Short term effects of flutamide administration on hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in man

The effect of short term administration of flutamide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis was studied in six patients with advanced prostate cancer (C2 stage). Flutamide significantly increased LH pulse frequency in all patients (p less than 0.05 by Wilcoxon's test). The FSH pulse analysis disclosed a similar pattern of LH. Plasma IC-T clearly increased following flutamide therapy; mean IC-T values were 2.67 +/- 0.47 ng./ml. and 4.67 +/- 0.62 ng./ml. before and after flutamide administration, respectively (p less than 0.05 by paired Student's t test). Our study demonstrates that flutamide acts in humans as a selective and specific antiandrogen compound.     

冠心病心力衰竭病人胸段硬膜外阻滞后心功能变化

目的：观察冠心病心力衰竭（CHF）病人高位胸段硬膜外阻滞（HTEA）前后脂质过氧化物和左心室舒缩功能的变化，方法：选择48例冠心病心力衰竭病人均分为HTEA组（n=24)及常规治疗组（n=24),观察治疗前后心功能，丙二醛（MDA），超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的变化。结果：治疗后CHF病人心脏舒缩功能的改善；HTEA组明显优于常规治疗组（P＜0．05），MDA含量HTEA组明显低于常规治疗组（P＜0．01），SOD则明显高于常规治疗组（P＜0．05），结论：HTEA治疗CHF病人对心脏舒缩功能的改善明显优于常规法，其增强抵抗自由基的能力是可能的机制之一。     

Time course of the effects of cervical epidural anesthesia on pulmonary function

Background and Objectives. During cervical epidural anesthesia the C4, C5, and sometimes C3 nerve roots are anesthetized. One might therefore expect pulmonary compromise due to the block of the phrenic nerve if anesthesia extends to C3. This study was conducted to measure the effects of cervical epidural anesthesia using 2% lidocaine on pulmonary function, with specific attention given to the time course of pulmonary changes in relation to spread of analgesia. Methods. Fifteen adult patients without preexisting lung disease undergoing carotid endarterectomy, breast surgery, or cervical epidural steroid injection were enrolled. Cervical epidural anesthesia was performed at the C7–T1 interspace using 300 mg lidocaine with epinephrine. Pulmonary function, including forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC), maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), and SpO₂ while breathing room air were measured prior to and 5, 10, 20, and 40 minutes after lidocaine injection. Results. Analgesia to pinprick reached median dermatomes of C3 to T8 (range: C2–T12) by 20 minutes after lidocaine injection. FEV₁ and FVC decreased approximately 12–16% between 20 and 40 minutes after injection. Maximum inspiratory pressure and SpO₂ did not significantly change. Conclusions. Cervical epidural anesthesia using 300 mg lidocaine results in measurable reduction in bedside pulmonary functions concomitant with the spread of analgesia to the C3 dermatome. These changes were complete 20 minutes after lidocaine injection. In patients without preexisting lung disease, these changes were not clinically significant, except in one patient. We conclude that motor block of the phrenic nerve is incomplete under the conditions of this study.     

The effects of short-term oral phytoestrogen supplementation on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in prostate cancer patients

BACKGROUND: Here we evaluate the effects of oral phytoestrogen supplementation on hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis in CaP patients. METHODS: We recruited 40 men about to undergo radical prostatectomy for CaP to receive either 240 mg of clover phytoestrogens or placebo daily for 2 weeks. Serum hormone levels were measured before and after treatment. In addition, recombinant cell bioassay was used to measure serum androgen bioactivity (ABA). RESULTS: Phytoestrogen treatment increased serum LH from mean of 3.4-5.2 IU, P = 0.03. Concomitantly, non-significant trend towards decline in serum T, cfT and ABA values was noted. However, mean serum LH/T ratio was upregulated from 0.20 to 0.48 IU/nM, P = 0.004, suggesting compensated hypogonadism. During the course of treatment, serum concentration of equol correlated strongly with the concomitant decrease in ABA (r = -0.586, P = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS: Phytoestrogen treatment interferes with HPT axis in CaP patients by inducing testicular resistance to LH and compensated hypogonadism.     

经硬膜外穿刺针注入利多卡因对剖宫产术连续硬膜外麻醉效应的影响

目的评价经硬膜外穿刺针注射局麻药后再置管对剖宫产术连续硬膜外麻醉效应的影响。方法单胎足月妊娠拟在连续硬膜外麻醉下行子宫下段剖宫产术的产妇100例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为研究组（P组）和对照组（C组）。硬膜外穿刺成功后,P组先通过硬膜外针注入2%利多卡因,注射完后保持注射器压缩针栓20 s,使液体充分扩散后再置入硬膜外导管;C组置入硬膜外导管后再注入2%利多卡因。记录置入硬膜外导管时的不良反应;测量给药完毕后20 min的麻醉平面,并评估麻醉满意度;记录置管时主诉异感和发生单侧阻滞的例数。结果与C组比较,P组硬膜外穿刺针针尾见淡红色血水的发生率（14%vs.36%）、硬膜外导管回抽出淡红色血水的发生率（4%vs.16%）明显降低（P<0.05）。P组利多卡因用量为（312±18）mg,明显少于C组的（355±32）mg（P<0.01）。给药后20 minP组的麻醉平面达T_5.6±0.8,明显高于C组的T_6.5±1.1（P<0.01）,且麻醉满意度显著增加（96%vs.84%）（P<0.01）。结论硬膜外置管前从硬膜外针注入局麻药不仅能有效减少置管对剖宫产产妇硬膜外血管的损伤,而且还能显著提高麻醉效果,减少局麻药的用量。     

艾司氯胺酮在硬膜外阻滞剖宫产术中的效果

目的 观察艾司氯胺酮辅助硬膜外阻滞用于剖宫产术的效果及对母婴结局的影响。方法 选择择期硬膜外阻滞下行择期剖宫产术足月单胎产妇90例,年龄20～40岁,BMI 18～35 kg/m²,ASAⅡ级。采用随机数表法将产妇分为两组：艾司氯胺酮组(K组)和对照组(C组),每组45例。硬膜外阻滞后,在切皮前1 min, K组静脉注射艾司氯胺酮0.15 mg/kg, C组静脉注射等容量生理盐水。记录术中产妇牵拉反应情况,胎儿娩出后1、5 min Apgar评分。采集新生儿断脐后、脐带结扎前的脐静脉血,记录新生儿脐静脉血pH、二氧化碳分压(PCO₂)、氧分压(PO₂)、乳酸(Lac)。记录产妇术中恶心、呕吐、幻觉、头晕、噩梦等不良反应发生情况。结果 与C组比较,K组产妇术中牵拉反应发生率明显降低(P<0.05)。两组新生儿1、5 min Apgar评分和脐静脉血pH、PCO₂、PO₂、Lac差异无统计学意义。两组产妇恶心、呕吐、头晕发生率差异无统计学意义。两组产妇均未出现幻觉、噩梦等不良...     

Effect of standard diluted epinephrine infusion on epidural anesthesia in labor

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Epinephrine is used with local anesthetics to prolong the duration of epidural analgesia and decrease the peak plasma concentrations of local anesthetics. However, the duration of labor may be prolonged because epinephrine reduces uterine activity. We designed a prospective, randomized, and doubleblind study to examine the effects of epinephrine infusion on the quality of analgesia and plasma concentration of local anesthetic, as well as the effect on the uteroplacental circulation, duration of the first or second stage of labor, and fetal outcome. METHODS: Twenty-four parturients received continuous epidural bupivacaine 0.125% (8 mL/h) combined either with epinephrine (40 microg/h) (n = 12) or without epinephrine (n = 12) for analgesia during labor. If patients requested additional analgesia, a bolus of 1% or 1.5% lidocaine (6 to 10 mL) was given. RESULTS: Only the plain bupivacaine group required additional lidocaine. However, epinephrine infusion prolonged the median (range) duration of the second stages of labor: 69 (21 to 231) minutes with epinephrine group versus 31 (8 to 99) minutes without epinephrine group (P < .05), and decreased pH in umbilical artery at the time of delivery. Epinephrine infusion did not change the uterine and umbilical blood flow, which were determined as the resistance indices. Changes in the fetal heart rate and Apgar score were also comparable. Epinephrine significantly reduced the umbilical venous to maternal arterial bupivacaine concentration (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: A standard diluted epinephrine infusion (40 microg/h) into epidural space decreased anesthetic requirements. The possibility of the prolonged duration of labor remains a problem.     

The in vivo effects of general and epidural anesthesia on human immune function

Impaired in vivo immunity is often observed after major surgery and is multifactorial. We conducted a randomized clinical study to determine the independent effects of general anesthesia (GA) and of lumbar epidural anesthesia (LEA) on human immune function in the absence of surgical trauma. Nineteen healthy volunteers were randomized to receive GA with thiopental and isoflurane, LEA with lidocaine, or no anesthesia (Control). Serial blood samples were tested for antibody responses to antigen inoculation, neutrophil and mononuclear cell antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), natural killer cell cytotoxicity, and neutrophil phagocytic activity. Antibody responses were similar in the three groups. Mononuclear cell ADCC increased in the LEA group at the end of the anesthetic (P < 0.05 at effector/target [E/T] ratios of 10:1, 25:1, and 50:1). Natural killer cell cytotoxicity increased at the end of the anesthetic in both the LEA group (P < 0.05 at all E/T ratios) and the GA group (P < 0.05 at an E/T ratio of 5:1 and 10:1). No significant changes were observed for neutrophil ADCC or phagocytosis. General or epidural anesthesia alone, in the absence of surgery, seems to have only transient and minor effects on human immune function. IMPLICATIONS: General or epidural anesthesia alone, in the absence of surgery, seems to have only transient and minor effects on human immune function.     

Assessment of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular function in male patients with Wilson's disease

Sixteen male patients with Wilson's disease were studied to detect potential endocrine dysfunctions. There was no clinical evidence of feminization in any of the patients, and the patient group spanned most pubertal stages. Gonadotropin, testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, androstenedione, estradiol, prolactin, cortisol, thyrotropin, and free thyroxine levels were determined. Low or borderline luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were present in most of the patients. In six of the adult patients, a standard gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) test was performed. Five of the six patients had blunted LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) responses to GnRH. Increased androgen levels were found in eight of the patients. Sex hormone-binding globulin was normal in eight of nine tested patients. Three single-dose human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulation tests of six adult patients showed normal responses. Three other patients who had elevated baseline levels responded with modest increases. Since liver disease is usually associated with decreased androgen levels, it is difficult to account for the elevated androgen levels. Both increased androgen levels and copper accumulation in the hypophysis could be responsible for the blunted GnRH response.     

硬膜外阻滞对肠系膜下动脉血流的影响

目的 研究胸段硬膜外阻滞对肠系膜下动脉血流的影响.方法 18例ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级直肠癌或乙状结肠癌根治术患者采用全身麻醉与硬膜外阻滞联合麻醉.术中连续监测MAP和CVP.全麻诱导前行T<,10-11>硬膜外穿刺置管.手术开腹暴露肠系膜下动脉.于硬膜外给药前、给药后MAP降至60mm Hg、迅速扩容使CVP升至给药前、注射麻黄碱后MAP升至硬膜外给药前水平4个时点用多普勒超声直接测量肠系膜下动脉内径(D)、最大流速(Vrnax)、最小流速(Vmin)、平均血流速度(Vmean)、阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI)以及速度积分(FVI),并计算血流量(Q).结果 胸段硬膜外阻滞使Q在实验不同时点均有不同程度的上升.MAP与PI具有良好的相关性(P<0.05);CVP与Vmean、FⅥ具有良好的相关性(P<0.05).结论 肠系膜下动脉的灌注受MAP、CVP的影响,硬膜外阻滞可以增加肠系膜下动脉血流量.     

硬膜外腔阻滞对胸部手术应激反应的影响

目的 观察硬膜外腔阻滞对胸部手术应激激素和细胞因子的影响。方法20例食管癌手术病人,随机分为两组,每组10例,即全麻复令硬膜外腔阻滞(GEA)组和全麻(GA)组,分别测定麻醉诱导前、手术2h、手术4h、术毕、术后1d及术后3d的血浆去甲肾上腺素、肾上腺素、血清促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)、皮质醇、C-反应蛋白、IL-6及IL-10的水平。结果 血浆去甲肾上腺素和血清皮质醇GEA组术中术后无显著改变,但GA组术毕和术后1d显著升高(P<0.05),术后3d恢复至术前水平,组间比较前者有显著差异(P<0.05)。两组血浆肾上腺素、IL-10术中术后均无显著变化。两组血清ACTH、IL-6及CRP术中术后均显著升高(P<0.05),组间比较无显著差异。结论 硬膜外腔阻滞可以减轻胸部手术的应激反应。IL-6是较CRP更灵敏的反映组织损伤的炎性指标。     

氟哌利多与咪达唑仑辅助镇静对患者内隐记忆的影响

目的:比较氟哌利多与咪达唑仑在硬膜外麻醉辅助镇静中消除内隐记忆的作用.方法:32例硬膜外麻醉患者,随机分为D、M 2组,D组应用氟哌利多2.5 mg加芬太尼0.05 mg辅助镇静,M组应用咪达唑仑3 mg加芬太尼0.05 mg辅助镇静,用药10 min后采用加工分离程序结合词干补笔法的方法测试2组患者的外显记忆和内隐记忆成绩.同时评定患者的改良警醒/镇静评分.结果:D组和M组患者改良警醒/镇静评分的中位数分别为4分和3分,与M组相比,D组外显记忆成绩较高,同时内隐记忆成绩较低,但并未完全消失,D组进一步增加氟哌利多的剂量患者会出现呼吸抑制.结论:氟哌利多对内隐记忆的抑制有相对的特异性,但在抑制内隐记忆的同时也引起呼吸抑制,这限制了硬膜外辅助镇静中氟哌利多对内隐记忆的完全消除.     

全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉对老年骨科患者术后短期认知功能的影响

目的探讨全身麻醉和硬膜外麻醉对老年骨科患者术后短期认知功能的影响。方法将100例行股骨骨折切开复位内固定的患者随机均分为全身麻醉组与硬膜外麻醉组(各50例)。记录两组患者的基本资料:麻醉前、麻醉后手术前、手术0.5 h、手术操作时以及手术结束时等不同时间点患者的平均动脉压与心率,采用简易精神状况检测量表(MMSE)对两组患者不同时间点的认知功能进行测定。结果①两组患者术中平均动脉压、心率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);②MMSE评分:全身麻醉组麻醉前为(29.3±1.2)分,麻醉后6、12、24、72 h分别为(26.2±0.8)分、(25.7±0.6)分、(27.1±0.9)分、(29.1±0.9)分;硬膜外麻醉组麻醉前为(29.0±0.9)分,麻醉后6、12、24、72 h分别为(26.7±0.5)分、(25.4±0.6)分、(29.4±0.8)分、(29.3±0.9)分。③麻醉后24 h,硬膜外麻醉组患者的MMSE评分明显高于全身麻醉组(P<0.05)。结论全身麻醉在术后12 h内对老年骨科手术患者的认知功能的影响明显高于硬膜外麻醉。     

胸部手术实施全身麻醉联合硬膜外麻醉的效果观察

目的观察分析胸部手术实施全身麻醉联合硬膜外麻醉的效果。方法将42例SASⅠ~Ⅱ级胸部手术患者随机分为两组,各21例。对照组实施全身麻醉,观察组予以全身麻醉联合硬膜外麻醉,观察分析两组麻醉效果。结果 42例患者停止麻药后,自主呼吸恢复时间5~10 min。观察组患者麻醉药剂量明显少于对照组,且清醒时间早,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用全身麻醉联合硬膜外麻醉进行胸部手术,能降低麻药对循环及呼吸的抑制,缩短患者清醒时间,提高手术效果,值得临床推广应用。     

不同禁饮食时间对硬膜外麻醉病人血液动力学的影响

目的观察不同禁饮食时间与硬膜外麻醉病人血液动力学变化的关系。方法30例择期下肢或下腹部手术成年病人,分为两组。A组,术前禁饮食8h;B组术前禁饮食12h。以食管超声多普勒技术持续监测：心脏指数(CI)、每博输出量指数(SI)、左室射血时间(LVET)、射血加速度(ACC)、峰速度(PV)、血管阻力指数(SVRI)。同时监测平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、中心静脉压(CVP)。结果(1)与基础值相比,A组的SI、CI、ACC下降不显著,B组在硬膜外注药10min后ACC、CI、PV开始出现显著降低。(2)与A组相比,B组在硬膜外注药10min后SI、CI、ACC、PV显著降低,CI、ACC、MAP的变化幅度显著大于A组。结论术前禁饮食12h的病人在硬膜外麻醉诱导期会引起显著的血液动力学紊乱。