Caffeine and the eye

Caffeine, a popular psychostimulant that acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist, is the most widely used drug in history, consumed daily by people worldwide. Knowledge of the physiological and pathological effects of caffeine is crucial in improving public health because of its widespread use. We provide a summary of the current evidence on the effect of caffeine on the eye. Most of the research conducted to date is in relation to cataract and glaucoma, two of the most common eye diseases among the elderly.     

Sleep outcomes associated with dry eye disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective

To summarize and quantitatively evaluate sleep outcomes of dry eye disease (DED) patients.

Orbital helical computed tomography in the diagnosis and management of eye trauma

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively determine the accuracy of helical computed tomography (CT) and multiplanar reconstruction and its value in surgical planning for the management of ocular trauma with suspected intraocular and orbital foreign bodies using surgical and clinical follow-up findings as the gold standard. DESIGN: Prospective, observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-six patients with ocular trauma and suspected foreign bodies were studied. INTERVENTION: All patients were examined using a standardized scanning protocol with helical CT direct scanning in the axial plane and multiplanar reconstruction of coronal and sagittal planes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The images were analyzed for the presence and number of intraocular and orbital foreign bodies, anatomic location, and foreign body size. The surgical and clinical follow-up findings (contact lens examination, gonioscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy and scleral depression, perimetry, color testing, measurement of size) were used as the gold standard to which the image results were compared. RESULTS: Helical CT showed a single intraocular foreign body in 14 patients, a single orbital foreign body in 9 patients, and multiple orbital foreign bodies in 2 patients. Intraocular or orbital foreign bodies were excluded in 11 patients. Twenty foreign bodies were correlated with surgical results. Surgical and clinical follow-up findings were in agreement with helical CT results regarding the detection and determination of the number of presumed foreign bodies. Localization to intraocular versus orbital compartment and proximity to the optic nerve was accurate in all patients. Determination of size of the foreign bodies on the helical CT images was reliable and repeatable. CONCLUSIONS: Helical CT axial scanning with multiplanar reconstruction is accurate at detecting and localizing intraocular and orbital metallic, glass, and stone foreign bodies. This imaging method aids the surgeon in choosing the surgical approach to retained intraocular and orbital foreign bodies.     

前节OCT泪河测量的相关参数在干眼诊断中的应用研究

目的 探讨前节相干光断层扫描（optical coherence tomography, OCT）测量泪河的相关参数与干眼诊断指标间的相关性,并对其在干眼诊断中的敏感性和特异性进行分析。设计 前瞻性病例系列。研究对象 2015年6-12月北京同仁眼科中心干眼患者69例（69眼）及对照组44例（44眼）。方法 所有被检查者均按如下顺序进行检查：眼表疾病评分指数（ocular surface disease index, OSDI）问卷调查、泪河的OCT测量、泪膜干涉成像仪检查、泪膜破裂时间（BUT）测定、角结膜荧光素染色、基础泪液分泌试验（SchirmerⅠ）。比较干眼组与正常对照组各项参数的差异。干眼组中各参数相关性分析使用Spearman相关分析法,各参数敏感性及特异性采用受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线及ROC曲线下面积（AUC）来计算。主要指标 OSDI评分、BUT、Schirmer I、角结膜染色评分、泪膜脂质层评分、泪河高度（tear meniscus height,TMH）、泪河深度（tear meniscus depth,TMD）及泪河横截面积（tear meniscus area,THA）。结果 干眼组患者OSDI评分（49.03 ±22.791）、角结膜染色评分（1.18±1.84）明显高于对照组的（8.91 ±4.99）和（0.24 ± 0.52）（P<0.001、 P=0.016);干眼组患者BUT （4.32 ±1.92 s）及Schirmer I（4.29 ±3.77 mm）明显低于对照组的（7.43 ±5.39 s）及（7.48 ±3.65 mm） （P<0.001、P=0.006）。两组泪膜脂质层评分无明显统计学差异 （P=0.158）。干眼组患者TMD、TMH、TMA平均值分别为（127.12 ± 86.95）μm、（152.52 ± 125.15）μm、（12119 ± 1342）μm2,均明显小于对照组的（188.25±87.38）μm、（235.41±135.90）μm、（23099 ±1965）μm2（P<0.001、0.001、0.001）。干眼组TMD、TMH、TMA值三项参数分别与OSDI、Schirmer I、TBUT之间有相关性（P均<0.05）,其诊断干眼的AUC值分别为0.934、0.890、0.925。结论 前节OCT检测的泪河相关参数与干眼临床诊断的指标（OSDI、TBUT、Schirmer I）存在较好的相关性,是一种较为可靠的干眼诊断及随诊方法。     

严重眼外伤的治疗

目的观察一期清创缝合术后联合玻璃体切除治疗严重眼外伤的效果。方法20例（20只眼）严重眼外伤眼球一期缝合后采用玻璃体切除联合手术：去除浑浊的屈光间质、直视下摘出异物,处理脱离的视网膜、脉络膜使其复位。眼内炎者玻璃体切除同时行气液交换、眼内注药。结果手术后有一定视力改善者19例（95．0％）,仅1例无光感。有效率95．0％。结论严重眼外伤一期正确、适当的清创缝合,适时行玻璃体切除联合视网膜复位术,将更有效的挽救眼球和视功能,是行之有效的手术方法。     

同种异体巩膜移植在外眼整复术中的应用

目的 分析并探讨同种异体巩膜移植在外眼整复术中应用的临床效果.方法 对35例(35眼)应用同种异体巩膜分别行替代睑板重建眼睑、羟基磷灰石义眼台植入及早期暴露修复、上睑下垂的矫正、轻度眼球萎缩等术式,并观察其效果.结果 35例均未发生排斥反应,功能恢复良好,外观改善.结论 异体巩膜取材简单,保存方便,移植效果好,在外眼整复术中应用广泛.     

Microfluctuations of wavefront aberrations of the eye

To investigate fluctuations in the wavefront aberrations of the eye and their relation to pulse and respiration frequencies we used a wavefront sensor to measure the dynamics of the Zernike aberrations up to the polynomial fourth radial order. Simultaneously, the subject's pulse rate was measured, from which the instantaneous heart rate was derived. We used an auto-regressive process to derive the power spectra of the Zernike aberration signals, as well as pulse and instantaneous heart rate signals. Linear regression analysis was performed between the frequency components of Zernike aberrations and the pulse and instantaneous heart rate frequencies. Cross-spectrum density and coherence analyses were also applied to investigate the relation between fluctuations of wavefront aberrations, and pulse and instantaneous heart rate. The correlations between fluctuations of individual Zernike aberrations were also determined. A frequency component of all Zernike aberrations up to the fourth radial order was found to be significantly correlated with the pulse frequency (all R(2) >/= 0.51, p < 0.02), and a frequency component of nine out of 12 Zernike aberrations was also significantly correlated with instantaneous heart rate frequency (all R(2) >/= 0.46, p < 0.05). The major correlations among Zernike aberrations occurred between second-order and fourth-order aberrations with the same angular frequencies. Higher order aberrations appear to be related to the cardiopulmonary system in a similar way to that reported for the accommodation signal and pupil fluctuations.     

Medical management of thyroid eye disease

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the most common cause of orbital disease in adults. The immunologic pathogenesis of TED has been an area of active research and considerable progress has resulted in an expansion of therapeutic options. Although surgical intervention may be required, a majority of TED patients can be managed with medical therapies. Of medical therapies, glucocorticoids remain the agent of choice in the control of TED activity. The objective of this review is to discuss the paradigm and options in medical management of TED.     

Linguatula serrata in the anterior chamber of the eye

We report a case of intraocular Linguatula in healthy young female who presented with a history of trivial trauma, dislocated lens, inflammation and secondary glaucoma. A mobile worm was seen in the anterior chamber. Pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy was planned to remove both the cataractous lens and the parasite during which the worm disappeared from view but was later recovered from the cassette fluid. It was identified as the nymphal form of Linguatula serrata (tongue worm).     

Toll样受体在干眼发病机制中的研究进展

最近研究显示眼表引发免疫炎症反应的部分原因是眼表存在一类称为Toll样受体（TLRs）的蛋白家族。TLRs在眼部的表达受到感染和各种炎症环境的影响,例如单疱病毒、细菌、真菌性角膜炎,变态反应性结膜炎和干眼综合征。TLRs信号通路对抗原递呈细胞和T细胞介导的免疫炎症反应的激活起重要作用。近些年随着眼科学的发展,对TLRs在干眼发病机制方面的研究逐渐增多,现就TLRs的结构与配体,TLRs的信号转导路径,TLRs在眼表中的表达位置及表达模式,以及与干眼的相关性作一综述。     

Minimally invasive surgery for thyroid eye disease

Thyroid eye disease (TED) can affect the eye in myriad ways: proptosis, strabismus, eyelid retraction, optic neuropathy, soft tissue changes around the eye and an unstable ocular surface. TED consists of two phases: active, and inactive. The active phase of TED is limited to a period of 12–18 months and is mainly managed medically with immunosuppression. The residual structural changes due to the resultant fibrosis are usually addressed with surgery, the mainstay of which is orbital decompression. These surgeries are performed during the inactive phase. The surgical rehabilitation of TED has evolved over the years: not only the surgical techniques, but also the concepts, and the surgical tools available. The indications for decompression surgery have also expanded in the recent past. This article discusses the technological and conceptual advances of minimally invasive surgery for TED that decrease complications and speed up recovery. Current surgical techniques offer predictable, consistent results with better esthetics.     

Hyperthyroid vs hypothyroid eye disease: the same severity and activity

Purpose

To compare demographics, severity, and activity of thyroid eye disease (TED) in patients with hyperthyroidism (Hr-TED) vs primary hypothyroidism (Ho-TED).

Patients and Methods

In a cross-sectional study, demographics, complete eye examination, severity score (NOSPECS, total hundred eye score), clinical activity score, and Rundle grading were recorded for patients with TED and different thyroid disorders referred from an endocrinology clinic from 2003 to 2006.

Results

TED was clinically found in 303 patients (303/851, 35.6%). The majority of them (280/303, 92.4%) had Graves'' hyperthyroidism and 23 (23/303, 7.5%) had primary hypothyroidism. Mean age, gender, mean severity score, mean activity score, Rundle grade, unilateral presentation of TED, smoking habit, mean duration of eye disease, and mean interval time of thyroid to TED were not significantly different between the two groups (0.06<P<0.9). Mean duration of thyroid disease was significantly (P=0.02) longer in the Hr-TED group (49.6 months) than in the Ho-TED group (22.7 months). Most of the patients in both groups (63.2% of Hr-TED and 73.9% of Ho-TED) developed the eye disease within 18 months before or after the thyroid disease.

Conclusion

The same demographics, clinical characteristics, and severity and activity scores for Hr-TED and Ho-TED imply that both groups present the same category of eye disease.     

少年儿童眼球萎缩的义眼装配分析

目的 评价少年儿童眼球萎缩在非手术情况下安装义眼的效果。方法 门诊18岁以下眼球萎缩患者193例。选用与健眼相同或相似。大小厚薄合适的义眼，经非手术方法安装。结果 所有患眼均能在非手术的情况下成功地装配义眼，所装义眼的大小，色泽都和健眼相似，大多能随健眼的活动而有一定活动，起到了美容的作用。结论 经过选择的少年儿童眼球萎缩病例在非手术情况下直接装配义眼是可行的，方法简单，效果良好。值得在临床中应用。     

Bilateral versus unilateral thyroid eye disease

Aims:

The aim of this study was to compare demographics, clinical manifestations, associated systemic and ocular factors, severity and activity of patients with unilateral thyroid eye disease (U-TED) versus bilateral thyroid eye disease (B-TED).

Materials and Methods:

In a cross-sectional study, all patients with Graves’ hyperthyroidism and primary hypothyroidism seen in an endocrinology clinic were included from September 2003 to July 2006. Demographics, complete eye examination, severity score (NOSPECS, total eye score), and clinical activity score were recorded and compared in the B-TED and U-TED groups of patients.

Results:

From 851 patients with thyroid disorders, 303 (35.6%) had TED. Thirty-two patients (32/ 303, 10.56%) were found to have U-TED. Patients with U-TED (mean age 31.6 ± 11.6 years) were significantly younger than patients with B-TED (mean age 37.7 ± 14.7 years). Monovariate analysis (Chi-square and independent sample t-test) showed a significantly higher severity score in B-TED (U-TED 4.09±4.05, B-TED: 6.7±6.3; P= 0.002) and more activity score in B-TED (U-TED= 1.03±0.96, B-TED: 1.74±1.6, P= 0.001). However, multivariate analysis did not show any significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, gender, type of thyroid disease, duration of thyroid disease and TED, severity and activity of TED, smoking habit, and presentation of TED before or after the presentation of thyroid disease (0.1<P<1).

Conclusion:

This study did not find any significant difference between U-TED and B-TED in relation to the demographics, type of thyroid disease, associated findings, and severity and activity of TED.     

Reflexes and the eye

Reflexes are an essential part of protective and homeostatic function, both in general terms and with specific reference to ocular structures. A wide range of stimuli and responses, with varying degrees of central processing, is involved in such reflexes. The simplest reflexes are monosynaptic, such as the stretch or myotatic reflex. More complex polysynaptic reflexes are involved in many regulatory and protective functions - these include autonomic as well as somatic reflexes. Ocular autonomic reflexes include the oculocardiac, pupillary, accommodative and lacrimatory reflexes. Ocular somatic reflexes include eyelid and extra-ocular muscle reflexes (such as Bell's phenomenon, vestibulo-ocular and optokinetic reflexes). An account of the above reflexes is given in the format of an essay, modified from the FRACO Part I Examination in Physiology. The topic was ‘Discuss reflex activities with particular reference to the eye’. The content is based on several of the texts recommended for the Part I Examination, as listed under references.     

硅油充填眼A超眼轴测定的临床意义

目的:探讨硅油充填眼A超眼轴测定的临床意义。方法:采用A超仪器,经同一操作者分别对86例患者测定硅油充填前、硅油充填时及硅油取出后的眼轴长度,了解A超眼轴测定在硅油充填前后的变化。结果:硅油充填前86例患者眼轴平均长度23.6±2.2mm,硅油充填后眼轴平均长度33.4±5.8mm,硅油取出后平均长度23.4±1.9mm;硅油充填前后眼轴平均相差9.8±5.7mm,硅油充填前后眼轴变化呈显著改变(P<0.01),硅油充填前与硅油取出后眼轴变化无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:硅油充填前后A超眼轴长度变化约9.61±0.16mm,对硅油眼并发性白内障的人工晶状体测量有一定指导意义。