The food fighters

Nursing Standard's joint campaign with the RCN, Nutrition Now, aims to arm nurses with essential information and useful resources to stop patients becoming dehydrated and malnourished.     

The time first-response fire fighters have to initiate care in a midsize city

The objective of this study was to determine whether simultaneously dispatched first-response firefighters (fire) arrive before transporting EMS providers (ambulance) and the amount of time fire has on scene to initiate care. Fire and ambulance dispatch records were obtained for all 9-1-1 responses from four 1-month intervals. Only incidents to which both agencies had been simultaneously dispatched were included. Response time for each agency was determined by subtracting the time of dispatch from the time of arrival. The difference between fire and ambulance response time was the time fire had to initiate care. Both agencies were simultaneously dispatched to 4752 incidents. Average response time for all incidents was 4.0 +/- 2.6 min for fire and 5.3 +/- 2.0 min for ambulance. Fire had 1.3 +/- 3.2 min on average to initiate care. Fire arrived before ambulance for 69% (3262) of requests and for these calls had 2.8 +/- 1.7 min on average to initiate care. Utilization of densely staged first-response fire apparatus in a midsize city may be appropriate because firefighters frequently arrive before ambulances and may have adequate time to initiate lifesaving interventions.     

Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighters present greatest rapid and maximal strength imbalances at extreme elbow angles

BackgroundThe performance of Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) fighters is dependent on rapid and maximal elbow strength actions. Appropriate strength balance between elbow flexors (F) and extensors (E) across the full joint range of motion may be required to decrease risk of injuries.AimTo compare rapid and maximal elbow F/E strength balance through full range of motion in BJJ fighters.Materials and methodsTwenty-three male BJJ fighters (27.9 ± 4.6 years, 82.9 ± 10.9 kg, 174.5 ± 6.8 cm, and 15.3 ± 6.8% body fat) with 8.2 ± 6.5 years of practice volunteered to participate. Participants were tested for rate of torque development (RTD) and peak torque (PT) of elbow F and E at six angles (45°, 60°, 75°, 90°, 105°, and 120°; 0° = full extension). Rapid (F RTD/E RTD) and maximal (F PT/E PT) angle-specific torque (AST) ratios were calculated.ResultsRapid AST ratio at 45° (0.66 ± 0.18) and maximal AST ratio at 45° (0.91 ± 0.16) and 120° (0.88 ± 0.20) were significantly less than all other AST ratios at mid-point angles of elbow range of motion (p < 0.05). Individual data demonstrates that both beginners and advanced BJJ fighters present overall similar rapid and maximal F/E AST imbalances.ConclusionBJJ fighters present greater rapid and maximal strength imbalances at extreme-compared to mid-point angles of range of motion. Results may benefit coaches to develop strength exercises focusing on these specific angles to potentially reduce the risk of elbow injury and improve performance of BJJ fighters.     

寒区指战员战时冻伤救护对策

目的探讨寒区指战员战时冻伤发生的常见原因、特点及其救护原则,为提高其救治水平提供参考。方法调查东北战区7所部队医院近30年收治的443例冻伤指战员病例资料。结果(1)冻伤程度：Ⅰ度2．3％,Ⅱ度19.4％．Ⅲ度56．9％,Ⅳ度21．4％;(2)冻伤部位：以面部、头部居多,四肢冻伤以肢体远端为多。(3)后遗症：伤残占1．7％。寒区指战员战时发生冻伤的常见原因主要包括：农着单薄;肢体活动受限：对寒冷的敏感性高等。结论对于寒区的作战部队．早期进行必要的防护冻伤知识宣教．加强防护意识;按保暖原则合理着装;给予合理的膳食营养保证健康的机体：都可以大大减少冻伤的发生。而依据冻伤的分类救治原则实施救治,将明显改善冻伤的预后,降低伤残后遗症的发生率,有助于提升寒区部队的战斗力。     

对参加汶川地震救援的消防战士心理创伤的评估与干预

目的了解参加灾后救援的消防战士的心理健康状况和实施心理干预对维护健康、治疗与防范二级心理创伤的效果。方法将33名参加灾后救援的消防战士设为研究组,再随机抽取33名未参加救援的消防战士设为对照驵,对研究组采用集体心理辅导、小组心理辅导和一对一心理辅导进行心理干预;半年后对研究组重新进行心理评估。结果参加救援消防战士心理干预感受良好,情绪减低、闪回症状基本消失,焦虑、恐惧体验等迅速缓解,心理干预能够帮助他们渡过心理创伤,减少灾后刺激因素对其心理的不良影响。结论早期干预对消防战士在救援过程中出现的心理问题和心理创伤有显著疗效。心理干预可以帮助消防战士防范二级心理创伤。     

肺炎链球菌的耐药性及对红霉素耐药表型的分析

目的了解本院临床分离肺炎链球菌与幼儿园儿童携带株的耐药性差异,并分析其中红霉素耐药菌的耐药表现。方法用K-B法测定102株肺炎链球菌对9种抗菌药物的耐药情况,用双纸片法测定耐红霉素的耐药表型,通过x2检验对肺炎链球菌的临床分离株和儿童携带株的耐药率在统计学上的差异进行分析。结果本院临床分离肺炎链球菌与儿童携带肺炎链球菌对苯唑西林、氧氟沙星、氯霉素的耐药率在统计学上有显著性差异(P<0.05),而对红霉素、左旋氧氟沙星、克林霉素、复方新诺明、四环素、万古霉素的耐药率在统计学上无显著性差异(P>0.05)。102株肺炎链球菌中只在一株中发现M耐药表型,其余cMLs耐药表型。结论本院临床分离肺炎链球菌与/L童携带菌株对大多数抗菌药物的耐药情况是一致的,对红霉素、克林霉素,复方新诺明、四环素的耐药率较高,有的甚至达到100%。这些实验菌株中对红霉素的耐药表型以cMLs为主。     

Multidrug Resistance

Resistance of malignant cells to cytotoxic agents is often a limiting factor to successful chemotherapy. The classical multidrug resistance is characterised by overexpression of a membrane protein, P-glycoprotein, which acts like a drug extruding pump reducing accumulation of cytotoxic agents inside malignant cells, thereby preventing their function. Resistance is expressed simultaneously towards several structurally unrelated drugs. P-glycoprotein is also expressed in many normal human tissues, e.g., in the gastrointestinal tract, and this may be the reason for intrinsic resistance observed clinically in cancers derived from certain tissues. More often multidrug resistance is acquired during chemotherapy. The physiological function of P-glycoprotein is still unknown but it may have a role in cellular detoxification and secreting mechanisms. Interest in the phenomenon of multidrug resistance centres on the correlation of P-glycoprotein expression to clinical drug resistance. Another goal is to find mechanisms by which the function of P-glycoprotein as a multidrug transporter is prevented and drug resistance reversed.     

Macrolide Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus: Inducers of Macrolide Resistance

Several macrolide-, lincosamide-, and streptogramin B-type (MLS) antibiotics were tested as inducers of erythromycin A (EM)-resistant [¹⁴C]leucine incorporation. Only 14-membered-ring macrolides having a glycosidically linked 6-deoxy sugar at the C-3 position of the lactone ring and the structurally dissimilar lincosamide, celesticetin, showed inducer activity. Modifications of EM at the C-4″ position of cladinose can apparently destroy the inducer property but do not affect the inhibitory properties of the antibiotic. The findings clearly show that inducer and inhibitor activities can be dissociated and are consistent with the concept that distinct binding/receptor sites are utilized for inhibition of ribosome function and induction of resistance.     

大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性及耐药基因检测

目的：了解大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药情况与耐药基因携带情况。方法：使用K-B法检测大肠埃希菌对氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药性,同时用PCR技术扩增氨基糖苷类抗生素的耐药基因以明确其基因型。结果：40株大肠埃希菌中耐氨基糖苷类抗生素菌株32株,耐药率为80.0%（32/40）,其中aac（3）-Ⅰ 2株,占6.3%（2/32）,aac（3）-Ⅱ 28株,占87.5%（28/32）,aac（6′）-Ⅰ 12株,占37.5%（12/32）,aac（6′）-Ⅱ 8株,占25%（8/32）,ant（2″）-Ⅰ 4株,占18.8%（6/32）,ant（3″）-Ⅰ 9株,占28.1%（9/32）。结论：耐氨基糖苷类抗生素的大肠埃希菌比较普遍,氨基糖苷类耐药基因以aac（3）-Ⅱ和aac（6′）-Ⅰ为主。     

红霉素耐药葡萄球菌对克林霉素诱导性耐药的研究

目的：了解临床分离的红霉素耐药葡萄球菌对克林霉素诱导性耐药的发生率,比较双纸片扩散法（D试验）中纸片之间距离对试验结果的影响。方法VITEK-2微生物分析系统检测为红霉素耐药、克林霉素敏感或中介的葡萄球菌135株,其中金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）为55株,凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌（CNS）为80株。比较红霉素纸片与克林霉素纸片边距15 mm与26 mm对结果的影响。结果 D试验阳性率为57.0%,其中SA阳性率70.9%, CNS为47.5%（P＜0.01）。纸片边距15 mm组D试验阳性77株,26 mm组仅69株,漏检率10.4%（P＜0.05）。结论实验室应常规开展D试验,D试验中双纸片间距以15 mm为佳。