慢性重型肝炎血浆降钙素原的检测及临床意义

目的通过在HBV感染者中检测血浆降钙素原（PCT）,以了解PCT在HBV感染者中对于继发感染的诊断价值。方法89名研究对象中慢性乙型肝炎42例（中度12例,重度30例）,慢性重型乙型肝炎47例,检测患者血液PCT以及血常规、肝功能、PTA腹水常规、血培养、痰培养、腹水培养。结果16例重型肝炎伴发热患者血培养阴性,31例腹水培养细菌阴性,3例患者痰培养出病原菌,47例慢性重型肝炎PCT阳性率为89．3％（42／47）,30例重度慢性乙型肝炎PCT阳性率为40％（12／30）,两者比较差异有统计学意义（χ2=5．61,P〈0．05）。并发有腹水的31例患者PCT值均〉0．05／ml,慢性重型肝炎患者的白细胞总数及中性粒分类数均比慢性中重度肝炎的患者高,PCT的绝对值与总胆红素呈正相关（r=0．472,P〈0．05;r=0．397,P〈0．05）,而与PTA呈负相关（r=-0．286,P〈0．05）。结论PCT检测对重型肝炎继发细菌感染的诊断具有较高价值,可作为判断有无继发细菌感染的手段之一。     

人工肝支持系统血浆置换治疗重型病毒性肝炎的临床疗效分析

目的 探讨人工肝支持系统（ALSS）血浆置换（PE）治疗重型病毒性肝炎的疗效及影响疗效的主要因素。方法 重型病毒性肝炎169例，设治疗组及对照组，两组均采用重型病毒性肝炎的常规治疗，治疗组同时加用血浆置换治疗。通过观察两组患者治疗前后临床症状及生化指标等的变化。判断人工肝支持系统血浆置换的疗效。结果治疗组患者经血浆置换后，临床症状都得到一定程度的改善，肝功能明显好转，总有效率为58．4％，其中早期重型病毒性肝炎有效率为84．6％。中期为63．4％，与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0、01或P〈0．05）。结论 血浆置换治疗可提高重型病毒性肝炎的疗效．以早、中期最为适宜，安全性好。     

人工肝血浆置换治疗乙型重型肝炎临床研究

目的观察人工肝血浆置换治疗乙型重型肝炎的疗效。方法将45例重型肝炎分为2组,治疗组24例;在内科治疗基础上行人工肝血浆置换治疗,每周2～3次;对照组21例：仅做一般内科治疗,观察12周。结果治疗组乏力、纳差、腹胀、尿黄等症状明显改善,与对照组比较,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。治疗组明显降低患者TBil水平,改善凝血功能,提高PTA,与对照组比较,差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05）。不良反应发生率低。结论人工肝血浆置换是治疗乙型重型病毒性肝炎较为安全、有效的方法。     

血浆置换对重型肝炎患者肝纤维化指标的影响

目的探讨血浆置换对重型肝炎患者肝功能肝纤维化指标的影响及临床疗效。方法将绍兴市第六人民医院收治的66例重型肝炎患者随机分为2组：对照组30例,给予常规内科治疗;治疗组36例,在对照组治疗基础上加人工肝血浆置换术;观察两组患者治疗前后肝功能及肝纤维化指标的变化情况。结果两组治疗后ALT、TBil、层黏连蛋白（LN）及Ⅲ型前胶原（PCIll）水平较治疗前明显降低,且差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。治疗组治疗后ALT、TBil、血氨、LN和PCHI水平分别为（76．48±10．85）U／L、（71．81±16．67）μmol／L、（52．13±4．71）mmol／L、（100．53±5．73）μg/L和（107．36±11．30）μg/L,与对照组比较,组间差异均有统计学意义（t=4．569、4．012、2．187、2．021、3．232,P〈O．05）。治疗组总有效率与对照组相比差异有统计学意义（83．33％：56．67％,x2=0．535,P〈0．05）。结论血浆置换治疗对重型肝炎患者肝功能及肝纤维化指标均有明显改善作用,并能有效缓解患者的临床症状。     

人工肝支持系统治疗重型肝炎92例

目的探讨应用人工肝支持系统对重型肝炎的临床疗效及安全性。方法治疗组92例平均每人行人工肝治疗3．4次，比较治疗前后临床表现、主要实验室检查指标及不良反应。同时设对照组进行对比观察。结果治疗组症状明显好转，血TBIL、ALT、AST、NH3、TBA、GGT明显下降，PTA、ALB升高，治愈好转率88％，平均住院时间（37．6±9．8）d；对照组治愈好转率61．1％，平均住院时间（45．3±9．3）d，两组比较有显著差异。结论人工肝支持系统为重型肝炎患者提供了较为安全有效的治疗手段。     

丙型肝炎病毒感染与2型糖尿病之间关系的研究

目的调查慢性丙型肝炎患者2型糖尿病的发病率和空腹血糖阳性率，以及2型糖尿病患者丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染率，探讨HCV感染与2型糖尿病的关系。方法采用葡萄糖氧化酶法检测82例慢性丙型肝炎患者（丙型肝炎组）与146例健康体检者（对照组）的空腹血糖值，采用酶联免疫法检测79例2型糖尿病患者（糖尿病组）与对照组血清的抗HCV。结果丙型肝炎组2型糖尿病发病率及空腹血糖阳性率分别为13．41％与25．61％，对照组分别为3．42％、8．90％，两两比较，差异均有显著性（分别X^2=5．97，P〈0．05；X^2=15．82，P〈0．005）。年龄〉50岁丙型肝炎患者，其2型糖尿病发病率显著高于对照组（X^2=9．57，P〈0．02）；〉40岁丙型肝炎患者空腹血糖阳性率显著高于对照组（x^2=6．45，P〈0．05）。糖尿病组HCV感染率为1．27％，与对照组0．68％比较，差异无显著性（x^2=0．19，P〉0．50）。结论在未发生肝硬化情况下，对于年龄〉50岁的人群，HCV感染是导致2型糖尿病发生的危险因素之一。     

人工肝血浆置换治疗重症肝炎临床效果观察

目的观察人工肝血浆置换术用于治疗重症肝炎的疗效。方法对76例重症肝炎患者的临床资料,随机分为观察组（n＝46）和对照组（n＝30）,对照组采用内科综合治疗,对照组在内科综合治疗的基础上配合人工肝血浆置换术,比较2组的治疗效果。结果观察组患者采用人工肝血浆置换治疗共计163次,对比2组的治疗效果,观察组疗效满意比率为85．0％,对照组疗效满意比率为47．2％,2组对比具有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论人工肝血浆置换用于治疗病情合适的重症肝炎患者,具有满意疗效。     

甘利欣胶囊预防抗结核药所致肝脏损害

目的探讨甘利欣胶囊降低抗结核药导致的肝损害，以有效治疗肺结核。方法将河北省沙河市第二医院65例肺结核患者分为3个组，肝太乐组21例，甘草组28例和对照组16例进行临床观察。结果甘草组、肝太乐组及对照组的肝损害率分别为14．29％、19．05％和43．75％；甘草组与对照组比较，差异有统计学意义（x^2=4．71，P〈0．05）；与肝太乐组比较，差异无统计学意义（x^2=0．20，P〉0．05）。结论甘利欣胶囊具有较强的抗炎、抗变态和抗氧化作用，并有保护肝细胞膜和改善肝功能的作用。     

中药配合人工肝血浆置换治疗重型肝炎46例

目的：研究观察中药配合人工肝血浆置换支持系统治疗重型病毒性肝炎疗效。方法：将102例重型病毒性肌炎患者随机分为治疗组与对照组，两组均采用相似的内科支持对症治疗的基础上，治疗组46例加用中药治疗，同时比较两组患者临床症状改善效果，2周后的各项生化指标，2月内并发症发生率，1月内生存率。结果：治疗组大部分患者临床症状明显改善，肝功指标好转，预防感染、出血、肝性脑病及肝肾综合征等方面均明显优于对照组（P〈0．05），近期生存率明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论：中西医结合优势互补，顿挫病势，提高重型肝炎的抢救成功率，是值得探索研究的重要问题。     

住院患者下呼吸道感染病原菌临床调查与分析

目的调查某院住院患者下呼吸道感染病原菌变化情况，为临床治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析1998年1月-2003年12月住院患者下呼吸道感染痰培养结果。结果共调查患者10970例，痰标本送检率为58．52％，痰培养阳性率为36．54％，共检出病原菌2346株。各年份病原菌检出均以革兰阴性菌为主。平均占64．75％，其中肺炎克雷伯菌居第1位，但检出率逐年下降，构成比差异有显著性（x^2=26．53，P〈0．05）；铜绿假单胞菌占第2位，各年份构成比差异无显著性（x^2=6.608，P〉0.05）；大肠埃希菌居第3位，各年份构成比差异有显著性（x^2=38．48，P〈0．05）。革兰阳性菌占21．87％，以金黄色葡萄球菌为主，其各年份构成比差异有显著性（x^2=21．08，P〈0．05）。真菌占10．95％。结论下呼吸道感染病原菌菌谱是不断变化的，呼吸道感染性病原菌诊断是临床选用有效抗菌药物的重要依据，临床医师应高度重视。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.