移植肾并发输尿管梗阻的治疗

目的 探讨肾移植术后并发输尿管梗阻的治疗策略.方法 同种异体肾移植术后7 d～10年并发输尿管梗阻患者34例,其中3例移植输尿管部分坏死患者以开放手术治疗,其余31例采用经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术及经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术进行碎石、内切开或扩张等方法解除梗阻,放置双J管内引流,观察患者肾功能改善情况.结果 3例开放手术清除坏死段输尿管后移植输尿管再吻合成功;1例输尿管内血凝块堵塞者成功清除血凝块;2例输尿管膀胱吻合口水肿、11例输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄及6例吻合口上方狭窄患者行狭窄段扩张或内切开;6例输尿管结石及1例体外冲击波碎石术后石街患者行输尿管镜碎石、取石治疗;2例输尿管迂曲及2例尿漏患者行输尿管镜下置管术.术后随访18～50个月,29例引流通畅,肾功能恢复正常,血肌酐45～120μmol/L;5例肾功能恢复较差,血肌酐170～360 μmol/L;1例吻合口上方狭窄患者需定期更换支架管.结论微创技术治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻疗效好、安全.     

顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻：附4例报告

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺造瘘顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾分析2002年以来本院4例接受顺行球囊扩张治疗的移植肾输尿管梗阻的患者资料,3例先行经皮肾穿刺造瘘,待肌酐降至正常,经造瘘口行输尿管镜术,1例直接行经皮肾穿刺造痿输尿管镜术,证实梗阻系输尿管或输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄所致,顺行球囊扩张,成功后留置双J管。结果4例患者均1次扩张成功,术后输尿管梗阻症状缓解,尿量恢复至梗阻前水平,随访6～24个月,肾功能稳定,无梗阻复发。结论顺行球囊扩张治疗移植。肾输尿管梗阻是可行的。     

腔内切开治疗输尿管膀胱吻合口闭锁

目的:介绍腔内技术处理输尿管膀胱再植术后吻合口闭锁的方法和随访结果。方法:对23例输尿管膀胱再植术后吻合口闭锁的患者采用顺行结合逆行方式行腔内切开。术中先经皮肾顺行插入F5输尿管导管至输尿管远端,注入造影剂和亚甲蓝,X光机定位下输尿管镜经膀胱向输尿管近端穿刺,见有蓝色流出后,切开该处创立通道。充分扩张切开处后留置2条双J管于患侧输尿管内。结果:19例手术成功,术中无大出血的并发症发生。术后随访6个月~4年,10例输尿管引流通畅;5例需长期定期换内支架;2例并发肾积脓、患肾无功能而作肾切除;2例辅以记忆合金金属支架永久置入。结论:腔内技术处理输尿管膀胱吻合口闭锁安全、有效,可作为代替开放手术一种选择。     

回肠膀胱术后输尿管回肠代膀胱吻合口闭锁的微创治疗

目的：探讨回肠膀胱术（Bricker术）后输尿管回肠代膀胱哟合口闭锁微创治疗的远期疗效。方法：回顾性分析我院2008年1月-2011年6月年治疗的12例Bricker术后输尿管回肠代膀胱吻合口闭锁患者的临床资料,经膀胱镜及磁共振水成像及泌尿系彩超明确诊断,采用顺行结合逆行方式行膣内钛激光切开,术中先经皮。肾顺行插入F5输尿管导管至输尿管远端,注入亚甲蓝,经代膀胱在膀胱软镜下向输尿管遥端穿刺,见有蓝色液体流出后,钬激光切开该处建立通道。术后留置F7号双J管4-6周拔除,并定期随访肾积水情况。结果：8例一次手术成功,2例改开放手术,1例一期行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,待肾功能恢复后再行微创手术治疗成功,1例孤立伴有慢性肾功能不全,行经皮肾造瘘长期留置造瘘管引流。9例行微创治疗的患者术中无大出血的并发症,随访6-18个月,平均12个月,治愈6例,好转2例,无效1例,总有效率为88．9％。结论：微创经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管软镜联合电子膀胱镜,并用钬激光治疗Brieker术后输尿管-肠段吻合口闭锁安全,有效,可作为替代开放手术,减少创伤,减轻患者痛苦。     

肾后性急性肾功能衰竭的微创治疗

目的:总结腔内微创技术治疗肾后性急性肾功能衰竭的临床经验。方法:对48例不同梗阻原因致肾后性急性肾功能衰竭的患者,采用膀胱镜下逆行插管(3例)、输尿管镜下取石/碎石后置管(35例)引流、经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流(10例)解除梗阻,回顾性分析其治疗效果。结果:48例患者均成功解除尿路梗阻,无一例死亡,无尿瘘、输尿管穿孔、肾出血等并发症。结论:上尿路梗阻是肾后性急性肾功能衰竭的主要原因,应首选输尿管镜技术处理。如处理困难,膀胱镜下逆行插管和经皮肾镜穿刺造瘘引流也是可行的有效方法。     

微创经皮肾穿刺技术治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻一例

2005年6月，我院收治了1例肾移植术后移植肾输尿管梗阻的患者，采用经皮肾穿刺输尿管镜技术顺行放置输尿管支架，经治疗后取得满意的效果。报告如下：     

经皮顺行输尿管支架植入在移植肾输尿管梗阻中的应用11例

目的 探讨经皮顺行输尿管支架植入治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的有效性和安全性.方法 2009年3月至2011年3月间11例肾移植输尿管梗阻患者,其中急性梗阻2例,慢性梗阻9例.11例梗阻的原因为移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄5例,结石梗阻2例,原因不详4例.术前以超声评估移植肾及集合系统,选择合适穿刺部位,在X线透视下完成顺行肾盂和输尿管造影;明确梗阻位置后,通过穿刺针植入斑马导丝直至膀胱,再经膀胱镜从尿道引出斑马导丝,沿斑马导丝顺行植入输尿管支架管,X线下观察输尿管支架上端进入肾盂后,拔除斑马导丝,再次透视,确认支架管位置.移植肾肾盂造瘘管引流1～2周后拔除,输尿管支架在术后半年至1年内取出.在术后1周、1个月、3个月、6个月行B型超声及肾功能检查,之后每隔半年检查.结果 11例中10例手术成功,1例因输尿管狭窄段过长置管失败.输尿管支架植入手术耗时为(54±27) min,患者血清肌酐由术前(326±147) μmol/L下降至术后(89±49) μmol/L.随访6～27个月,患者均未发生并发症.结论 经皮顺行输尿管支架植入治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻是一种安全、有效的方法.     

顺行和逆行输尿管镜联合会师治疗肾盂输尿管连接部闭锁

目的：探讨顺行和逆行输尿管镜联合会师治疗肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)闭锁的方法和疗效。方法：采用经皮肾顺行和经尿道逆行输尿管镜联合操作，在C臂X线机辅助定位下会师，治疗16例因复杂肾结石行肾盂切开取石术后致UPJ闭锁的患者。在复通导丝引导下，4例辅以输尿管镜直视下硬性扩张，10例辅以直视下冷刀切开，2例辅以直视下钬激光切割。结果：14例UPJ闭锁经双输尿管硬镜会师治疗复通成功；2例因输尿管狭窄及扭曲而会师治疗失败，加用经尿道逆行输尿管软镜联合操作而复通成功。14例术后放置两条F6双J支架管，2例放置记忆金属网状支架。结论：对UPJ闭锁的患者，采用顺行和逆行输尿管硬镜联合会师治疗安全，创伤少，疗效满意；对同侧有输尿管狭窄及扭曲的UPJ闭锁，采用输尿管软镜逆行联合操作可以增加UPJ复通的成功率。     

腔内切开治疗移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻

目的 探讨腔内切开处理移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻的安全性与有效性. 方法 18例肾移植患者术后2～18个月出现尿量减少.实验室检查SCr 230～570/μmol/L.超声检查提示中重度肾积水.膀胱镜检查18例均无法逆行输尿管置管.经皮肾造瘘后行顺行造影显示输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻,不完全梗阻14例、完全梗阻(闭锁)4例,梗阻长度0.5～1.3 cm.术中先经皮肾通道入镜,将斑马导丝顺行插过梗阻段达膀胱,再逆行经尿道将膀胱内导丝拉出尿道外,直视下用电刀或钬激光全层切开梗阻段;若斑马导丝无法通过梗阻段,则采用造影剂混合美蓝充盈膀胱,顺行入镜到达梗阻处,X线监视下用长针向膀胱内穿刺打通.术后留置2条双J管6～8周,定期行超声、肾图和肾功能检查. 结果 18例术中见吻合口黏膜苍白水肿,管壁僵硬、管腔狭窄、瘢痕组织增生明显,均成功将梗阻段切开,无手术并发症发生.术后夹闭肾造瘘管后排尿通畅,尿量正常.实验室复查SCr降至87～233μmol/L.超声检查提示肾血流正常,肾积水消失或仅轻度积水.随访4～90个月,平均51个月.8例1次治疗成功;5例因瘢痕组织切除不彻底经再次腔内切开(3例2次,2例3次)治疗后成功;5例拔管后梗阻复发无法逆行入镜,梗阻难以处理改开放手术治疗,其中4例治疗成功,1例仍需长期输尿管置管. 结论 肾移植术后输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻采用腔内切开治疗安全、有效,梗阻复发者可考虑再次内切开或开放手术治疗.     

经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年至2011年华中科技大学附属协和医院6例接受经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的患者资料。所有患者先行B超引导移植肾穿刺造瘘,顺行造影确定梗阻的具体位置,顺行球囊扩张输尿管狭窄段,术后留置双J管和肾造瘘管,无效则改开放手术。结果6例患者中1例输尿管狭窄段〉1cm,球囊扩张失败,1例合并尿瘘,尿囊肿,扩张治疗无效,此2例均经开放手术治愈;其余4例一次扩张治愈,随访16～38个月,肾功能正常,无梗阻复发。结论经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张安全、损伤小,可作为治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的首选方法,对于合并有其他外科并发症或扩张治疗失败的患者,需开放手术治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.