移植肾功能血栓形成的防治

目的 提高移植肾动脉血栓形成的诊治水平。方法 回顾分析７例８次移植肾动脉血栓形成的病因、诊断和治疗。方法 通过彩色多普勒和／或肾动脉造影确诊，除２例术后远期发生者外，其余５例早期发生者均行肾切除术，其中２例取出的吻合口及其附近骼外动脉内的血栓，恢复了同侧下肢的血液供应；１例再次肾移植者术后３年再次发生肾动脉栓塞。结论 该并发症预后差，应以预防为主，早期诊断和及时手术治疗是关键。     

移植肾动脉血栓形成的原因与对策

目的：探讨移植肾动脉血栓形成的原因和预防措施.方法：报告5例移植肾动脉血栓形成患者的临床资料.结果：1例动脉血栓发生于术中,4例分别发生于术后第2、5、10、12天.4例诊断明确后行移植肾切除术,另1例取出了肾动脉和肾静脉内的血栓,恢复了移植肾血供,但终因移植肾未恢复功能而切除.结论：移植肾动脉血栓形成多发生于术后早期,其主要原因与外科吻合技术相关,另外还与动脉粥样硬化、动脉分支多,以及冷缺血时间过长等有关.该并发症预后差,应以预防为主,早期诊断和及时手术治疗是关键.     

介入诊疗技术在肾移植临床上的应用(附14例报告)

目的：探讨介入诊疗技术在肾移植临床上的应用。方法：回顾性分析14例肾移植术后患者接受介入诊疗的临床资料．其中肾移植术后肾功能丧失8例。移植肾动脉血栓形成2例．移植肾动脉狭窄2例。假性动脉瘤和术后并发重症高血压各1例。结果：对8例移植肾失功能者进行动脉造影。3例显示血管堵塞未予处置，另5例进行移植。肾动脉栓塞。其中3例栓塞术后完全停用免疫抑制剂．1例用小剂量激素维持．1例手术切除移植肾。1例重症高血压者经自体肾动脉栓塞．血压得到很好控制。接受肾动脉栓塞术患者均出现“栓塞后综合征”。2例移植肾动脉血栓形成患者溶栓成功．但。肾功能未恢复。2例移植肾动脉狭窄患者．1例放置支架失败。仅进行球囊扩张，术后血压控制良好。肾功能恢复。但6个月后血压再次升高、肾功能严重受损而行栓塞治疗，1例未处置。术后高血压得到控制。1例移植肾假性动脉瘤者经动脉造影证实后手术切除。结论：移植肾或自体肾动脉栓塞可替代手术切除移植肾和治疗肾移植术后重症高血压；移植肾动脉血栓形成可作溶栓治疗；移植肾动脉狭窄进行球囊扩张远期效果不佳。     

移植肾动脉血管并发症29例报道并文献复习

目的总结移植肾动脉血管并发症的临床特点与治疗经验。方法 2007年6月至2014年6月解放军281医院收治的322例肾移植患者中,29例肾移植患者术后出现移植肾动脉血管并发症。对29例移植肾血管并发症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结该病的临床特点及治疗经验。结果移植肾动脉吻合口出血2例,移植肾内动脉痉挛23例,移植肾动脉血栓形成2例,移植肾动脉狭窄2例。移植肾动脉吻合口出血患者为术后动脉吻合口出血,予及时手术探查止血。移植肾内动脉痉挛患者,术中给予抗痉挛处理后移植肾由暗红、质地软转为饱满红润。移植肾动血栓形成患者,确诊后立即进行手术探查,移植肾呈暗红色,恢复血供后仍未恢复正常,予以切除。移植肾动脉狭窄,采用球囊扩张及支架置入术,患者血压恢复正常,肾功能正常。结论移植肾动脉血管并发症进展迅速,病情变化快且后果严重,为降低其发生率,提高治愈率,积极预防和果断处理十分重要。     

移植肾血栓形成3例报告

目的：总结移植肾血栓形成的病因、临床表现、诊断、治疗及预后。方法：回顾分析移植肾动脉血栓形成２例，静脉血栓形成１例的临床资料。结果：１例行移植肾切除术；１例肾动脉取栓术后因未能挽救移植肾功能而最终切除；１例移植肾切除后，即刻在同侧行第２次肾移植术，并取得成功。结论：外科技术失误为其最主要的原因，另外还与高龄、幼儿、女性供体，动脉粥样硬化或狭窄，缺血时间过长等有关。动脉血栓形成主要表现为突发的无尿，     

肾移植后血管并发症的诊治体会

目的探讨。肾移植术后血管并发症的特点和诊治方法。方法回顾34例术后并发血管疾病的。肾移植患者临床资料，对其发病特点和诊治方法进行分析总结。结果34例患者中，并发移植肾动脉梗阻13例，移植肾动脉出血8例，动脉吻合口破裂7例，移植肾静脉梗阻4例，髂外动脉瘤和髂外静脉栓塞各1例。21例经彩色多普勒血流显像（CDFI）作出诊断，其中10例进一步行磁共振血管成像（MRA）明确诊断。5例移植。肾动脉狭窄患者中，3例放置血管内支架扩张后肾功能恢复良好，分别随访8、10、14个月，血肌酐维持在115～135μmol／L；1例将与髂内动脉端端吻合的移植。肾动脉改为与髂外动脉端侧吻合，术后至今1个月，血肌酐降至正常水平；1例MRA显示不完全狭窄，给予保守治疗，至今观察21d，血肌酐持续降低。3例静脉梗阻患者经手术解除梗阻，其中1例死于心力衰竭，另2例随访13、36个月，肾功能恢复良好。1例髂外静脉栓塞患者术后死于移植肾破裂。其余患者均切除移植肾。结论。肾移植术后的血管并发症进展迅速，应根据具体情况及时采取相应治疗手段，处理不及时往往导致移植肾功能丧失，因此早期诊断非常重要，CDFI可作为首选筛查手段。     

移植肾术后肾动脉闭塞的彩色多普勒超声表现

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声对移植肾术后肾动脉闭塞的的诊断价值.方法 回顾分析3例经临床证实的肾移植术后动脉闭塞的彩色多普勒超声表现.结果 1例肾动脉主干及其分支完全闭塞,2例移植肾内多支段动脉及其分支闭塞,仅见一支段动脉充盈.结论 移植肾术后肾动脉闭塞的彩色多普勒超声表现对早期诊断具有重要意义.     

移植肾假性动脉瘤的诊断和治疗四例报告

目的 总结移植肾假性动脉瘤的诊治体会.方法 首次接受肾移植者4例,其供肾动脉均为单支,肾动脉无损伤,也未行动脉修补成形术.供肾动脉均与受者的髂外动脉行端侧吻合.术中发现受者髂外动脉有粥样斑块或动脉分层者2例.术后4例均未出现移植肾周感染,亦未行移植肾穿刺活检或其他有创检查.依据临床表现、彩色多普勒超声检查、多层螺旋CT血管成像和数字减影血管造影诊断移植肾假性动脉瘤.结果 分别在术后1.5个月、2个月、5个月和7个月诊断移植肾假性动脉瘤,其临床表现缺乏特异性,3例经数字减影血管造影、1例经多层螺旋CT血管成像确诊.1例移植肾假性动脉瘤突发破裂,急诊切除假性动脉瘤和移植肾;1例因瘤体短期迅速增大,行带膜支架置入及栓塞术;2例行移植肾动脉瘤切除及动脉裂口修补术.结论 移植肾假性动脉瘤是肾移植术后的少见并发症,其临床表现缺乏特异性,多层螺旋CT血管成像和数字减影血管造影有助于本病的诊断.对于移植肾假性动脉瘤的治疗,可选择手术切除或介入栓塞术,关键在于是否保留移植肾,并需考虑移植肾血管重建方式.     

成人移植婴幼儿供肾术后移植肾动脉狭窄

目的探讨成人受者接受小儿供肾移植术后发生的移植肾动脉狭窄临床特点、病因、诊断及治疗。方法回顾性分析2014年7月至2019年3月在华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院泌尿外科进行的25例小儿供者整块双肾移植和27例小儿供者单肾移植的临床资料(受者均≥18岁)。结果其中1例双肾移植成人受者(4.0%)和2例单肾移植受者(7.4%)在移植术后13～23个月诊断为移植肾动脉狭窄, 高于同期接受成人供肾的成人受者移植肾动脉狭窄率(1.1%)。移植肾动脉狭窄成人受者与非狭窄组比较, 其供者年龄更小(P<0.05), 但是供者、受者体重差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。狭窄部位内径1.40～1.63 mm, 均为移植肾动脉自供者腹主动脉起始部而非吻合口本身。肾动脉非狭窄段内径2.31～4.93 mm, 与相应年龄小儿正常肾动脉一致。3例移植肾动脉狭窄受者行经皮腔内血管成形及支架置入术后均得到有效治疗。结论移植肾动脉狭窄的原因可能与过度剥离肾动脉周围组织, 影响其术后继续发育相关。谨慎选择成人受者接受婴儿单供肾, 保留肾动脉周围组织可能有助于预防移植肾动脉狭窄。     

经皮血管成形术治疗移植肾动脉狭窄的临床分析

目的 探讨经皮血管成形术(PTA)治疗移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS)的效果及预后.方法 回顾性分析白2002年4月至2008年12月经肾动脉造影检查证实为TRAS的10例患者临床资料.术前患者均接受血液透析治疗;术后采用三联免疫抑制治疗方案;初步诊断TRAS采用彩超检查方法,确诊应用移植肾动脉造影方式;采用PTA治疗10例移植肾动脉狭窄患者,观察治疗效果及患者预后.结果 10例患者经PTA治疗后均获临床治愈,其中8例术后血压及移植肾功能显著改善,2例术后发生肾功能延迟恢复(DGF),经血液透析治疗后肾功能恢复良女子.结论 PTA是治疗TRAS的安全、有效的方法,PTA治疗后出现的DGF是可以治愈的.     

Cortical and vascular prostaglandin synthesis during renal allograft rejection in the rat

Alterations in local prostacyclin and thromboxane synthesis could mediate the changes in vascular perfusion and platelet deposition in acutely rejecting renal allografts and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been implicated in the regulation of the immune response. 6-Keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6 KetoPGF1 alpha), thromboxane B2 (TxB2) (the stable degradation products of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 [TxA2], respectively) and PGE2 were measured in incubates of cortical slices taken from rat renal allografts or isografts one to seven days after transplantation. 6 KetoPGF1 alpha and TxB2 synthesis was also measured in incubates of blood vessels supplying and transplanted with the kidney in these animals. During the phase of cellular rejection (3-5 days), TxB2 synthesis was selectively elevated in allografted renal cortex, renal artery, renal vein, and abdominal aorta in comparison with isografted tissues. There was also a small but significant rise in cortical PGE2 synthesis at this time, but vascular and cortical 6 KetoPGF1 alpha production remained unchanged. Renal infarction, occurring 7 days after transplantation, was accompanied by a nonspecific rise in the synthesis of all three prostaglandins by renal cortical slices. Increased tissue TxA2 synthesis may contribute to local thrombosis and decreased graft perfusion during acute rejection, thereby potentiating graft destruction.     

Extensive thrombosis of the portal vein and vena cava after orthotopic liver transplantation with cavoportal hemitransposition: a case report

We report herein a case of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) with cavoportal hemitransposition. The patient underwent OLT for hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis with diffused portomesenteric vein thrombosis (PVT). The unique feature of this case was that 1 month after the operation, because of extensive thrombosis of the portal vein and vena cava in the allografted liver, the hepatic artery was the only vessel to supply the liver. Percutaneous pulse spray thrombolysis through a femoral vein access was incompletely successful with the result that the cavoportal anastomosis stoma occluded and the allografted liver was supplied only by the hepatic artery; the portal vein served no function. Yet the patient survived and was eventually discharged in good condition with normal liver and kidney functions. The patient is alive and well with persistent normalization of hepatic function during 1.5 years follow-up.     

Indication, surgical technique and outcome of orthotopic renal transplantation

PURPOSE: We review the indication, surgical technique and outcome of orthotopic renal transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 1,000 patients who underwent renal transplantation at our institution between August 24, 1993 and August 1, 2000, as well as orthotopic renal transplantation were reviewed. RESULTS: Orthotopic renal transplantation was performed in 4 males and 1 female with severe iliac atherosclerosis or retained bilateral iliac fossa kidney transplant. Mean patient age was 56 years. There were 2 patients who received kidneys from living related donors, and 3 underwent cadaveric renal transplantation. Left orthotopic renal transplantation was successful in 4 cases, and 1 was converted to iliac fossa renal transplant because of a pulseless splenic artery and renal artery thrombosis after native renal endarterectomy. Orthotopic renal revascularization was done with splenic artery in 2, native renal artery in 2 and left renal vein in all 4 patients. Urinary tract reconstruction was performed with stented (2) or nonstented (2) ureteroureterostomy. Antibody induction, purine antagonists, calcineurin inhibitors and glucocorticoids were used for immunosuppression. Mean preoperative and 1-month postoperative serum creatinine was 7.9 and 1.3 mg./dl., respectively. Patient and graft survival was 100% during followup, which ranged from 6 months to 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the technical challenges, orthotopic renal transplantation in patients with unsuitable pelvic vessels can result in excellent patient and graft survival.     

Vascular Complications in Renal Transplantation: A Single-Center Experience in 1367 Renal Transplantations and Review of the Literature

Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage renal disease. Vascular complications in renal transplantation are not uncommon and may often lead to allograft loss. The most common vascular complications are transplant renal artery stenosis, transplant renal artery thrombosis, transplant renal vein thrombosis, biopsy-induced vascular injuries, pseudoaneurysm formation, and hematomas. Transplant renal artery and vein thrombosis have an early onset and a dramatic clinical manifestation and usually lead to allograft loss. In contrast, transplant renal artery stenosis has better treatment possibilities, whereas the rest do not occur so often. In our institution, 1367 renal transplantations were performed from September 1980 to April 2005. During this period, we encountered 38 major vascular complications leading to graft loss and 19 transplant renal artery stenoses with successful treatment in the majority of cases. According to these data, we can conclude that renal transplantation is a safe therapeutic procedure for renal failure.     

原位肝移植治疗终末期肝病9例初步报告

１９９３年９月至１９９６年７月分别为９例终末期肝病病人施行了原位肝移植术。其中４例为原发性肝脏恶性肿瘤，５例为良性终末期肝病。移植术式除１例背肽式肝移植和１例减体积肝移植外，其余７例均为原位全肝移植，并为１例多囊肝，多囊肾，合并肝，肾功能损害闰人施行了肝，肾联合移植术。     

De-novo expression of vascular ecto-5′-nucleotidase and down-regulation of glomerular ecto-ATPase in experimental chronic renal transplant failure

Ischemic injury plays an important role in chronic renal transplant failure (CRTF). Down-regulation of ecto-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in combination with up-regulation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase is a hallmark of ischemic injury. We studied the expression of renal ecto-5'-nucleotidase and ecto-ATPase in experimental renal transplantation. Fisher 344-to-Lewis allografted rats were either treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or left untreated. Lewis-to-Lewis syngrafted rats served as controls. Untreated allografted rats developed proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, and mild intimal hyperplasia. ACEi completely prevented focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FGS) and proteinuria, but significantly enhanced intimal hyperplasia. Untreated allografted rats revealed marked vascular ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity, which increased with ACEi. Vascular ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity was absent in syngrafted animals. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity correlated well with intimal hyperplasia. Glomerular ecto-ATPase expression was significantly reduced in untreated allografted rats compared to syngrafted rats and correlated well with the extent of FGS. ACEi prevented reduction in glomerular ecto-ATPase. We found de-novo expression of ecto-5'-nucleotidase at sites of renal intimal hyperplasia. Glomerular ecto-ATPase expression was markedly reduced in allografted rats and was prevented by ACEi. These enzyme expression patterns suggest local ischemic damage in experimental CRTF.     

Telepathology for the biopsy specimens from human allografted kidney: effectiveness and pitfalls

Ito H, Shomori K, Adachi H, Taniyama K. Telepathology for the biopsy specimens from human allografted kidney: effectiveness and pitfalls. Clin Transplantation 2001: 15 (Supplement 5): 55–58. ©Munksgaard, 2001
This study was conducted to examine the validity and accuracy of telepathology for biopsy specimens from allografted kidney. The still video images of paraffin sections were transmitted via a two-way telephone by use of a digitized telephone network, ISDN. The quality of the transmitted images was sufficient for the diagnosis, especially at higher magnification. A total of 37 needle biopsy specimens from the 31 allografted kidneys were presented for consultation and diagnosed by an expert pathologist at Tottori University, until July 2000. The average number of transmitted images was 7.1 (range 3–12). Of the 37 specimens, diagnoses by telepathology agreed well with those made through direct microscopy in the 30 specimens. Insufficient or improper diagnosis was made in four specimens, in which proper and pathognomonic still images were not transmitted. Three cases were not diagnosed by telepathology because of the difficulty in making differential diagnosis. From these results, we concluded that telepathology is usuful for transplantation pathology, in spite of limitations in some cases.     

Risk factors contributing to hepatic artery thrombosis following living-donor liver transplantation

Background/Purpose This study was carried out to investigate the risk factors contributing to hepatic artery thrombosis in living-donor liver transplantation. Methods Two hundred and twenty-two recipients (113 adults and 109 children) of living-donor liver transplantation were the subjects of this study. The diagnosis of hepatic artery thrombosis was made by color-Doppler ultrasonography and/or hepatic angiography. Parameters for this study were: (1) donor sex, age, and body weight; (2) recipient sex, age, body weight, liver disease, preoperative prothrombin time, and type of arterial reconstruction; and (3) previous liver transplantation. Results Hepatic artery thrombosis occurred in 12 patients (5.4%) at 3 to 15 days posttransplant. Recipient female sex and metabolic disorder as the original disease were found to be significantly associated with hepatic artery thrombosis. The 5-year patient survival rate in recipients with hepatic artery thrombosis (58.3%) was significantly lower than that in recipients without this complication (84.4%). Conclusions Female sex and metabolic disease may be factors contributing to hepatic artery thrombosis after living-donor liver transplantation. More intensive anticoagulation therapy for this patient population might decrease the incidence of hepatic artery thrombosis and, thus, posttransplant recipient mortality.     

Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase assay in renal transplant recipients.

Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) activities were measured in 181 patients with renal allografts during a 15-month period. Activities were high immediately after transplantation but decreased rapidly in the absences of complication. Urinary NAG activities increased by 50% or more in relation to 33 of 36 (92%) episodes of acute rejection diagnosed and treated by clinicians during the first 90 days after transplantation. The increase preceded clinical diagnosis in 70% of the cases, the median interval being 1.5 days. NAG activities decreased after treatment of rejection in 90% of the cases. Chronic rejection, renal vein thrombosis, renal artery stenosis, oliguria, hypotension, and the administraion of gentamicin may also cause increased NAG activity. Urinary NAG assay is simple and inexpensive, and is a useful aid to the early diagnosis of rejection of renal transplants. Results must, however, be interpreted by the clinician, bearing in mind other causes for increased activity.