胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的 探计胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的诊治方法.方法 对1998-2008年收治的均经手术和病理检查证实为胰腺囊腺瘤/囊腺癌的24例临床资料进行回顾分析.结果 本组术前、术中误诊率为12.5%;除1例胰头部浆液性囊腺瘤直径<3 cm,随访半年无进展.胰腺囊腺瘤除一例误诊拒绝再手术,切除率达100%;囊腺癌除1例腔镜下探查发现广泛转移、1例高龄患者合并阻塞性黄疸(家属拒绝探腹手术)仅行内镜逆行胆胰管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP),切除率为71.4%.结论 虽有影像学、组织学、生化分析,正确诊断胰腺囊性肿瘤良恶性是很难的.要防止误诊为假性胰腺囊肿而行囊肿内外引流,不要轻易放弃手术切除.胰腺囊腺瘤、囊腺癌手术切除后疗效较满意.     

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胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌分别具有潜在恶性和低度恶性，是一种较少见的肿瘤，据统计囊腺瘤约占胰腺非恶性囊肿的10％，而囊腺癌仅占胰腺原发性恶性肿瘤的1％。国内有关本病的报道较少，极易造成误诊误治。我们于1995年5月至2002年12月共诊治8例胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌。报道如下：     

胰腺囊性肿瘤35例诊治分析

目的 探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断和治疗.方法 对35例胰腺囊性肿瘤病例资料进行回顾性分析.结果 术前诊断率:B超为28.6%(10/35),CT为44.4%(12/27),MRI为70%(7/10).28例行手术治疗,并为术后病理确诊,其中浆液性囊腺瘤2例,黏液性囊腺瘤9例,囊腺癌7例,胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤3例,胰腺实性假乳头状瘤7例.获得随访23例:胰腺囊腺瘤术后5年存活率为62.5%(5/8),无复发病例;胰腺囊腺癌完整切除者最长存活5年8个月,未能完整切除者最长存活6个月;胰腺实性假乳头状瘤4例,均健在,最长已存活4年.结论 胰腺囊性肿瘤术前诊断较困难,CT及MRI对本病的诊断帮助较大.外科切除是最有效的治疗手段.加强各科医师之间的交流与合作、及早发现、恰当的手术方法,有助于提高本病的诊治效果.     

胰腺囊性肿瘤的临床分析

目的：总结胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊治经验，提高对该疾病的认识和诊治水平。方法：对1986—2004年中24例胰腺囊性肿瘤的临床病例资料作回顾性分析。结果：全组中胰腺囊腺瘤10例，胰腺囊腺癌6例，胰腺导管内乳头状黏液性腺癌3例。实性假乳头瘤2例，胰腺腺泡细胞囊腺癌、胰岛细胞癌囊性变及胰腺继发性囊性肿瘤各1例。全组男8例，女16例，平均年龄51岁。肿瘤位于胰头部8例，胰体尾部16例。手术方式为胰十二指肠切除4例，胰体尾切除15例，内引流2例，活检3例。胰腺囊腺瘤、囊腺癌、导管内乳头状黏液性腺癌、实性假性乳头瘤等的临床表现、病理特征、手术方式和预后显著不同。结论：不同病理类型的胰腺囊性肿瘤之临床特征和预后显著不同。提高对胰腺囊性肿瘤的认识对指导临床治疗具有重要意义。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断和处理

胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌发病率低，生长缓慢。我院自１９７９年１２月￣１９９５年３月收治胰腺囊性肿瘤共２３例（男８例，女１５例，年龄１８￣７１岁），其中囊腺瘤１３例（５例恶变）、囊腺癌１０例。本文详述了其临床表现，病理特点，影像学检查以及肿瘤生物学特性；提出误诊的主要原因。认为提高诊治率的关键在于加强对本病的认识、熟悉各影像学征象。肿瘤经手术完全切除后病人可长期生存。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤诊治中的常见问题(附25例报告)

目的：分析和解决胰腺囊性肿瘤诊治中的常见问题。方法：回顾分析了1984-2002年中25例胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊治资料。结果：既往曾被误诊为假性囊肿而作囊肠或胃吻合11例，误诊率44.0%；手术切除率68.0%；除3例浆液性囊腺瘤外，其余22例中恶性占68.2%；随访22例，半数以上病人生存3年多，其中8例仍健在。结论：提高对胰腺囊性肿瘤的认识，减少误诊和积极的手术切除是改善其预后的主要措施。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断和处理

胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌发病率低,生长缓慢.我院自1979年12月～1995年3月收治胰腺囊性肿瘤共23例(男8例,女15例,年龄18～71岁),其中囊腺瘤13例(5例恶变)、囊腺癌10例.本文详述了其临床表现,病理特点,影像学检查以及肿瘤生物学特性;提出误诊的主要原因.认为提高诊治率的关键在于加强对本病的认识、熟悉各影像学征象.肿瘤经手术完全切除后病人可长期生存.     

胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断和治疗

目的：探讨胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的诊断和治疗。方法：回顾性分析近6年收治的均经手术和病理检查证实的30例胰腺囊性肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果：胰腺囊性肿瘤好发于中青年女性,临床表现多为病程较长的上腹部肿物和胀痛。B超、CT及ERCP等能协助诊断。全组手术切除率为80.0%（良性肿瘤100%，恶性肿瘤70.0%）。肿瘤位于头颈部者7例中行胰十二指肠切除3例、保留十二指肠及少量胰头的胰腺近全切除1例、胰腺节段切除2例、胰颈肿瘤摘除1例;位于胰体尾者17例中行肿物摘除1例、胰体切除4例、胰体尾切除及脾切除11例、胰节段切除及胰空肠Roux-en-y吻合1例;6例广泛转移者仅行活检及姑息手术。术后主要并发症为胰瘘( 20%) ，均治愈。无手术死亡。结论：胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌无特征性临床表现，主要依据上腹部肿物及影像学检查(超声、CT) 来发现。其手术切除率较高，预后较好，应采取积极的外科治疗，首选手术方式为包括部分胰腺组织的全肿瘤切除。     

胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的诊断及外科治疗

目的探讨胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的诊断和治疗方法。方法对2000年6月～2005年6月复旦大学附属中山医院收治的24例胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果胰腺囊腺瘤和囊腺癌无特征性临床表现。B超和CT对胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊断正确率分别达到88%(21/24)和92%(22/24),但不能准确区分其类型。3例浆液性囊腺瘤未行手术治疗;21例手术者中,行胰十二指肠切除术9例,远端胰腺切除术8例,胰腺节段切除术1例,肿瘤摘除术3例,胰瘘是主要的并发症。本组患者均获随访,3例未手术者肿瘤无增大,1例囊腺癌因复发转移于术后11个月死亡,其余均健在,术后无复发。结论B超和CT是胰腺囊性肿瘤主要的影像学检查方法。黏液性囊性肿瘤以及伴有症状的浆液性囊腺瘤需手术治疗。胰腺囊腺瘤手术切除后可获治愈,囊腺癌术后疗效也较满意。     

胰腺囊性肿瘤的诊治98例报告

目的探讨胰腺囊性肿瘤的常见类型、诊断及合理手术方式的选择。方法对2000年1月至2008年12月期间收治98例胰腺囊性肿瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本病无特征性的临床表现,B超、CT和Mill等影像学检查也能发现胰腺囊肿病灶但不能确定具体类型。本组胰腺囊腺瘤57例（浆液性囊腺瘤32例,黏液性囊腺瘤25例）,黏液性囊腺癌13例,实性假乳头状瘤19例,导管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤9例。所有患者均手术治疗,胰十二指肠切除26例,保留十二指肠胰头切除28例,胰腺节段切除术7例,胰体尾切除加脾脏切除25例,肿瘤摘除术12例。术后均进行随访,3例胰腺囊腺癌患者于术后6个月到4年期间死于癌转移或其他疾病,1例囊腺癌患者术后9个月肿瘤复发,再次手术后现仍生存,其他均存活。结论B超,CT和MRI等影像学技术是胰腺囊性肿瘤的主要诊断方法。手术切除为治疗该肿瘤的最有效手段。正确的诊断和合理手术方式的选择是提高其临床治愈率的关键。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.