山东省克山病基本控制后的动态观察

目的：动态观察山东省克山病病情及发病相关因素的变化。方法：选择克山病病区莒县龙山和平邑县流峪设立2个监测点，对3－14岁人群及14岁以上可疑患者1488人为重点监测对象，从1995－1999年，对克山病发病情况及2个点区县急型、亚急型、慢型克山病病情变化进行连续5年监测，同时调查内外环境硒、经济收入有人均占有粮食。结果：2个点区县5年间慢型克山病发现1例，无急型、亚急型克山病发病，监测点重点监测对象1995、1997、1999年克山病检出率依次为1．81％，2．90％，2．32％；异常心电图检出率为4．84％，5．05％，5．11％；内环境发硒水平逐年升高，为0．278，0．334，0．360mg/kg；外环境小麦硒含量稳定，龙山点玉米硒含量及流峪点玉米、瓜干硒含量升高；经济收入，人均占有粮食不断增加。结论：山东省克山病发病相关因素不断改善，克山病病情处于基本控制后的稳定态势。     

1995-1999年云南通海县克山病病情监测报告

目的分析通海县克山病发病动态.方法连续5年对监测点3～14岁儿童进行临床、心电图、X线摄片等综合评定和病区人群发硒水平测定.结果 5年间无急型、亚急型克山病病人发生,监测中也无急性、亚急性克山病病人检出,监测中只检出潜在型克山病病人,检出率在0～1.21%之间,发硒水平均达到0.201±0.013 mg/kg以上.结论硒预防有效遏制了急型、亚急型克山病的发病,但致病因子仍然存在,继续危害病区群众,预防工作必须加强.     

1990～1999年大理州克山病监测资料分析

目的探讨克山病静息状态下的自然发病情况,科学地指导本地克山病防治工作.方法我们于1990年开始在州内的大理市和洱源县建立了省级克山病监测点,并连续监测了10年;监测包括临床检查、心电图分析、胸部X线摄片及人群发硒水平测定.结果未检出急型、亚急型克山病病人,检出1例慢型和107例潜在型克山病,最低年检出率0.29%,最高年检出率为1.03%;10年间监测点区人群发硒水平逐渐升高,大理市上升到轻病区和非病区发硒水平,而洱源县上升到轻病区发硒水平.结论经济生活水平高的点区发硒水平相对高,膳食营养和补硒是预防克山病的一项有效措施,克山病监测是了解克山病病情的一种科学手段.     

2005年陕西省旬邑县克山病病情监测报告

目的掌握陕西省克山病病情变化及环境因素的改变对克山病发病的影响,科学的指导和评价陕西省克山病防治和科研工作。方法在陕西省旬邑县土桥镇东曹村设立监测点,对全部常住人口进行临床检查、描记心电图,对克山病病人及可疑病例拍摄2 m后前位X线胸片。观察全县范围内急型、亚急型、慢型克山病的发病及转归情况。对监测点人群发硒、粮硒水平进行测定,调查病区人群经济水平及膳食结构。结果①2005年监测点东曹村无急型、亚急型克山病发病,潜在型、慢型克山病检出率分别为3．79％和0．35％;监测人群异常心电图检出率为11．38％,人均发硒(0．579±0．012)mg／kg,粮食硒(0．089±0．082)mg／kg。②2005年旬邑县无急型、亚急型克山病发病,自然慢型克山病发病率为0．53／万,慢型克山病患病率为2．86／万。结论陕西省旬邑县克山病病情总体处于平稳低发态势,但仍有相当数量的潜在型、慢型克山病新发病例出现,说明病区环境中仍然存在着与克山病有关的一些致病因素,并对病区人群构成潜在的威胁。因此,继续加强病情监测,仍是今后陕西省克山病防治工作的重点。     

山东省克山病病情及发病相关因素5年动态观察

目的 观察克山病病情和发病相关因素动态变化，为科学的指导克山病防治研究提供依据。方法 在山东克山病重病区莒县安庄和邹城市张庄设立2个监测点，自2000年起对3～14岁的1049例多发人群和点区县克山病病情进行连续5年动态监测，观察人群全部进行临床检查、心电图检查，可疑病人行X线胸部摄片，并对监测居民内、外环境（发、小麦、玉米、地瓜干）硒水平、经济情况及人均占有粮食进行了调查。结果 5年间2县无急型、亚急型发病，原有慢型97例，死亡10例，新发病5例。多发人群克山病检出率2000、2002及2004年安庄点依次为3．31％、4．86％、4．45％，张庄点为3．69％、4．86％、4．45％。异常心电图检出率2000、2002及2004年安庄点依次为3．31％，7．16％，5．39％；张庄点为6．38％，4．55％，5．27％。发硒水平逐年升高，粮食硒含量基本恒定。经济收入和人均占有口粮逐年增加，达137．9％。260．0％。结论 5年间克山病多发人群和点区县病情无明显变化，发病相关因素不断改善。     

2004年陕西省黄陵县克山病监测报告

目的监测陕西省黄陵县2004年克山病发病情况。方法将监测点区全体居民作为监测对象进行全面检查,并对监测点区的粮硒及儿童发硒进行检测。结果(1)无急型、亚急型克山病发生,潜、慢型克山病的检出率为11%;(2)新发潜在型克山病1例;(3)儿童发硒及大米含硒量病区明显低于非病区(P<0.05)。结论陕西省黄陵县监测点克山病的检出率呈缓慢上升态势,潜在型克山病仍有新发。     

2005年四川省克山病监测结果分析

目的了解四川省克山病病情现状。方法根据《2004年国家地方病防治项目克山病监测技术方案》要求,对监测点区居民进行询问并记录克山病病史,听、叩诊心、肝、肾,测量血压,描记12导联心电图,对克山病病人及可疑病例拍摄心脏正位X线片。观察急型、亚急型、自然慢型、潜在型克山病检出率及转归情况。用荧光法测定人群发硒、环境水硒、粮食中硒,并调查病区人群经济水平和日常生活膳食结构。结果克山病临床检诊率93．1％,各型克山病临床总检出率2．23％;重点人群(3-14岁儿童)检出率1．50％,非重点人群(15- 70岁成人)检出率3．47％;心电图检查的异常率13．5％;儿童发硒(0．3669±0．0990)mg／kg,粮食硒(0．0105±0．0066)mg／kg,水硒均值<0．25μg／L。结论目前四川省仍有亚急型、慢型克山病新发,儿童潜在型克山病检出率相对较高。     

2005年河北省张北县克山病病情监测报告

目的观察河北省2005年克山病病情。方法在河北省克山病历史重病区张北县战海乡水泉洼村设立监测点,将全部常住人口列为监测对象,根据《克山病监测》标准(WS／T 78-1996)及《克山病诊断标准》(GB 17021-1997)对监测点居民进行普查,随访2004年监测点在册克山病病人。结果监测点年内无急型、亚急型克山病发生,检出潜在型克山病(潜克)和慢型克山病(慢克)23人,检出率为4．59％,高于2004年检出率,但差异无统计学意义(P>0．05);监测点人群异常心电图检出率为14．34％;克山病病人心、胸比率异常检出率为52．63％;随访2004年监测点克山病病人27人,死亡2人,死亡率为7．4％。结论河北省张北县监测点克山病病情相对稳定,但病区存在的致病因素仍然对病区人群构成威胁。应加强病情监测工作,开展对克山病病人的治疗和管理。     

1990-2004年云南省会泽县克山病病情监测报告

克山病是一种病因迄今未明的地方性心肌病,云南省会泽县病区自开展以口服亚硒酸钠和改善膳食营养为主的综合性防治措施,急型、亚急型克山病病人得到了有效遏制,为进一步了解会泽县克山病的病情变化,现将1990-2004年在会泽县克山病监测结果报告如下。1对象与方法1.1监测点的选择及监测对象:1990-1999年监测点选在克山病历史病区娜姑镇,2000-2004年监测点又增加了迤车镇。监测对象为监测点内3～14岁儿童,2000年后监测对象的年龄组扩大到55岁。每年监测的人群不是固定人群,监测点的行政村不全是固定,随机选择,但都属于克山病的历史发病村。1.2…     

2007年黑龙江省富裕县永进村克山病病情监测结果分析

目的 了解2007年克山病监测点黑龙江省富裕县永进村人群患病、发病情况及内外环境的硒水平.方法 按全国克山病监测方案及《克山病诊断标准》(GB 17021-1997),对监测点区居民进行临床查体和心电图描记,可疑心脏异常者行X线胸部摄片;采集当地部分儿童头发和食用粮样(面粉),氢化物发生原子荧光法测定含硒量.结果 2007年在永进村共检诊282人,检出克山病19例,总检出率6.7%.其中潜在型克山病8例(有5例为新检出),慢型克山病11例,检出率分别为2.8%、3.9%.另外,还检出可疑克山病5例,其中可疑慢型2例,未检出急型、亚急型克山病病例.儿童发硒为(0.3197±0.0586)mg/kg;粮食硒为(0.0210±0.0062)mg/kg.结论 永进村仍有新的克山病病例检出,说明病区仍有致病冈索存在,因此,在病区建立完善的克山病监测疫情报告系统,提高各级防治人员对克山病的认识,仍是今后克山病防治的重点.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.