为36.6%、2.4%和100%、45.8%,两组存活率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);早期复发组、对照组复发转移后中位生存时间分别为3、5个月,两组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).单因素分析显示年龄、肿瘤大体分型、肿瘤部位、浸润深度、淋巴结转移、TNM分期、淋巴结转移率、术式、腹腔热灌注化疗与胃癌根治术后早期复发转移的发生相关(P＜0.05);多因素分析发现淋巴结转移、淋巴结转移率及腹腔热灌注化疗是影响胃癌根治术后早期复发转移发生的独立因素(P＜0.05).结论 早期复发转移病例生存率低、复发转移术后生存时间短.淋巴结转移、淋巴结转移率及腹腔热灌注化疗是影响胃癌根治术后早期复发转移的独立危险因素.     

Laparoscopic management for local recurrence of early gastric cancer after endoscopic mucosal resection

Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is a widely accepted technique for early gastric cancer because it is minimally invasive; however, incomplete resection with subsequent cancer recurrence in the remnant remains a difficult problem. Generally, the margins of the local recurrence lesions are unclear, and second EMR is difficult to perform because of scar formation after the first EMR. We performed a laparoscopic treatment on six patients with residual lesions after EMR and reviewed the safety and efficacy of this management. Laparoscopic management consisted of two techniques: laparoscopic wedge resection with a lesion-lifting method and laparoscopic-assisted distal gastrectomy with mini-laparotomy. Cancerous lesions were completely resected with sufficient surgical margins circumferentially. Mean operative time was 171 min, mean estimated blood loss was 16.5 g, time to first walking was 1 day, duration of epidural analgesia was 2.2 days, and mean length of hospital stay was 13.5 days. There were no intra- and postoperative complications, no conversion to open surgery, and no recurrence after surgery. No patients died of gastric cancer during a median follow-up of 60.3 months (range, 38–84). Laparoscopic management for residual lesions of early gastric cancer after EMR is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive procedure by which curative resection can be expected.Part of this article was presented at the Fifth International Gastric Cancer Congress, Rome, Italy, May 2003, and also at the annual meeting of the Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), Denver, Colorado, USA, March–April 2004     

Long-term survival after a surgical resection of pulmonary metastases from gastric cancer: Report of a case

We describe a patient who survived for a prolonged period after repeated resections of pulmonary metastases from gastric cancer. A 59-year-old man underwent a distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. A right middle lobectomy and a left lower lobectomy were performed for metastases from gastric cancer at 34 months and 82 months after the initial gastric resection, respectively. The patient died of cerebral infarction 65 months after the first lung resection, with no further relapse. To our knowledge, long-term survival after resection of pulmonary metastases from gastric cancer has only been reported in 3 patients previously. We herein review the literature and discuss the role of surgery in such patients.     

Surgical resection improves survival in the treatment of early gastric lymphomas

Gastric lymphomas are a relatively rare form of malignancy and controversy about their optimum treatment still exists. To date, there have been no studies directly comparing results of medical therapy alone versus a combination of surgery plus medical therapy. We reviewed our experience in the three teaching hospitals of the University of Massachusetts Medical School to determine the role of surgery in the management of early gastric lymphoma. Statistics were evaluated by means of chi-square, log-rank, and Kaplan-Meier curve analysis where appropriate. Using tumor registry data, 39 patients were treated for early disease at our medical school from 1980 to 1998. Patients treated with surgery plus chemotherapy and radiation had a 90% 5-year survival compared to patients who received chemotherapy and radiation alone (55% 5-year survival; P < 0.01). When we compared all patients on an intention-to-treat basis (patients preoperatively thought to have early-stage disease), there was still a significant survival benefit with the addition of surgery to their management. Because this is an uncommon disease, there are no large prospective studies examining treatment. Based on our retrospective experience, surgical resection should be considered an important adjunct in the treatment of gastric lymphomas in early-stage disease. Presented at the Fortieth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Orlando, Fla., May 16–19, 1999.     

胃黄色瘤与根治幽门螺旋杆菌后早期胃癌的相关性分析

目的 通过胃黄色瘤与根治幽门螺旋杆菌后早期胃癌相关性的回顾性、单中心观察性研究,最终确定胃黄色瘤对诊断根治幽门螺旋杆菌后早期胃癌发生的预测价值。方法 选择2018~2021年在我院成功根治幽门螺旋杆菌且进行胃镜随访的病人,收集相关病例资料。所有病例。根据胃镜下检查并经病理最终证实为早期胃癌,归为病例组,其余归为对照组,分析胃黄色瘤与根治幽门螺旋杆菌后早期胃癌的相关性。结果 病例组胃黄色瘤患者比例显著高于对照组（71.1% vs. 13.9%;P < 0.05）。logistic回归分析发现,萎缩、肠上皮化生和胃黄色瘤是幽门螺旋杆菌根治后早期胃癌检测的独立预测因素。萎缩匹配对照分析也确定胃黄色瘤为独立预测因子。结论 胃黄色瘤可作为幽门螺旋杆菌根治后早期胃癌的预测指标。     

Gastroduodenostomy after gastric resection for cancer.

Gastrojejunostomy after resection for gastric cancer has been associated with a variety of complications, including bile reflux gastritis, marginal ulcers, and afferent loop syndrome. Gastroduodenostomy, although more physiologic, has not been recommended because of the fear of obstruction due to tumor recurrence. A review of 62 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent gastric resection from 1986 to 1996 was performed. Of the 62 patients, 52 (83%) underwent subtotal gastric resection and 10 (17%) underwent total gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction due to tumor location. Forty-seven (90%) of the 52 patients underwent gastroduodenostomy, and 5 (10%) of these patients underwent gastrojejunostomy due to operative findings of excessive tumor burden or the inability to create a safe tension-free anastomosis. Patients who underwent gastroduodenostomies were followed for a period of 6 months to 5 years and had a median survival of 2.5 years. Two (4.2%) of the 47 patients obstructed due to tumor recurrence at 2 and 4 years postoperatively. One patient (2%) had symptomatic bile reflux gastritis, which was treated conservatively without reoperation. There were no incidences of marginal ulcers. In conclusion, gastroduodenostomy should be considered for patients undergoing resection for gastric cancer due to its physiological benefits and acceptable rate of obstruction.     

Vascular invasion of early gastric cancer at resection line

Vascular invasion is observed in early gastric cancers (EGCs) as well as advanced gastric cancers. However, there have been no studies assessing adequate surgical margins for EGCs with reference to vascular invasion. A total of 452 EGCs were retrospectively evaluated. Vascular invasion, via lymphatics and/or venous vessels, was examined histologically. The distance from the tumor edge to infiltration was measured when cancer cells extended beyond the tumor through vessels. Vascular invasion was histologically confirmed in 41 EGCs (9.1%). Invasion was in one-fourth (40/166, 24.1%) of submucosal cancers, but in only one (1/286, 0.3%) mucosal cancer. Five EGCs (1.1%) showed infiltration beyond the tumor through the vessels and the maximum distance from the tumor edge to the most distal site of infiltration was 4 mm. In conclusion, a 2 cm surgical margin, as recommended in Japanese surgical textbooks, is adequate for EGCs with reference to vascular invasion.     

Effect of microscopic resection line disease on gastric cancer survival

To study the effect of residual microscopic resection line disease in gastric cancer, we compared 47 patients with positive margins to 572 patients who underwent RO resections using a multivariate analysis of factors affecting outcome. Although the presence of positive margins was a significant and independent predictor of outcome for the entire group (N = 619), this factor lost significance in patients who had undergone D2 or D3 lymph node dissections (N = 466). Subset analysis within the D2/D3 group determined that this finding was limited mainly to those patients with >5 positive nodes (N = 189). The survival of patients who had ≤5 positive nodes (N = 277) was significantly worsened by a microscopically involved margin. Supporting this observation, intraoperative reexcision of microscopic disease based on frozen section analysis resulted in a significant improvement in overall survival in patients with ≤5 positive nodes but not in those with >5 positive nodes. We conclude that the significance of a positive microscopic margin in gastric cancer is dependent on the extent of disease. This factor is not predictive of outcome in patients who have undergone complete gross resection and have pathologically proved advanced nodal disease. Thus the goal in these cases should be an RO resection when feasible but with the realization that the presence of ≥5 positive nodes (N2 disease according to the 1997 American Joint Committee on Cancer criteria) will mainly determine outcome and not microscopic residual cancer at the margin. Presented at the Thirty-Ninth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, New Orleans, La., May 17–20, 1998.     

MKK4 status predicts survival after resection of gastric adenocarcinoma

HYPOTHESIS: Lack of expression of the tumor-suppressor gene MKK4 is significantly correlated with poor survival after resection of gastric adenocarcinoma. DESIGN: Retrospective review of medical records after construction and immunolabeling of tissue microarrays for clinical correlation. SETTING: The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Md. PATIENTS: Patients operated on because of gastric adenocarcinoma between 1983 and 1995. Main Outcome Measure Long-term survival and MKK4 status. RESULTS: Primary tumors (N = 124) were scored as 0 (no labeling), 1+ (weak labeling), or 2+ (strong labeling) in 9 (7%), 80 (65%), and 35 (28%) patients, and 5-year survival in these patients was 0%, 21%, and 28%, respectively. Given the small size (7%) of the MKK4-negative group (as expected, given the 5%-10% incidence of genetic loss in carcinomas), a Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed, adjusting for age, sex, and tumor stage. This multivariate analysis revealed a 5-fold increased risk of death (P<.001) in patients whose primary tumors were MKK4-negative. Furthermore, the addition of MKK4 status significantly improved the Cox model, changing log likelihood from -1410 to -369, confirming that MKK4 status was truly the effector of the survival difference and not a bystander. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of expression of the tumor-suppressor gene MKK4 in resected gastric adenocarcinoma is robustly associated with poor survival. This finding may provide a useful prognostic tool in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.